University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

C. M. Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City

A.Y. 2019-2020

ES 208
Differential Equations
What is Differential Equation?
Differential Equation is a Mathematical equation that relates some
functions with its derivatives. There are 2 types of D.E., Ordinary
Differential Equation where an equation containing an unknown
function of one or complex variable, and the Partial Differential
Equation, it is a differential equation that contains unknown
multivariable functions and their partial derivatives.

Lesson 1: Elimination of Arbitrary Constant

PROPERTIES:
1. The order of differential equation is equal to the number or
arbitrary constant in the given relation
2. The differential equation is consistent with the relation
3. The differential equation is free from arbitrary constant.

Example no. 1

𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 (1)

1st step: Derive until to the second derivative

𝑦 ′ = −3𝐶1𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 (2)

𝑦 ′′ = 9𝐶1𝑒 −3𝑥 + 4𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 (3)

2nd step: Eliminate constants

3 * eq 1 + eq 2

3𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ = (3𝐶1𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 ) + (−3𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 )

3𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ = 5𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 (4)

3 * eq 2 + eq 3

3𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′′ = (−9𝐶1𝑒 −3𝑥 + 6𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 ) + (9𝐶1𝑒 −3𝑥 + 4𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 )

3𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′′ = 10𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 (5)
 2 * eq 4 – eq 5
6𝑦 + 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′′ = 10𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 − 10𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥

𝟔𝒚 − 𝒚′ − 𝒚′′ = 𝟎

Example no. 2

𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑐

1st step: Derive

3𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 (1)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

2nd step: Simplify

1 1
( )3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0( )
3 3
𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Example no. 3

3𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 0

1st step: Derive

6𝑥𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥) = 0

6𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0

2nd step: Simplify

(𝟔𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Example no. 4

𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 3𝑥 (1)

1st step: Derive until to the second derivative

𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2𝑒 3𝑥 (2)

𝑦 ′′ = 4𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 9𝐶2𝑒 3𝑥 (3)

2nd step: Eliminate constants

2 * eq 1 - eq 2
 2𝑦 − 𝑦 ′ = (2𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝐶2𝑒 3𝑥 ) − (2𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2𝑒 3𝑥 )

2𝑦 − 𝑦 ′ = −𝐶2𝑒 3𝑥 (4)

2 * eq 2 - eq 3

2𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′′ = (4𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 6𝐶2𝑒 3𝑥 ) − (4𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 9𝐶2𝑒 3𝑥 )

2𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′′ = −3𝐶2𝑒 3𝑥 (5)

3 * eq 4 – eq 5
6𝑦 − 3𝑦 ′ − (2𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′′ ) = −3𝐶2𝑒 3𝑥 − (−3𝐶2𝑒 3𝑥 )

𝟔𝒚 − 𝟓𝒚′ + 𝒚′′ = 𝟎

Example no. 5

𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (1)

1st step: Derive until to the second derivative

𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑥 (2)

𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝐶2𝑒 𝑥 (3)

2nd step: Eliminate constants

eq 1 - eq 2
𝑦 − 𝑦 ′ = (𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑥 )

𝑦 − 𝑦 ′ = −𝐶2𝑒 𝑥 (4)

eq 2 - eq 3
2𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′′ = (𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝐶2𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′′ = −𝐶2𝑒 𝑥 (5)

Eq 4 – eq 5
𝑦 − 𝑦 ′ − (𝑦′ − 𝑦 ′′ ) = −𝐶2𝑒 𝑥 − (−𝐶2𝑒 𝑥 )

𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝒚′′ = 𝟎
Lesson 2: Variable Separable
Standard form: g(y) dy = f(x)dx

HOW TO SOLVE:

1st step: Arrange into the standard form.

𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

2nd step: Integrate both sides.

∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 3𝑥^𝑑𝑥

𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐 (𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)

3rd step: Simplify if possible

ln 𝑒 𝑦 = ln |𝑥 3 ∗ 𝑐| let ln c = k

𝒚 = 𝒌𝒍𝒏𝒙𝟑 (Explicit form)

Example no. 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 + 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1
1st step: Arrange into the standard form.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑦+1 𝑥−1

2nd step: Integrate both sides.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑦+1 𝑥−1

ln|𝑦 + 1| = ln|𝑥 − 1| + 𝑐

3rd step: Simplify if possible

e𝑙𝑛|𝑦+1| = e𝑙𝑛|𝑥−1|∗(𝑐) let ln c=k

𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝒌(𝒙 − 𝟏) or 𝒚 = 𝒌(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟏
Example no. 3
𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦 ( ) = (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥
1st step: Arrange into the standard form.
(𝑥 + 1)2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2nd step: Integrate both sides.

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
cos 2𝑦 1
− = ∫ 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
cos 2𝑦 𝑥 2
− = + 2𝑥 + ln|𝑥| + 𝑐
2 2

3rd step: Simplify if possible

cos 2𝑦 𝑥2
(−2)[− = + 2𝑥 + ln|𝑥| + 𝑐](−2) let -2c=k
2 2

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒍𝒏|x| + k

Example no. 4
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 3𝑥+2𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1st step: Arrange into the standard form.
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 3𝑥 ∗ 𝑒 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2nd step: Integrate both sides.

∫ 𝑒 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1
− 𝑒 −2𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐
2 3
3rd step: Simplify if possible
1 1
(−2)[− 𝑒 −2𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐](−2) let -2c=k
2 3

𝟐
𝒆−𝟐𝒚 = − 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝒌
𝟑
Example no. 5
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

1st step: Arrange into the standard form.

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

2nd step: Integrate both sides.

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

ln|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦| = −(− ln|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥|) + 𝑐

3rd step: Simplify if possible

let c=k 𝐥𝐧|𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚| = 𝒍𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒌

or 𝑒 ln|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦|=ln |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥|+𝑐 let 𝑒 𝑐 =k

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 = 𝒌 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
Lesson 3: Homogeneous Equations (1 st order DE)
𝑑𝑦
A first order differential equation in standard form = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneous
𝑑𝑥
if 𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) for very real number 𝑡 in some nonempty interval.

SOLUTIONS OF HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

If a differential equation is homogenous of the same degree in x and y, a

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗
substiition 𝒚 = 𝒗𝒙; 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙𝒅𝒗 + 𝒗𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒗 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 convert it into separable one.

HOW TO SOLVE A HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION:

1. Determine if the equation is homogeneous of the same degree in x

and y.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
2. Substitute 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑥or 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 to make the
equation seperable
3. Integrate the new equation following the variable separable method.
𝑦
4. Substitute Again (𝑣 = 𝑥 ) to get the solution in terms of y;
5. Transform the implicit solution to explicit or particular solution if required.

Example no.1
(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

1st step: Substitute

(𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑥𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑥) = 0

𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0

1 2 1
2
(𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = −𝑥𝑑𝑥) 2
𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2nd step: Integrate
1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑣 = − ln|𝑥| + 𝑐
3rd step: Substitute again and simplify

Let c = ln k
𝑦 𝑘
= ln | |
𝑥 𝑥
𝒌
𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 | |
𝒙
Example no. 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

1st step: Substitute

(𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(𝑥𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑥) = 0

𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0

1 2 1
(𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥)
𝑥2 𝑥2
1
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2nd step: Integrate
1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑣 = ln|𝑥| + 𝑐

3rd step: Substitute again and simplify

Let c = ln k
𝑦
= ln |𝑘𝑥|
𝑥
𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 |𝒌𝒙|

Example no. 3
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0

(𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥𝑑𝑥

1st step: Substitute

(𝑣𝑥 − 2𝑥)(𝑥𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑥) = −𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 − 2𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑣 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣

 𝑥(𝑣 2 − 2𝑣 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (2 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣
1 2−𝑣
𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑣 − 2𝑣 + 1
2nd step: Integrate
2−𝑣 1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2 − 2𝑣 + 1 𝑥
By using u integration
1−𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑢2
1
Let c = ln k − 𝑣−1 − ln|𝑣 − 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑘𝑥|

3rd step: Substitute again and simplify

𝟏 𝒚
−𝒚 − 𝐥𝐧 | − 𝟏| = 𝐥𝐧 |𝒌𝒙|
𝒙
𝒙−𝟏
Example no. 4
(𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

1st step: Substitute

(𝑣 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑥)

𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
2
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 𝑥
2nd step: Integrate
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2 𝑥
−𝑣 −1 = ln|𝑥| + 𝑐

3rd step: Substitute again and simplify

Let c = ln k
1
− 𝑦 = ln |𝑘𝑥|
𝑥

−𝑥
= ln |𝑘𝑥|
𝑦
𝒙
𝒚=−
𝐥𝐧|𝒌𝒙|
Example no. 5
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦3 − 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥
1st step: Substitute

𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 2 𝑥 3 (𝑥𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑥) = 𝑣 3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 2 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1 2 4 1
4
(𝑣 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = −𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥) 4
𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2nd step: Integrate
1
∫ 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 3
𝑣 = − ln|𝑥| + 𝑐
3
3rd step: Substitute again and simplify

Let c = ln k

1 𝑦 3
(3)( ( ) = − ln|𝑥| + 𝑐)(3)
3 𝑥
𝑦3
= −3ln |𝑘𝑥|
𝑥3
𝟏/𝟑
𝒚 = (−𝟑𝒙𝟑 𝒍𝒏|𝒌𝒙|)
Lesson 4: Exact Equations
A differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact if there exists a
function 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) such that 𝑑𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦. If 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
are continuous first partial derivative on some rectangle of the (𝑥, 𝑦) plane,
then the differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact if and only if
𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

HOW TO SOLVE EXACT EQUATIONS:

Example no. 1

2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

1. Test for exactness

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥 (EXACT)
𝜕𝑥

2. Integrate M with respect to x and N with respect to y.

∫ 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 ∫(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦

= 𝑥 2 𝑦 + ℎ(𝑦) + 𝐶1 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝐶2

3. Combine all similar terms from both M and N, including the constants.
𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝐶
4. Solve for the explicit or particular solution if required.
𝒄
𝒚= 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚

Example no. 2
(2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

1st step: Test for exactness

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑥 (EXACT)
𝜕𝑦

2nd Step: Integrate M with respect to x and N with respect to y.

∫ 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦

= 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 3 + ℎ(𝑦) + 𝐶1 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝐶2
3rd Step: Combine all similar terms from both M and N, including the
constants. Simplify if required

𝒙 𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙 𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑪

Example no. 3
(6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

1st step: Test for exactness

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑦 (EXACT)
𝜕𝑦

2nd Step: Integrate M with respect to x and N with respect to y.

∫ 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + ℎ(𝑦) + 𝐶1 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝐶2

3rd Step: Combine all similar terms from both M and N, including the
constants. Simplify if required

𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 = 𝑪

Example no. 4
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

1st step: Test for exactness

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝜕𝑦 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 (EXACT)

2nd Step: Integrate M with respect to x and N with respect to y.

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − ln |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + ℎ(𝑦) + 𝐶1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝐶2

3rd Step: Combine all similar terms from both M and N, including the
constants. Simplify if required
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝐥𝐧 |𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙| = 𝑪
Example no. 5
(2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

1st step: Test for exactness

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑥 − sec 2 𝑦 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑥 − sec 2 𝑦 (EXACT)

2nd Step: Integrate M with respect to x and N with respect to y.

∫ 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦

= 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 + ℎ(𝑦) + 𝐶1 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝐶2

3rd Step: Combine all similar terms from both M and N, including the
constants. Simplify if required

𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒚 = 𝑪