Medi-Caps University, Indore

Department of Physics
Practical
Observation Copy & Flowcharts
Program: B.Tech. I Year
Semester: Odd
Course Name: Engg. Physics
Course Code: EN3BS05
Session: Aug.- Dec. 2019

Name: .....................................................................
Enrollment No. .......................................................
Branch: …………….. Batch: ………………..
Address …………………………………………….
…................................................................................
Contact No. ..............................................................
 General Instructions for Physics Laboratory
(A) Lab Reports
Lab reports must have the following format:

Section I:
This section should include: Experiment number, Date of experiment, Title of experiment and
Partner’s name.
Section II:
This section should include: Objective of experiment, Apparatus required, Formula used (Each
term should be properly defined), Principle of working, Diagram and flow chart (The diagram
and flow chart should be made on the blank page).
Section III:
This section should include:
Observation Table (Stick the page from the observation copy)
(a) The Least count of the instruments should be mentioned above the observation table.
(b) Each table must have appropriate title and corresponding units.
Section IV:
This section should include:
Calculations (the calculation part must include all the steps) and
Graph (axes, scale and title must be mentioned on the graph).
Section V:
This section should include:
Results, Percentage Error, Precautions and Applications of the experiment (any 02)

(B) Sessional Marking Scheme

The Lab work marks will be awarded as per the following breakup:
(a) Practical file: 10 marks (b) Viva: 10 marks (c) Attendance: 10 marks (d) Mini Project:10
marks
Total: 40 Marks
(C) General Rules and Regulations
a. It is compulsory for all the students to be present in the lab on time.
b. All the students must bring their practical files and observation copy during every lab
turn, failing no student will be allowed to enter in the laboratory.
c. Students should get their readings signed in the observation copy by the faculty.
d. For any loss/damage of the instruments, the entire batch will be responsible. The
batch has to replace the lost/damaged instrument.
e. Before leaving the laboratory students should submit all the items issued to them.
f. Students should come prepare with the viva-voce questions of the practical performed
on their previous turn.
g. All the students must perform their experiments in disciplined manner.
h. Unnecessary wandering in the lab is not permitted.
i. Students should not copy the reading of other batches.
j. Use of mobile phone in the laboratory is not allowed.
 INDEX

S. No. Experiment
1 To find the thickness of thin wire using laser.
2 To determine the radius of curvature of Plano convex lens using Newton’s ring
experiment.
3 To measure the Beam divergence and Beam waist of a Laser beam.

4 To determine wavelength of spectral lines of mercury vapor lamp with the help
of grating and spectrometer.
5 To measure the numerical aperture of an optical fiber by scanning Method.
6 Determination of Planck’s constant (h) using light emitting diode (LED) of
various colours.
7 To find the frequency of AC Mains using Melde’s method in longitudinal /
transverse arrangement.

8 To determine the specific optical rotation of sugar solution by biquartz

Polarimeter.
9 To determine the value of acceleration due to gravity (g) using compound
pendulum.

10 To determine the Standard deviation of any one of the following, by

algebraic formula
1. Thickness of the given scale by Vernier calipers
2. Diameter of the wire by Screw gauge.
11 Mini Project(compulsory)
Name of student ………………………… Date…………..
Experiment No. 01

I. Objective: To determine the thickness of wire using laser.

II. Formula Used: If the thickness of the wire is d, then the angular position  for the 1st
minima on either side is given by d Sinθ = λ. Now, if the distance between the wire
and the screen is D, and the half width of the central maxima is b, assuming the angle
 to be small, we can write Sinθ    b/D, which gives the thickness of wire as d =
(D λ)/b

III. Observation table

Wavelength of He-Ne laser = 6328Å

Distance of the Half width of the The thickness of

Sr. No. wire from the central wire as Mean Thickness
screen Maxima d = (D λ) / b (mm)
D(mm) b (mm) (mm)

IV. Calculations: d = (D λ)/b

V. Result: Thickness of wire mm

VI. Standard Value: The standard value of thickness of wire is ……mm

VII. % Error: The percentage error in the measurement of thickness of wire is = ……..

1 Department of Physics | MCU INDORE Signature of faculty

 OBSERVATION COPY 2019

Thickness of wire using laser

Start

Collect the manual, graph paper and

switch on the laser then wait till the beam stabilizes.

Align the laser beam horizontally so that it may fall on wire properly,
place the wire symmetrically in the path of the beam
then observe diffraction pattern on the wall.

Is diffraction pattern No
Observed clearly?

Yes

Keep the distance between wall and the wire sufficiently large (≈1m).

Place the graph paper on the wall and mark the points corresponding to the
ends of central maxima

Then carefully measure the half width of central maxima.

Repeat the experiment for three different distances between wire and screen.

Calculate the thickness using formula

Is the result No
Matching with the
standard value?

Yes

Stop

2 Department of Physics| MCU INDORE

Name of student ………………………… Date…………..
Experiment No.02

I. Objective: To determine the radius of curvature of plano convex lens using Newton’s ring
experiment.
Dn2+ p  Dn2
II. Formula Used: R =
4p λ
Where Dn= Diameter of nth ring, Dn+p= Diameter of (n+p)th ring,

p =difference between two rings and R=Radius of curvature of plano convex lens

III. Observation Table: -

L. C. of the apparatus………….. , p = …….. and λ = 5893 Å

Readings of microscope
Diameter
Dn2 p  Dn
2
S. No of On the left side On the right side of Rings
Dn2
No. Rings TOTAL TOTAL Dn = a- b (mm)2
(mm)2
M.S.R V.S.R a M.S.R V.S.R b (mm)
(mm) (mm)
1 16

2 14

3 12

4 10

5 8

6 6

Dn2+ p  Dn2
IV. Calculation: R =
4p λ

V. Result: The value of radius of curvature (R) of plano convex lens = ……….cm

VI. Standard Value: Radius of curvature (R) of plano convex lens = 200 cm

VII. % Error: The % error in the measurement of radius of plano convex lens is = ……..

3 Department of Physics| MCU INDORE Signature of faculty

 OBSERVATION COPY 2019

Newton’s Ring

Start
A

Collect the manual and The difference of the both

switch on the sodium sides reading of same ring
lamp gives the diameters Dn

Set the microscope to

obtain Newton’s Ring Calculate D2

Calculate D2n+p-D2n for

Are the fringes No p=4 or 6
seen?
Observed
clearly? Yes
Calculate R by formula
Note the least count of given
microscope

Place the cross-wire on No

Is error
the central dark ring
< 20%?

Yes
Now take the cross-wire of
eyepiece on the 16th bright ring
towards left and note the Stop
readings

Note the readings for 14th,

12th, 10th , 8th , 6th and 4th
dark rings in both directions

4 Department of Physics | MCU INDORE

Name of student ………………………… Date…………..
Experiment No. 03

I. Objective: To measure the Beam divergence and Beam waist of a Laser beam
II. Formula Used:
1
1
0  ( w  2w  w )
2
3
2
2
2
1
2

2D


w0 
 0

Here, the wavelength of He- Ne Laser is 6328 Å.

III. Observation:
First observation point from the laser (z) = …….cm
Distance (D) =……..cm

S. No. Observation point Distance (cm) Radius of the laser spot (in cm)

1 z w1 =
2 zD w2 =
3 z  2D w3
=

IV. Calculations:

V. Results:
The divergence of the laser beam =

The beam waist of the laser beam =

VI. % Error:

5 Department of Physics | MCU INDORE Signature of faculty

 OBSERVATION COPY 2019

START

A
Collect the manual, scale, paper
and He-Ne Laser
NO

Place the screen at a distance 300-400 cm

from He-Ne Laser (say it z) Is %
error in
w 0 < 20
%?
Note the radius of circular spot in cm (say
w1 )
Yes

Now, put the screen at a distance z+D,

(D=100 cm) and measure the radius w2 STOP

Repeat the same at a distance z+2D,

(D=100 cm) and measure the radius w3

NO
Is w 1 < w < w 3
?

Yes

Calculate ω0 by given formula

If Ѳ0 around 1 mili radian then only

calculate w 0

Now, calculate w 0 by formula

6 Department of Physics| MCU INDORE

Name of student ………………………… Date…………..
Experiment No.04

I. Objective: To determine the wavelength of spectral lines of mercury vapor lamp with the help of
grating and spectrometer.
e sin 
II. Formula Used: The wavelength (λ) is found by formula  
n
2.54
Grating element €= , where N = number of lines on the grating ; n = order of spectrum.
N
III. Observation Table:
For the determination of the angle of diffraction
Number of lines on the grating (N) =………….
Value of the 1 division on the main scale of spectrometer
Least Count  =……..degree
Total Number of divisions on the vernier scale of spectrometer
Spectrum on the left of Spectrum on the right Difference
Order direct image of direct image of the two Avg. Diffraction
Colour (in degree) (in degree)
of the readings of Value angle for
of the
spectrum the same of colour
line
(n) MS VS Total MS VS Total (2θ) (2θ) (θ)
(a) (b) (a-b)
Violet θv
V1
V2

n=1 Yellow θy
V1
V2
Red θr
V1
V2

IV. Calculation

V. Result: The wavelength of violet line=…………..Å

The wavelength of Yellow line=………….. Å
The wavelength of Red line=…………. Å
VI. Standard values of colour’s for Mercury (Mercury Lamp)
Violet = 4078 Å Yellow = 5790 Å Red = 6800 Å

VII. % Error: The error in the measurement of wavelengths are = …………………

7 Department of Physics | MCU INDORE Signature of faculty

 OBSERVATION COPY 2019

λ of different colours by spectrometer using grating

START
A

Collect the manuals

and reading lens. Put the cross-wire on the red colour of the
spectrum and note down the readings of both
the verniers .Let their readings be V1 and V2
Switch on the
mercury lamp
Similarly note the readings for both the
verniers by putting the cross-wire on
Measure the least count of Yellow and Violet colours.
the spectrometer

Repeat the above procedure for the spectrum on

Adjust the spectrometer such right side of white slit and note the readings for
that light falls normally on the both the verniers by putting the cross-wire on Red
grating(see procedure in the ,Yellow and Violet colours.
manual)

Find out the difference of the readings(V1

andV2 )on left and right sides of verniers
NO for each spectral line in the first order.Let it
Is the light be 2θ.
falling
normally on
grating? Calculate  from the relation e sin θ =
nλ taking n=1for red , violet and
yellow colours.
YES

Observe the white slit in the telescope

when source, grating and telescope are
in same line, this is zero order NO
principal maxima. Is error in the
wavelength of Repeat the
different colour’s experiment
< 20 %
Rotate the telescope on the left of
white slit till the first spectrum is
observed, called Ist order spectrum
YES

A STOP

8 Department of Physics | MCU INDORE

Name of student ………………………… Date…………..

Experiment No. 05

I. Objective:- To measure the numerical aperture of an optical fiber by scanning method.

II. Formula Used:-Numerical aperture(NA)= Sin(θa)= Sin[ tan-1( x/r )]

III. Observation Table:-

Least count of the scale graduated on the translational mount = …….. mm
Distance between the detector and output end of the fiber (r) =……...mm
S. x Power x/r tan-1 (x/ r) S. x Power x/r tan-1 (x/ r)
No. (mm) P (µW) No. (mm) P (µW)
1 16
2 17
3 18
4 19
5 20
6 21
7 22
8 23
9 24
10 25
11 26
12 27
13 28
14 29
15 30

Plot a graph between angle (θ) and power (P). Draw a horizontal line parallel to x-axis at 5% of the
maximum power and find θ1and θ2 by dropping perpendiculars on x-axis.

|θ 2 −θ 1|
Acceptance angle θa= θa =
2

IV. Calculations: Numerical aperture (NA)= Sinθa

V. Result: The numerical aperture of the fiber is found to be ………

VI. Standard Value: The value of NA should lie between 0.2 to 0 .75.

9 AY Department of Physics Aug – Dec 2019| MCU Signature of faculty

 OBSERVATION COPY 2019

Numerical Aperture
Start

Collect the manual and read

the instructions
A

Couple the light into the fibre to obtain Draw a line parallel to x axis at 5%
max. Power of max. power

No Drop 2 perpendiculars from point

Is max. power of intersection on x axis
obtained?

Yes Difference of this two readings on

x axis gives 2θa
Note the distance between the output
fibre tip and the detector .Let it be ‘r’
Calculate NA by the formula

Move the detector on the extreme left or

right to obtain min. power.
No
Is the value of
Now move the detector in steps (x) and note NA between 0 .2
the corresponding output power. and 0.75?

Yes
Precede the above step again till the min.
power is reached
Stop

Obtain θ= tan-1(x/r) for different value of x& r

Plot a graph between θ and output power P(mW)

taking θ on x axis and power on y axis

Calculate 5% of maximum power

10 AY Department of Physics| MCU

 Name of student ………………………… Date…………..
Experiment No. 06
I. Objective: Determination of Planck’s constant (h) using light emitting diode (LED) for various
colors.

II. Observation Table:

S. RED LED VIOLET LED YELLOW LED GREEN LED
No. Voltage Current Voltage Current Voltage Current Voltage Current
(in V) (mA) (in V) (mA) (in V) (mA) (in V) (mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Plot the graph between voltage V (on X axis) vs current I (on Y axis) for all colour LED and calculate the
“Turn on” Voltage by drawing tangent to the curve for each colour LED. The point of intersection of
tangent and X axis gives you the value of turn on voltage.

S. No. Colour λ in f= c/λ Turn On Voltage E = eV Planck’s Constant h=E/f

of LED (Å) (in Hz) V ( Volt) in (Joules) (joule sec)
1 RED 6600 h1=
2 VIOLET 4285 h2=
3 YELLOW 6100 h3=
4 GREEN 5580 h4=
c = 3.00 × 108 m/s e= 1.6021765 × 10−19 coulomb

III. Calculations: The mean value of Planck’s constant is:

IV. Result: The Planck’s constant is found to be ………

V. Standard Value: The standard value of Planck’s constant is 6.6x10-34 Jsec

VI. % Error: The percentage error in the measurement of Planck’s Constant is =……
11 Department of Physics | MCU INDORE Signature of faculty
 OBSERVATION COPY 2019

Planck’s constant

A
Start

Plot the graph between voltage V vs

Collect the manuals & current I for all colour LED and
connecting wires calculate Turn on Voltage by drawing
tangent to the curve individually.

Read the manuals Calculate the frequency (f) & Energy

(E) using formula f= c/λ & E= eV,
respectively for different colours

Do the connections as given in

the circuit diagram for forward
bias of Red LED
Calculate the Planck’s constant using
formula h= E/f for different colours

Don’t put the power,

first check the
R
connections; & then The mean value of e
put ‘ON’ the power Planck’s Constant is p
calculated e
a
t
No
Is current No Is the error
varying less than
with 20%?
voltage?

Yes Yes

Increase the biasing voltage & note Stop

down the readings of voltage V &
current I

Repeat the above process for violet,

yellow and green colour LED’S and note
down the values for Voltages and current.

12 Department of Physics| MCU INDORE

Name of student ………………………… Date…………..
Experiment No. 7

I. Objective: To find the frequency of AC Mains using Melde’s method in longitudinal/transverse

arrangement.

II. Formula Used:

a). For longitudinal arrangement:

p T p Mg
The frequency n is given by n or n ;
L m L m
where p = Number of loops formed, L= Effective length of the string, T =Tension applied to string,
M = Total mass suspended (mass of pan+ mass applied) & m = mass per unit length of the string
b). For Transverse arrangement:-

p T p Mg
The frequency n is given by n  ; where symbols have meaning same as
2L m 2L m
explained above.
III. Observations: - Mass per unit length of the string (m) =0.00387 gm/cm & g = 980 cm/sec2

No. Total
Mass Mass Total
Tension of effective Frequency
S. No. applied of Pan Mass
(M x g) loops length L (n)
(gm) (gm) (M)
(p) (in cm)
1
2
3
4
5
6

IV. Calculations:- Mass of the string =………..gm

Mass of pan =………..gm

V. Results: The frequency of AC Mains is Transverse / Longitudinal arrangement = …...... Hz

VI. Standard value: Frequency of AC mains = 50 Hz.
VII. % Error: The % error in the measurement of frequency is =…………….

13 Department of Physics | MCU INDORE Signature of faculty

 OBSERVATION COPY 2019

Melde’s Method

Start

Adjust electrical vibrator in the

longitudinal/transverse mode.

Form the loops in string by applying appropriate weights to the

pan and adjusting the length of string.

NO
Are there stable loops
in string?
YES

Note down number of loops (p), the length of string between pulley
and rod (L).

Calculate the frequency of A.C. mains. by the formula

NO
Is error in ‘n’ less than
20%?

YES

Perform experiment for different masses.

Stop

14 Department of Physics | MCU INDORE

 Name of student………………………………… Date……………..

Experiment No. 08

I. Objective: To determine the specific optical rotation of sugar solution by biquartz polarimeter.

II. Formula Used:

θV
Specific Rotation α= degree cm3 decimeter-1 gm-1
lx
where V = volume of solvent (water) = 100 cm3,
l = length of solution (or tube) =2 decimeter
x = mass of solute (sugar) = 3 gm
θ =angle of rotation = …… degree

III. Observation Table

L C of the apparatus = …………..min / degree

Position of analyzer in deg. Mean Angle of

S. Optical First position Second Position angle (in0) rotation
No. Medium MS (θ = θ1 ~ θ2)
VSR Total(a) MSR VSR Total(b)
R
θ1=(a+b)/2
Dist.
1.
Water
θ2=(a+b)/2
Sugar
2.
Soln.
IV. Calculation:

V. Result: The value of Specific Optical Rotation for sugar solution is ……………

VI. Standard Value: Specific Optical Rotation = 66.5 degree cm3 decimeter-1 gm-1

15 Department of Physics | MCU INDORE Signature of faculty

 OBSERVATION COPY 2019

Start Polarimeter
A

Collect the manuals

and note down the
least count
Now rotate the analyzer for second
position and note down the reading.

Align the apparatus and

make sure that two semi Now replace the water in the tube by
circles of different bright sugar solution (no air bubble should be
colour are distinctly visible. present) and repeat the above process to
take both the readings.

Fill the polarimeter tube with distilled

water without any air bubble (if air bubble
exist place it to the centre of tube) Now do the calculation as given in
Keep the polarimeter tube in the space observation copy and find the Specific
provided. Optical rotation of sugar solution.

Rotate the analyses in the clockwise

direction until the position of tint* in the
field of view is obtained.
Does ‘α’ NO
matches
with the
standard
No value?

Is the position of
tint obtained?

YES
Yes

Note down the reading Stop

A Tint*: When the field of view is completely Violet

16 Department of Physics | MCU INDORE

 Name of student ………………………… Date…………..
Experiment No. 09
I. Objective: To determine the value of acceleration due to gravity using compound (bar) Pendulum.
II. Formula: Acceleration due to gravity g = (4π2 × 2K)/T2min
where Tmin = Time period of bar pendulum,
K= Radius of gyration of the bar pendulum relative to its center of gravity
L=Effective length of equivalent simple pendulum.
III. Observations:
S. Number of Distance of Suspension When bar pendulum is hang from When bar pendulum is hang from
No. Holes on point or knife edge from one corner another corner
Pendulum center gravity
Time (t) in sec Time Period Time (t) in sec Time Period
(for 10 T= t/10 in sec (for 10 T= t/10 in sec
Oscillations) Oscillations)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

IV. Graphical calculations: Plot the graph between time period T & distance; we get two
symmetrical curves about the axis passing through Centre of gravity. Draw a straight line AE
parallel to X -axis and join the lowest points P and R of the two branches by a straight line PR.

From graph: Radius of gyration K= PR/2=............cm and T min = GQ

2 2
Hence, calculate Acceleration due to gravity g= (4π x 2K)/T min

V. Results: The acceleration due to gravity (g) =.......... cm/sec2 .

Radius of gyration of a given bar pendulum w.r.t its center of gravity is K=………

VI. Standard value: Acceleration due to gravity = 980 cm/sec2

17 Department of Physics | MCU INDORE Signature of faculty

 OBSERVATION COPY 2019

Acceleration due to gravity ‘g’

Start

Make the rigid support horizontal

Place the knife edge at the first hole of the bar

No
Is rigid support
horizontal?
Yes

Note down least count of stopwatch, & note down time taken for 10 oscillations

Measure the distance of the hole from the Centre of the gravity of the bar; repeat
the procedure by suspending the bar from the successive holes

On reaching the Centre of gravity, turn the bar upside down & repeat the above
procedure till last hole at the other end

Plot the graph between time period T & distance. Using the graph, calculate the
value of acceleration due to gravity ‘g’

No
Is percentage error
less than 20%?

Yes

Stop

18 Department of Physics| MCU INDORE

 Name of student ………………………… Date…………..

Experiment No. 10

I. Objective: To determine the Standard deviation of any one of the following by algebraic
formula
I. Thickness of the given Scale by Vernier Calipers.
II. Diameter of the wire by Screw Gauge.

II. Formula used-

Here σx =Standard deviation, N = Number of values, =Average deviation

Therefore final result is

III. Observation Table:

Least Count of instrument = ………….units

Trial Measured value of xi (units) di=xi-x (units) di 2

Number M.S.R V.S.R Total (xi)units

Here x is mean of all xi

IV. Calculation:

V. Result:

19 Department of Physics | MCU Signature of faculty