MERR123 Power System Stability

Lecture:
Transmission Line Modeling
Parameters

Franklin Quilumba, Ph.D.

Department of Electrical Energy
Escuela Politécnica Nacional
2017B
Transmission Lines
• Transmission lines used to transfer bulk power over long
distances to load centers.
• Underground and overhead TLs.
 UG cables: Offers safety and aesthetic appeal, high installation
cost, used in urban areas and for underwater crossings; difficulty
for repairs and modifications once installed.
 OH TLs: Simpler to install, so less costly; used for long distances
in open country and rural areas.
• AC and DC transmission.
 In an AC system, voltage conversion is simple.
 A DC link allows interconnection between asynchronous systems.
2
 Construction
• Major components:
 3-phase conductors, which carry
the electric current;
 insulators, which support and
electrically isolate the conductors;
 tower, which holds the insulators
and conductors;
 foundation and grounding; and
 optional shield conductors, which
protect against lightning

3
Electrical Parameters
• Electricalparameters of TLs or otherwise referred to as
“line constants”, series resistance, series inductance,
shunt capacitance, and shunt conductance are used to
evaluate the electrical behavior of a power system.
 R: ohmic line losses
 L: together with the R, gives rise to series-voltage drops
along the TL.
 C: gives rise to line-charging currents.
 G: accounts for line losses due to leakage currents between
conductors or between conductors and ground. Usually
neglected.
4
Electrical Parameters (cont’d)
• Depending on the phenomena to be studied a different
set of parameters is required.
• Forload flow and electromechanical transients the
parameters used are the positive sequence.
• Inthe short-circuit calculation the positive/negative/zero
sequence (symmetrical components) parameters.
• Forelectromagnetic transients the phase parameters
and its frequency-dependent parameters.

5
Types of Conductors
• Transmission lines use stranded aluminum
conductors.
• Strandedconductor replaces single solid
conductor with several small diameter
conductors.
 The stranding improves conductor flexibility.
• Bundled conductors are utilized for lines above
220 kV to reduce corona and increase current-
carrying capacity.
 spacers maintain a predetermined configuration

6
Phase Conductors
• Typical phase conductors are:
 aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR),
 aluminum conductor alloy reinforced (ACAR),
 aluminum conductor composite core (ACCC),
 all-aluminum conductor (AAC),
 all-aluminum alloy conductor (AAAC),
 aluminum conductor steel supported (ACSS),
 aluminum conductor composite reinforced (ACCR), and
 gap-type aluminum conductor steel reinforced
(GTACSR).
7
ACSR, ACCC, GTACSR conductors

Aluminum
2 layers, 30
conductors

28% more
Aluminum

Steel core Composite

7 conductors core

8
Bundled Conductor

The AEP Wyoming-Jackson

Ferry 765 kV line uses
6-bundle conductors.
Conductors in a bundle are
at the same voltage!
Photo Source: BPA and American Electric Power 9
Typical Bundled Conductor Arrangements

10
Shield Conductors
• Typicalshield conductors are:
 aluminum-clad steel
(Alumoweld),
 extra-high-strength steel, and
 Optical power ground wire
(OPGW)

11
Resistance
• The
resistance of conductors R is found in the
manufacturers catalog, e.g. Aluminum Electrical
Conductor Handbook.
• The values of resistance in Ω/km or Ω/mi for dc
current at 20 °C and sometimes for ac (50 or 60
Hz) are given as function of the conductor cross
section.
•R -the resistance of the bundle- is then the one
sub-conductor resistance divided by the number
of them in a bundle.

12
Resistance
• Manufacturers’ catalog indicate, normally, conductor
resistance (R20) for dc at 20 °C.
• TheAC resistance of a conductor in a transmission line is
based on the calculation of its DC resistance.
• Fora round cylindrical conductor with uniformly
distributed current, the DC resistance is:

13
Resistivity
• Resistivity depends on the conductor metal.

14
Temperature Effect
• The variation of resistance
of metallic conductors with
temperature is practically
linear over the normal
range of operation (– 40 °C
and 75 °C).

15
 Temperature Effect (cont’d)

• The temperature
dependence of
resistance is also
quantified by

16
AC Resistance
• Theac resistance or effective resistance of a
conductor is

• Plossis the conductor real power loss in watts and

I is the rms conductor current.
• For ac, the current distribution is nonuniform

17
AC Resistance – Skin Effect
• The ac resistance of bare stranded transmission
conductors is greater than the dc resistance due
to skin effect
 tendency of current density to be higher toward
the outside of the conductor than in the middle
due to magnetic field effects within.
•A skin correction factor k, obtained by
differential equations and Bessel functions, is
considered to reevaluate the AC resistance:

𝑅𝑎𝑐 = 𝑘𝑅𝑑𝑐
18
 Skin Effect from Table
• In Table 5, k is given as a function of X, where

𝑓 = frequency in cycles per second

𝜇𝑟 𝑓
𝑋 = 0.063598 𝜇𝑟 = relative permeability = 1 for non-magnetic
𝑅𝑑𝑐 materials
𝑅𝑑𝑐 = dc resistance in Ω/mi
• First,
calculate the dc resistance at the new temperature.
Then, substitute 𝑅𝑑𝑐 in the equation for 𝑋. Having
calculated 𝑋, determine k from table. Finally, calculate
𝑅𝑎𝑐 using 𝑅𝑑𝑐 and k.

19
Skin Effect from Table (cont’d)

SOURCE: Transmission & Distribution Reference Book,

Westinghouse.

20
Skin effect
curves for
solid round or
bare stranded
conductor
(Dwight 1923)
SOURCE: EPRI AC
Transmission Line
Reference Book –
200kV and Above.

21
Proximity Effect
• When conductors carrying ac currents are close
together, their mutual induction affects the
current distribution in them.
• Currents in same direction, current density
greater on the far sides.
• Currents in opposite direction, current density
greater on the near sides.
• Forconductors in OH TLs with sufficient
spacing, this effect may be neglected.
22
Current Magnitude - Magnetic conductors
• Hysteresis and eddy currents specially on ACSR
conductors.
 The current flow through the aluminum strands
produces an axial magnetic field.
 This causes magnetization in the steel core and
increases the effective conductor resistance.
• This effect is a function of the current flowing through the
conductor.
 At high current levels (close to conductor’s ampacity),
this effect could increase the resistance by more than
20%. 23
Self and Mutual Inductances of Parallel
Cylindrical Wires
• Inductance is usually defined by dividing the flux
linkages by the current:

• The computation of the self inductance of a

straight finite cylinder is usually divided into two
components

24
Self-inductance of a straight finite cylinder

25
Self and Mutual Inductances of Parallel
Cylindrical Wires (cont’d)
• where Li, is the partial self inductance of the wire due to
internal flux linkages and Le is the partial self inductance
due to flux linkages outside the wire.

26
Self and Mutual Inductances of Parallel
Cylindrical Wires (cont’d)
• Ifr << s, as is always the case for power transmission
lines:

• Then, the inductance of a cylindrical wire s meters long is

• For nonferrous wires in an air medium

27
Self and Mutual Inductances of Parallel
Cylindrical Wires (cont’d)
• For cylindrical wires, considering
𝑟 ′ = 𝐷𝑠 = 𝑒 −1/4 𝑟 = 0.7788𝑟
where 𝐷𝑠 is usually known as GMR.
• Thus, 2𝑠
𝐿 = 2 × 10 −7
𝑙𝑛 𝐷 −1 H/m
𝑠

• Following a similar logic, for the mutual inductance:

2𝑠
𝑀=𝑘 𝑙𝑛 𝐷 −1 H/unit length
𝑚

where 𝐷𝑚 is the GMD between the conductors. 28

Inductance Multiplying Constants

29
Loop Inductance
• The total inductance is:
L= 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 − 𝑀12 − 𝑀21
• Since
the circuit is bilaterally symmetrical 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 𝐿,
and 𝑀12 = 𝑀21 =M, then:
𝐿′ = 2𝐿 − 2M
• Thus:
′
𝐷𝑚
𝐿 = 2𝑘 𝑙𝑛
𝐷𝑠
• or
𝐷𝑚
𝐿′ =4× 10−7 𝑙𝑛 H/m per circuit
𝐷𝑠 30
Array of M solid cylindrical conductors
• The flux linkage 𝜆𝑘𝑃𝑘 , which
links conductor k out to
point P due to current 𝐼𝑘 is:

• The flux linkage 𝜆𝑘𝑃𝑚 , which

links conductor k out to
point P due to current 𝐼𝑚 is:

31
Array of M solid cylindrical conductors
• Using superposition, the • 𝜆𝑘 , the total flux linking
total flux linkage 𝜆𝑘𝑃𝑘 , conductor k out to infinity
which links conductor k is
out to P due to all the
currents, is

• This equation is valid for

either dc or ac currents.
• Exercise
with
32
Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase
Spacing , Bundled Conductors

33
Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase
Spacing , Bundled Conductors

34
Transposition
• Tokeep system balanced, over the length of a TL the
conductors are rotated so each phase occupies each
position on tower for an equal distance. This is known as
transposition.

35
Transposition

36
Transposition

37
Transposition Impact on Flux Linkages
For a uniformly transposed line we can
• For a uniformly transposed line, the flux linkage
for phasethe
calculate “a”flux
is: linkage for phase "a"

1 0  1 1 1 
a   I a ln r '  I b ln d  I c ln d   “a” phase in
3 2  12 13  position “1”

1 0  1 1 1  “a” phase in
 I a ln  I b ln  I c ln   position “3”
3 2  r' d13 d 23 
“a” phase in
1 0  1 1 1 
 I a ln r '  I b ln d  I c ln d 
position “2”
3 2  23 12  38
Transposition Impact on Flux Linkages
Recognizing that that
Recognizing
• Since
1 1 1 1
 ln
(ln a(ln a blnlnbc) ln
 cln(
)  abcln(3
) abc) 3
3 3
• Then
We can simplify so
We can simplify so
 I ln 1  I 1ln 1
 
 a  I ln b
 I ln 1
1   
0   r '
a  d12 d13d 23   3 
b 3 1
a 
  
r '  d d d

 
a  I ln
12 13 23
2  0 1
 2c  11  
 Idc 12 lnd13d 23  3 1   39
 Inductance of Transposed
Define the geometric mean distanceLine(GMD)
Define the geometric mean 1 distance (GMD)
• Define the
Dmgeometric d12 d13d 23  1
mean distance 3 (GMD) as 𝐷𝑚 = 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
12 13 23
1/3

Dm
Then for a balanced 3ϕ dsystem 𝐼𝑎 = 3−𝐼𝑏 − 𝐼𝑐
12 d13d 23
•
Then for a balanced 3 system ( I a  - I b - I c )
Then for a balanced 3 system ( I a  - I b - I c )
0  1 1  0 Dm
a  0 Ia ln 1  I a ln 1   0 I a lnDm
a  2   I a lnr '  I a ln Dm   2 I a ln r '
2  r' Dm  2 r'
• HenceHence
Hence
0 DDm 7 Dm
LaL  0lnln m 2210 D
7 ln m H/m
a 2 10 ln H/m
2 r r' ' rr '' 40
 Inductance with Bundling
• If
the line is bundled
with a GMR, DSL, and a
GMD, Deq, the
inductance is

41
 References
1) M. Farzaneh, S. Farokhi, and W. A. Chisholm, Electrical Design of Overhead Power
Transmission Lines. McGraw Hill Professional, 2012.
2) J. D. Glover, T. Overbye, and M. S. Sarma, Power System Analysis and Design.
Cengage Learning, 2016.
3) P. M. Anderson, Analysis of faulted power systems. IEEE Press, 1995.
4) W. H. Kersting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, Third Edition. CRC
Press, 2012.
5) T. Overbye, Power System Analysis Lectures, Fall 2016.
6) M. E. El-Hawary, Electrical Power Systems: Design and Analysis. John Wiley & Sons,
1995.
7) K. O. Papailiou, Overhead Lines. Springer International Publishing, 2016.
8) EPRI AC Transmission Line Reference Book: 200 KV and Above, Third Edition.
Electric Power Research Institute, 2005.
9) W. D. Stevenson, Elements of power system analysis. McGraw-Hill, 1982. 42
Thank You
Thank You 43