Nama : Arrel Nuris A

NIM : 171031104

Kelas A

Bar structure

Tension Compression
F F F F

In mechanics of materials
A E

F F
S L

The relationships of F & S is

1
Linier
F

Non linier

Heuce,

F=S for linear case

F=XS

For FEA,

The first procedure is model and discrelize domain, then the second is definng Ru
behavior of the element, that is the displacement function, prediction of displacement
field in the element. His assumed the bar displacement behavers in a linier function.

n= a1 + a2 X

[1 X] (a2)

n= [1 X] (a2)
To copress the displacement finite term of modul the modul displacement are

at X = 0

Ui = a1 + a2 0 = ai

at X = L

Uj = ai + aL. L

Heuce,

U = a1 + a2 X

𝑈𝑗 . 𝑈𝑖
U = Ui + [ 𝐿
] 𝑋

𝑋 𝑋
U = [1 − 𝐿
] 𝑈𝑖 + [ ] 𝑈
𝐿

𝑋 𝑋 𝑈𝑖
U= [1 − 𝐿
]{ }
𝐿 𝑈𝑗

𝑈𝑖
U = [𝐻1 𝐻2 ] { }
𝑈𝑗

Where H1 = shape function 1 at node i

= shape function 2 at node j

The displacement field from node i to j can be obtained

𝑋
H1 H2 at H1 = [1 − 𝐿
] =1

𝑋
H2 = 𝐿
=0

at j H1 = 0

H2 = 1

I j

So far, Re element function can be denied, as follow

From the mechanics y

 A E

F F

The relationship Y force an stress, is

𝐹
F = Δ . Ϭx Ϭx = ∆

And the relationship Y Ϭ and ∈ is

Ϭ =E ∈

𝑆 𝑈𝑗 𝑈𝑖
Where ∈ =𝐿 = 𝐿

𝑈𝑗 𝑈𝑖
F=ΔE[ 𝐿
]

For the equilibrium of force at the node i

𝑖
∫𝑚 = - F

∆Ε
=- [𝑈𝑗 − 𝑈𝑖]
𝐿

At node j

𝑗
∫𝑚 = F

∆Ε
= [𝑈𝑗 − 𝑈𝑖]
𝐿

𝑓𝑖 ∆Ε 1 −1 𝑈𝑖
{ 𝑚𝑗 } = - 𝐿 [ ]{ }
𝑓𝑚 −1 1 𝑈𝑗

Or {f} = [u] {u} is Re element equation form of the bar element and to stripous
matrik of Re bar element is

𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
−
{u} = [ 𝐿𝐴𝐸 𝐿
𝐴𝐸 ]
− 𝐿 𝐿
Example

L L

1 3 2 2

1 F3X F2X

A1 = 1 in2 A2 = 2 in2

E = 30 E6 psi F2X = 100.000 lb

Find : the node displacement

the model displacement

the element internal force

Solution :

𝐴𝐸 (1)(30 𝐸6 𝑝𝑠𝑖) 𝑙𝑏
Element 1 𝐿
= 30
= 1𝐸6 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑓1 1𝐸6 −1𝐸6 𝑈1
{𝑓12 } = [ ]{ }
1 −1𝐸6 1𝐸6 𝑈3

𝐴𝐸 (2)(30 𝐸6 𝑝𝑠𝑖) 𝑙𝑏
Element 2 𝐿
= 30
= 2𝐸6 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑓3 2𝐸6 −2𝐸6 𝑈3
{𝑓11 } = [ ]{ }
2 −2𝐸6 2𝐸6 𝑈2

So that, the global equation of structure is

𝐹1𝑋 1𝐸6 0 −1𝐸6 𝑈1

{ 𝐹2𝑋 } = [ 0 2𝐸6 −2𝐸6 ] {𝑈2}
𝐹3𝑋 −1𝐸6 −2𝐸6 1𝐸6 + 2𝐸6 𝑈3

Then :

𝐹2𝑥 2𝐸6 −2𝐸6 𝑈2

{ }=[ ]{ }
𝐹3𝑥 −2𝐸6 1𝐸6 + 2𝐸6 𝑈3
 So that,

2E6 U2 – 2E6 U3 = F2x = 100.000

-2E6 U2 + 3E6 U3 = F3x = 100.000

From the substitution

U2 = 0, 25 in U3 = 0, 2 in

The reaction force (F1x)

F1x = 1E6 U1 + 0 U2 – 1E6 U3

= - 200.000 lb

The internal force of element 1

𝑓1 1𝐸6 −1𝐸6 𝑈1
{𝑓12 } = [ ]{ }
1 −1𝐸6 1𝐸6 𝑈3

1𝐸6 −1𝐸6 0 −200.000

=[ ] { }= { 200.000 }
−1𝐸6 1𝐸6 0.2

1 2 3

1 1
∫ = −200.000 ∫ = −200.000
1 1
For element 2

𝑓3 2𝐸6 −2𝐸6 𝑈2
{𝑓22 } = [ ]{ }
2 −2𝐸6 2𝐸6 𝑈3

2𝐸6 −2𝐸6 0,25 100.000

=[ ]{ }= { }
−2𝐸6 2𝐸6 0,2 −100.000

100.000lb 2 100.000 lb

Trim structure

A frame work compondof a bar member at their ends F form a digit structure is
known as a in stress structure, the end conection are assumed to bepin joined.
Y 2 4

L3

3 5 6 X

X Δ truss structure
1 AE 2
𝒇𝟐𝟏 u2

One of its members

In its own local, the element is government by the some element equation as the
bar element.

𝑓1 𝐴𝐸 1 −1 𝑈1
{𝑓12 } = 𝐿 [ ] { } Or {f} = [k] {u}
1 −1 1 𝑈2

Vector transformation in two dimensions

Y Y p x-y is global system

X Ẋ-Ῡ is local system

X
̅̅̅̅ + 𝐷𝐶
𝑋̅ = 𝑂𝐷 ̅̅̅̅

𝑋̅ = X cos Ѳ + Y sin Ѳ
̅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ −𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ 𝑥
{𝑋} = [ ]{ }
𝑌̅ −𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ 𝑦
Maka matrik transformasi dan system koordinat global
𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ −𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ
[𝑇̅]= [ ] is orthogonal that is T-1= TT
−𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ
For the two nodes of the bar element, we have
𝑢̅𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ 𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ 0 0 𝑢𝑖
𝑢̅𝑖 0 ] {𝑢𝑖 }
{𝑢̅ } = [−𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ 0
𝑗 0 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ 𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ 𝑢𝑗
𝑢̅𝑗 0 0 −𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ 𝑢𝑗
 𝑇 𝑂
Atau 𝑢̅ = Tu with T = [ ]
𝑂 𝑇
̅ Tf
Then, 𝑓=

Stiftnes metrix in the 2-D space in the local coordinate system, we have

𝐸𝐴 1 −1 𝑢̅𝑖 𝑓̅𝑖
[ ] {𝑢̅ } = { ̅ }
𝐿 −1 1 𝑗 𝑓𝑗

Auqmenting this equation, we write

1 0 −1 0 𝑢̅𝑖 𝑢̅𝑖
𝐸𝐴 0 𝑢̅
0 0 0 ] { 𝑖} = { 0 }
[
𝐿 −1 0 1 0 𝑢̅𝑗 𝑓̅𝑗
0 0 0 0 𝑢̅𝑗 0

Multiplying sides by TT and that TTT , we obtain TT𝑘̅Tu = f

The element shiftness matrix k in the global coordinate system, is

K = TT𝑘̅T

Which is a 4x4 symmetric matrix

𝑐𝑜𝑠²Ѳ 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ −𝑐𝑜𝑠²Ѳ −𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ

𝐸𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ 𝑠𝑖𝑛²Ѳ −𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ −𝑠𝑖𝑛²Ѳ ]
Explicit form, k = [
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠²Ѳ −𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ
𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ −𝑠𝑖𝑛²Ѳ −𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ 𝑐𝑜𝑠²Ѳ
Finally the equation of the this element in global coordinate:

Can be written as

𝑓𝑖𝑥 𝑐2 𝑐𝑠 𝑐 2 −𝑐𝑠 𝑢𝑖
𝑓𝑖𝑦 𝐸𝐴 𝑐𝑠
= [ 𝑠2 −𝑐𝑠 −𝑠 ] {𝑣𝑖 }
2
𝑓𝑗𝑥 −𝑐𝑠 𝑢𝑗
𝐿 −𝑐 2 𝑐 2 𝑐𝑠
𝑠2 2 𝑣𝑗
{𝑓𝑗𝑦 } −𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑠 𝑠

Or {𝑓} = [𝑘]{𝑢}
̅̅̅
𝑢
Ϭ = E∈= 𝐸𝐵 {𝑢 𝑖 }
𝑗

𝑢𝑖
1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ 𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ 0 0 𝑣𝑖
= E[−𝐿 ][ ]{ }
𝐿 0 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ 𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ 𝑢𝑗
𝑣𝑗
𝑢𝑖
𝐸 𝑣𝑖
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ −𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ 𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ] {𝑢𝑗}
𝐿
𝑣𝑗
Contoh soal 2

1) 1

45º

Matrik kekakuan global structure

𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ 45º = 1/2√2

𝑠𝑖𝑛Ѳ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠Ѳ 45º = 4/2 √2

𝐴.𝐸 1 𝑖𝑛.30𝐸6 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐿
= 30 𝑖𝑛
= 1𝐸6 𝑝𝑠𝑖

0,5 0,5 −0,5 −0,5

0,5 0,5 −0,5 −0,5
K = 1E6[ ]
−0,5 −0,5 0,5 0,5
−0,5 −0,5 0,5 0,5
2) x

X -45º

Cos 135º= -0,7071

Sin 135º = -0,7071

0,5 0,5 −0,5 −0,5
0,5 0,5 −0,5 −0,5
K = 1E6[ ] lb/in
−0,5 −0,5 0,5 0,5
−0,5 −0,5 0,5 0,5
3) obtain the model displacement

Reaction forces

Element internal forces

For each member A = in2

E = 30E6 psi

L = 50 cm

F=10000lb

15√2 𝑖𝑛

x 15√2 𝑖𝑛 15√2 𝑖𝑛
 a two bar truss structure

length of member 1 and 2 are

L1 = L2 = √(15√2 𝑖𝑛)2 + (15√2 𝑖𝑛)2= 30 in

𝐴𝐸 1𝑖𝑛2 30𝐸6 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝐿
= 30 𝑖𝑛
= 1𝐸6 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛

Analysis elemen 1 is

45º

M= sin 45º= 0,7071 → m2=0,5

l= cos 45º= 0,7071→ l2 = 0,5

the elemen equation is

𝑓11𝑥 0,5 −0,5 −0,5

1𝑦
0,5 𝑢2
𝑓1 0,5 0,5 −0,5 −0,5 𝑣2
=1E6[ ]{ }
𝑓13𝑥 −0,5 −0,5 0,5 0,5 𝑢2
3𝑦 −0,5 −0,5 0,5 0,5 𝑣2
{𝑓1 }
Analysis element 2 is

L= cos 135º = - 0,7071

M=sin 135º = -0,7071

𝐴𝐸 1 𝑖𝑛2 30𝐸6 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑙𝑏

= = 1𝐸6
𝐿 30 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
The element equation is

𝑓22𝑥
2𝑦
0,5 0,5 −0,5 −0,5 𝑢3
𝑓2 0,5 0,5 −0,5 −0,5 𝑣3
=1E6[ ]{ }
𝑓23𝑥 −0,5 −0,5 0,5 0,5 𝑢3
3𝑦 −0,5 −0,5 0,5 0,5 𝑣3
{𝑓2 }
Assembly element equation 1 and 2 yields the structural equation