Chapter 1: This Is Geography

Vocab
Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/_4twmrb
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Key Issue 1: Why Is Geography a Science?

Key Issue 2: Why Is Each Point on Earth Unique?

Formal Region (aka uniform region or homogeneous region): An area in which everyone shares in
common one or more distinctive characteristics
○ Examples: Common language, economic activity, or climate
Functional Region (aka nodal region): An area organized around a node or focal point
○ Examples: Circulation of a newspaper, such as The New York Times
Vernacular Region (aka perceptual region): An area that people believe exists as part of their
cultural identity.
○ Examples: The American South is a region individuals recognize as having distinct
environmental, cultural, and economic preferences.
Key Issue 3: Why Are Different Places Similar?
Economic Globalization: Globalization of the economy has been created primarily by transnational
corporations, sometimes called multinational corporations.
 Cultural Globalization: Geographers observe
that increasingly uniform cultural preferences
produce uniform “global” landscapes of material
artifacts and of cultural values.

Poststructuralist, Humanistic, Behavioral

Geography (check quizlet)

Key Issue 4: Why Are Some Actions

Not Sustainable?

Key Points
1 ★ Geography has ancient and medieval roots.
★ Maps are tools of reference and increasingly tools of communication.
★ Reading a map requires recognizing its scale and projection.
★ Contemporary mapping utilizes electronic technologies, such as GPS and GIS.

2 ★ Location is identified through name, site, and situation.

★ Regions can be formal, functional, or vernacular.
★ Culture encompasses what people care about and take care of.
 3 ★ Geographers examine at all scales, though they are increasingly concerned with
global scale.
★ Distribution has three properties- density, concentration, and pattern- and different
cultural groups display different distributions in space.
★ Places are connected through networks, and phenomena spread through relocation
and expansion diffusion.
★ In spite of space-time compression, peripheral regions in the global economy often
have unequal access to goods and services available in core regions.

4 ★ Sustainability combines environment, economy, and society.

★ Earth’s resources encompass three abiotic systems and one biotic system.
★ Ecology is the study of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they
interact.
★ Ecosystems may or not be sustainable.

Chapter 2: Population and Health

Vocab
Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/_4twov7
-------------------------
Key Issue 1: Where Are the World’s People Distributed?
Study Of Population Is Important because… more people are alive now than before, almost all
global population growth is in developing countries, and the world’s population increased at a faster
rate during the second half of the 20th century than ever before in history; rate has slowed recently
Population Concentrations (pgs 48-49)
● East Asia ● Southeast Asia
● South Asia ● Other Clusters: Africa (West Coast between Senegal and Nigeria, and
● Europe East Coast between Eritrea and South Africa) + Northeastern United
States and Southeastern Canada
People Avoid Living in Areas where it’s too DRY, too WET, too COLD, and too HIGH (elevation)
Density
● Arithmetic: People/Land
● Physiological: People/Arable Land (land suited for agriculture)
● Agricultural: Farmers/Arable Land
Key Issue 2: Why Is World Population Increasing?

Stage CBR CDR NIR

1- Low Growth Very High Very High Very Low

2- High Growth High Rapidly Declining Very High

3- Moderate Growth Rapidly Declining Moderately Declining Moderate

4- Low Growth Very Low Low or Slightly Zero or Negative

Increasing
Key Issue 3: Why Do Some Places Face Health Challenges?
Epidemiologic Transition: Death During Stages of The Demographic Transition
1- Pestilence And Famine Infectious and Parasitic Diseases + “accidents” (attacks Black Plague ( Early 1300s)
by animals-including humans, Thomas Malthus called
these “natural checks”)

2- Receding Pandemics Pandemics: diseases that affects a lot of land and Cholera (Late 1900s)
people - this stage has improved sanitation, nutrition
and medicine so infectious diseases are reduced

3- Degenerative Diseases Longer Life Expectancies Cause This Cancer and Heart Attacks

4- Delayed Degenerative Improved Medicine Delays or Rids of Major ^^^same but delayed or
Diseases Degenerative Causes of Death ridden

Key Issue 4: Why Might Population Increase in the Future?

Thomas Malthus (English Economist 1766-1834) Beliefs
● world’s population is growing faster than the development of food supply
● food supply grows arithmetically and population grows geometrically

Contemporary Neo-Malthusians and Critics Argue over this Today ^^^

Demographic Transition Possible Stage 5

Characteristics Explanations/ Causes
● Very Low CBR Population Policies (Like those in China And India)
● Increasing CDR Evolution of Infectious Disease Microbes
● Declining NIR Poverty (unsanitary conditions and lack of money = infectious diseases
are more prevalent)
Connections (pandemics like AIDs or Ebola)
CBR is lowered through Education, Healthcare and Contraceptives
Key Points
1 ★ The world’s population is highly clustered in four regions.
★ The physical environment discourages population concentrations in some regions.
★ Arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural densities describe the distribution of people.

2 ★ The NIR measures population growth as the difference between births and deaths.
★ The crude birth rate and crude death rate are the principal measures of population
change in a society as a whole.
★ The demographic transition has four stages characterized by varying rates of births,
deaths, deaths, and natural increase

3 ★ Birth rates have declined in nearly all countries through a variety of family-planning
approaches.
★ The percentage of younger and older people in a country impacts its provision of
health care.
★ The provision of health care varies sharply between developed and developing
 countries.

4 ★ Neo-Malthusians argue that population is outstripping resources, but critics do not

agree.
★ The demographic transition may display a possible stage 5 of population decline.
★ A resurgence of infectious diseases may signal a possible stage 5 of the
epidemiologic transition.
★ Birth rates have declined in most countries through strategies.

Chapter 3: Migration
Vocab
Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/_4v7ibf
-------------------------
Key Issue 1: Where Are the World’s Migrants Distributed?
● American Migration has declined from 20% in the 1980s to 11% today
● 3 Largest Flows of Migration: From Latin America to North America, From South Asia to
Europe, and From South Asia to Southwest Asia

Distance of
Migration
Internal Internatio
Migration nal
Migration
Interregio Intraregio Voluntary Forced
nal nal Migration Migration
Migration Migration

The United States Has Had Three Main Eras of Immigration (Pgs. 84-85)
● Colonial Settlement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
○ Europe-
○ Sub-Saharan Africa-
● Mass European immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
○ 1840s and 1850s: Ireland and Germany-
○ 1870s: Ireland and Germany-
○ 1880s: Scandinavia-
○ 1905-1914: Southern and Eastern Europe-
● Asian and Latin American Immigration In The Late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries
○ Latin America-
○ Asia-
Key Issue 2: Where Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Interregional Migration in the United States (Pages 86-87)
● More than ½ of Recent Immigrants move to California, Florida, New York or Texas.
1790: Hugging The Coast
1800-1840: Crossing The Appalachians
1850-1890: Rushing To Gold
1900- 1940: Filling In The Great Plains
1950-2010: Moving South
US Population Center Has Changed >>

Interregional Migration in Other Large Intraregional Migration

Countries (Pages 88-89)

Key Issue 3: Why Do People Migrate?

Ravenstein’s Laws
● Most people migrate for economic reasons.
● Cultural (Example: Trail of Tears) and environmental reasons also induce migration

Environmental Reasons Pull- attractive environments Push- intervening obstacles

For Migrating >> mountains, seasides and warm >> adverse physical conditions-
climates floodplain, desertification

Economic Reasons Migrants Seeking Economic Refugees- special priority in

For Migrating Opportunity- generally not admitted unless admission to other countries
(Common destinations they possess special skills or have a close
include European relative already in the new country
countries, the U.S. and
Canada)
Migrants who find work in another country frequently send a portion of the wages they have earned to relative
back home- remittance.
Ravenstein’s Laws continued...
● Most long-distance migrants are male.
● Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children.
Reality
● There is a larger share of females migrating to developed countries
● Most US immigrants are young adults
 ● The elderly are less likely to be immigrants
● Immigrants are less likely to be children, especially in developing countries

Key Issue 4: Why Do Migrants Face Challenges?

Government Immigration Policies
● The UN classifies countries according to four types of immigration/ emigration policies
○ 1) Maintain the current level of immigration
○ 2) Increase the Level
○ 3) Reduce the Level
○ 4) No Policy

● Unauthorized Immigrants (there is controversy on what to call them)

○ Unauthorized immigrants- preferred by academic observers
○ Undocumented immigrants- preferred by groups who advocate more rights for these individuals
○ Illegal Alien- preferred by some groups that favor tougher restrictions and enforcement of
immigration laws
US Quota Laws (pgs. 102-103)
● 1924:
● 1965:
● 1978:
● 1990:
Congress has set these preferences
● Family Reunification-
● Skilled Workers-
● Diversity-
US-Mexico Border Issues note: these feelings are somewhat shared by europeans facing immigration issues (pgs. 104-107)
Tighten Security And Do Not Offer A Path To Legal Offer A Path To Legal Status: Security Is Already Tight
Status Enough

● The Wrong Message: ● Impractical:

● Encourage Others: ● Economic Impact:
● Poor Security: ● Agents:
● Law-Abiding:

Key Points
1 ★ Migration is the permanent move to a new location.
★ Migration can be international (voluntary or forced) or internal (interregional or
intraregional).
★ The number and place of origin of immigrants to the US have varied over time.

2 ★ Large-scale interregional migration has resulted in the movement of the US center of

population to the West and South
★ Other large countries have experienced substantial migration.
★ Intraregional migration has been primarily from rural to urban areas in developing
countries and from cities to suburbs in developed countries.

3 ★ People migrate for a combination of political, environmental, and economic push and
 pull factors.
★ Most people migrate in search of work.
★ Most migrants are young adults.

4 ★ Immigration is tightly controlled by most countries

★ THe United States has more than 11 million unauthorized immigrants, mostly from
Mexico.
★ Americans and Europeans are divided on attitudes toward immigrants.

Chapter 4: Folk And Popular Culture

Vocab
Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/_4vmcjh
-------------------------
Key Issue 1: Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed?
Folk Culture: traditionally practiced
primarily by small, homogeneous groups
living in isolated areas
● Landscape changes relatively little
● Threatened by Pop. Culture
● Typically more sustainable
● Origin is often unknown
● Diffusion: small scale, relatively
slow, primarily through relocation
diffusion (migration)
● Folk Music: may tell story, or talk
about life (birth, marriage death), or
environmental features
● Origin of Soccer
● Surviving Folk Sports: Cricket, Ice
Hockey, Wushu, Baseball,
Australian Soccer and Lacrosse
Popular Culture: found in large,
heterogeneous societies that share certain
habis despite differences
● Landscape rapidly changes
● Dominant
vs. ● Typically less sustainable
● Origin is typically traceable to a certain
person/ corporation (MDCs)
● Diffusion: large scale, rapidly spreads
through hierarchical diffusion, typical
from hearths of innovation w/modern
tech
● Popular Music- written with the intent of
being sold, typically displays high degree
of skill
● Diffusion of Soccer
● Olympic Sports

Key Issue 2:Where Are Folk and Popular Material Culture Distributed?
● Folk and Popular Culture can clash
● Folk Clothing typically has a environmental component
● Occupation and Income affect Popular Clothing Styles
● People eat food that's available to them (terroir)
○ Ex.: areas near water typically eat fish
● Areas have food taboos, people refuse to eat particular plants and animals due to religious law
or social custom
● US Snack and Fast Food Regional preferences
● Utah has low consumption of alcohol- due to concentration of members of the Church of
Jesus Christ and the Latter-day Saints
● Texans prefer tortilla chips- due to high concentration Hispanic Americas
 ● Westerners prefer multigrain chips- due to a greater concern on nutrition and health
● Wine consumption is relatively high in California
● Southerners prefer pork rinds- due to large number of hogs
● Northerners prefer popcorn and potato chips - due to more potatoes and corn being
grown
○ Folk housing and popular housing differs

Key Issue 3:Why is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal?

● United States dominate Social Media
● Challenges in Accessing Media: Banned Technology, Blocked Content and Violated User
Rights
● China has many restrictions

Key Issue 4: Why Do Folk and Popular Culture Face Sustainability

Challenges?
Folk Culture:Sustainability Challenges-pg 138 Sustainability Challenges for Popular Culture
● Assimilation ● Pollution
● Acculturation ● Uniform Landscapes
● Preserving the Cultural Identity of the ● Depletion of Natural Resources
Amish ○ Ex.: the large meat consumption in
● Challenging Cultural Values: Dowries in inefficient - 10 kilograms grain to
India produce 1 kilogram of beef
Key Points
1 ★ Folk culture and popular culture have distinctive patterns of origin, diffusion and
distribution.
★ Folk leisure activities typically have anonymous origins, diffuse through relocation
diffusion, and have limited distribution.
★ Popular music and sports typically originate with identifiable individuals or
corporations, diffuse rapidly through hierarchical diffusion and have widespread
distribution.

2 ★ Regional variations in folk food, clothing and shelter derive from the physical
environment, as well ad from religion and other cultural values.
★ Popular preferences in food, clothing, and shelter vary more in time than in place.
However, some regional variations in preference persist.

3 ★ Popular culture diffuses primarily through electronic media.

★ Many countries limit the ability of their citizens to access electronic media.
 4 ★ Folk culture faces loss of traditional values in the face of rapid diffusion of popular
culture.
★ Popular culture can cause two environmental concerns: pollution of the landscape
and depletion of scarce resources.

Chapter 5: Languages
Vocab
Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/_4vmhoo
-------------------------

Indo European Branch

● 8 total branches (4 widely used- Indo-Iranian, Germanic, Romance, and Balto-Slavic
+ 4 spoken less- Albanian, Armenian, Celtic and Greek)
● Germanic Branch
○ West Germanic- English, German, and Dutch
○ North Germanic- (Scandinavian) Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, and Icelandic
■ Derived from Old Norse
● Romance Branch
 ○ Spanish, Portuguese, French and Italian
○ Romanian

● Indo-Iranian Branch
○ Most speakers
○ South Asia
○ Iranian (Western Group)- Persian, Pashto, Kurdish
○ Indic (Eastern Group)- Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kashmiri,
Konkani, Maithili, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, and Urdu
■ India
● Balto-Slavic Branch
○ East Slavic and Baltic- Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian
○ West And South Slavic Groups- Polish, Czech and Slovak
● English is currently the Lingua Franca, Chinese may be the Next
● Dialects differentiate in Vocab, Spelling, and Pronunciation
● Hebrew is a growing language

Key Points
1 ★ Languages are classified as institutional, developing, vigorou, in trouble and dying.
★ Languages are organized into families and branches.
★ Eighteen language families are used by at least 9 million people.

2 ★ The Indo-European family has four widely spoken branches.

★ The origin and early diffusion of language families such as Indo-European is
speculative because these language families existed before recorded history.
★ Individual languages, such as English and languages of the Romance Branch, have
documented places of origin and patterns of diffusion.
★ English has become the world’s most important lingua franca, especially in the
Internet era.

3 ★ A dialect is a regional variation of a Language.

★ The United States has seven major dialects.
★ The distinction between a dialect and an entirely different language is not always
clear-cut.
★ Some countries more peacefully embrace multiple languages than do others.

4 ★ Man languages have become extinct and others are threatened with extinction.
★ Some endangered language are being preserved and protected.
★ Some lesser-used languages are growing in number of speakers. Other languages
are being invented, in some cases through combination with English.
Chapter 6: Religions
Vocab
Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/_4vq08p
-------------------------
Key Issue 1: Where Are the World’s Religions Distributed?
★ Religions can be classified into two major categories: universalizing and ethnic.
★ The three largest universalizing religions are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.
Christianity predominates in Europe, North America, and Latin America; Islam in Southeast
Asia, Central Asia, Southwest Asia and North Africa; and Buddhism in East Asia.
★ The largest ethnic religion is Hinduism, which is found primarily in South Asia.
★ Most of the other religions have clustered distributions.

Key Issue 2: Why Do Religions Have Distinctive Distributions?

★ Universalizing religions have well-documented places of origin, based on events in the lives of
the founders.
★ Ethnic religions typically have unknown or unclear origins.
★ Universalizing religions typically diffuse widely from their place of origin, whereas ethnic
religions do not.
★ The contemporary migration patterns of some religious groups vary from distribution of those
religions.

Key Issue 3: Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?

★ Religious structures, such as churches and mosques, are predominant features of the
landscape.
★ Some religions have hierarchical administrative structures, whereas others emphasize local
autonomy.
★ Universalizing religions typically celebrate events in the life of the founder or prophet.
Ethnic religions are more closely ties to their local physical environment than are universalizing
religions.
★ The calendar typically revolves around the physical environment in ethnic religions and the
founder’s life in universalizing religions.

Key Issue 4: Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?

★ Religious groups have opposed government policies, especially those of communist
governments.
★ Religious principles seen as representing Western social values have been opposed by groups
in Asia.
★ An especially long-standing and intractable conflict among religious groups has been centered
in Israel/Palestine, an area considered holy by Jews, Christians, and Muslims.
Chapter 7: Ethnicities
Vocab
Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/_4vq19w
-------------------------
Key Issue 1: Where are Ethnicities Distributed?
★ Ethnicity, race and nationality are frequently confused.
★ The most numerous ethnicities in the United States are Hispanic, African American, and Asian
American.
★ The three most numerous U.S. ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions at regional, state, and
urban scales.

Key Issue 2: Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?

★ Ancestors of some African-Americans immigrated to the United States as slaves.
★ Large numbers of African-Americans migrated from the south to the north and west during the
early 20th century.
★ In the United States as well as in south Africa segregation of races was legal for much of the
20th century.

Key Issue 3: Why Might Ethnicities Face Conflicts?

★ Nationality is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal
allegiance to particular country.
★ Some ethnicities such as the Kurds are divided among more than one nationality.
★ Lack of correspondence between ethnicities and nationalities is especially severe in western
areas of Asia.

Key Issue 4: Why Do Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide Occur?

★ Ethnic cleansing is a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less
powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
★ Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people and intent to eliminate the entire group from
existence.
Chapter 8: Political Geography
Vocab
Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/_4vq3xo
-------------------------
Gerrymandering:
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the
purpose of benefiting the party in power.
Wasted Vote: Spreads opposition supporters
across many districts but in the minority
Excess Vote: Concentrates opposition supporters
into a few districts
Stacked Vote: Links distant areas of like-minded
voters through oddly shaped boundaries

★ Russia is the largest multinational state.

---------------------------------------
Key Issue 1: Where Are States Distributed?
★ The world is divided into approximately 200 sovereign states that vary considerably in size.
★ The sovereignty of some territories is distributed among states

Key Issue 2: Why are Nation-States Difficult To Create?

★ Good examples of nationstates can be identified though none are perfect.
★ The Soviet Union was once the world's largest multinational state; with its break up Russia is
now the largest.
★ Much of earth's land area want to come prize colonies but only if you colonies remain.

Key Issue 3: Why Do Boundaries Cause Problems?

★ Two types of boundaries are physical and cultural.
★ Deserts mountains and water can serve as physical boundaries between states. Five shapes
of states are compact elongated corrupted perforated and fragmented.
★ The governments of states can be classified as democratic, anocratic or autocratic;
democracies have been increasing.
★ Boundaries dividing electoral districts within countries can be gerrymandered in several ways
to favor one political party

Key Issue 4: Where Do States Face Threats?

★ During the cold war, the world was divided into two alliances led by super powers.
With the end of the Cold War, economic alliances have become more important.
★ Terrorism by individuals and organizations has included the 9/11 attacks on the United States.
★ Some states have provided support for terrorism
Chapter 9: Food And Agriculture
Vocab
Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/_4vyvvy
-------------------------
Key Issue 1: Where Did Agriculture Originate?
5 Agricultural Hearths
�Southwest Asia �East Asia �Central and South Asia �Sub-Saharan Africa �Latin America

Key Issue 2: Why Do People Consume Different Foods?

Cereal Grains
● Wheat: Europe and North America + regions of Central and Southwest Asia
● Rice: East, South, and Southeast Asia
● Maize: Leading Crop in World- some Countries of Sub-Saharan Africa + can be grown not for humans
● Other Crops: Sub-Saharan Africa- cassava, sorghum, millet, plantains, yams, etc.
Key Issue 3: Where Is Agriculture Distributed?
● Climate and Agriculture Are Interrelated
Agriculture In Developing Countries Agriculture in Developed Countries

Intensive Subsistence, wet-rice dominant: East and South Asia Mixed Crop and Livestock: U.S. Midwest and central Europe
Intensive Subsistence, crops other than rice dominant: East And Dairying: Near Population Clusters in Northeastern U.S., South-
South Asia (where growing rice is difficult) Central Canada and Eastern Europe

Pastoral Nomadism: Drylands of Southwest Asia and North Grain: North-Central United States, South-Central Canada and
Africa, Central and East Asia Eastern Europe

Shifting Cultivation: Tropical Regions of Latin America, sub- Ranching: Drylands of western North America, southeastern Latin
Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia America, Central Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and the South Pacific

Plantation: Commercial Agriculture found in Tropical and Mediterranean: Lands near Mediterranean Sea, western U.S.,
Subtropical developing countries of Latin America, sub-Saharan southern tip of Africa, and Chile
Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia

Commercial Gardening: Southeastern United States and

southeastern Australia

von Thünen's Agricultural Model

A model designed by Von Thunen, that depending on
the cost of transportation and the value of the product,
different types of farming are conducted at different
distances from a city. Site or human factors were not
considered in this model.

Key Issue 4: Why Do Farmers Face Sustainability Challenges?

● Losing agricultural land to competing uses.
● Improving the productivity of existing farmland.
● Conserving scarce resources, such as water and topsoil.
● Identifying the appropriate role in agriculture for biotechnology.
● Balancing production of food for international trade rather than for consumption at home.
● Meeting the needs of people who are undernourished.
● Making greater use of organic farming.
Key Points
1 ★ Before the invention of agriculture, most humans were hunters and gatherers.
★ Agriculture was invented in multiple hearths beginning approximately 10,000 years ago.
★ Modern agriculture is divided between subsistence agriculture in developing countries and
commercial agriculture in developed countries. They differ according to the percentage of
farmers use of machinery and farm size.

2 ★ Most food is consumed in the form of cereal grains, especially wheat, rice, and maize.
★ People in developed countries consume more total calories in a higher percentage through
animal products.
★ Most humans consume more than the recommended minimum calories, and the number who
are undernourished is declining, but under-nourishment is still common in Asia and sub-
Saharan Africa.

3 ★ Agriculture can be divided into 11 major regions, including five subsistence and six
commercial regions.
★ In subsistence regions, pastoral nomadism it’s prevalent in drylands, shifting cultivation in
 tropical forest, and intensive subsistence in regions with high population concentrations.
★ In commercial regions, mixed crop and livestock is the most common form of agriculture.
Dairy, commercial gardening, grain, Mediterranean, and livestock ranching are also
important.

4 ★ Agricultural land is being lost to competing uses, such as urbanization.

★ The green revolution has improved the productivity of farming in some countries.
★ Some agricultural regions face a severe shortage of water.
★ GMO crops are increasingly planted in some countries, especially in the United States.
★ International trade in food is increasing, but in some places at the expense of producing food
for domestic consumption.

Models And Theories

Models-
https://quizlet.com/_pj2w4

Theories-
https://quizlet.com/_67mem

Link To This Document

https://docs.google.com/document/d/120v0H5NkB1E6JyOU65Pgp
MWuvrayj_0m2ElIkncA7ws/edit?usp=sharing