Lab 2

Subject: IC Engines

Submitted To: Mr. Zubair Afzal

Submitted By: Muhammad Waqar Younas

ROLL#: 16-MCE-78
Registration #: FD-70

NFC IEFR
Mechanical Engineering Department
Objective:
To Study the carburetor and EFI system.
Apparatus:
 Model of Carburetor and EFI
Theory:

Why carburettor or EFI

The carburetor and fuel injection performance is mainly due to the amount of air and gasoline
that can enter into the engine cylinders. The cylinders contain the pistons and combustion
chambers where energy is released from the combustion of gasoline. The carburetor and fuel
injection system will both feed fuel and air into the engine.

Here we will discuse about fuel injection by Carburetor and electronic fuel injection system
and then we will discusse which system is most favourable and why .

What is Carburettor
Carburetor is a device which is used in spark ignition engine to mix air-fuel in correct ratio
outside the cylinder. This process is known as carburation.
The carburetor is a tunnel-shaped device for internal combustion engines that disperses a
mixture of air and fuel into the cylinders. Some carburetors operate differently, but the
general process is the same for most carburetors. There are several different types of
carburetors. Downdraft, natural or side draft, and updraft are the most common types. These
classifications all refer to how the carburetor is positioned. Perhaps the most common style,
the downdraft carburetor, consists of filtered air flowing down through the top of the tube.

Parts of Carburetor:
Float Chamber:
The float chamber serves as a storage tank of fuel for continuous supply of fuel. It
contains a float valve which maintains the level of fuel in float chamber. When the level of
fuel decreases in float chamber the float moves downward, which open the fuel supply valve
and allow flow of fuel into float chamber. As the fuel level increases, the float moves upward
which close and stop the fuel supply. This fuel level is maintained below the discharge nozzle
outlet hole to prevent overflow.

Strainer:
It is a device which is used to filter the fuel before entering into float chamber. It consist a
fine wire mesh which filters the fuel and removes dust and other suspended particles from it.
These particles if not removed can cause blockage of nozzle.
Metering System:
The metering system controls the flow of fuel into nozzle. It is responsible to form correct
mixture of air fuel. It consist two main parts, first one is known as metering orifice and other
one is known as fuel discharge nozzle. When the air passes through venturi, it generates a low
pressure field across throat compare to pressure at float chamber. Due to this pressure
difference, fuel is discharge into the air stream. The quantity of fuel is control by the metering
orifice and discharge hole at the exit of fuel discharge nozzle.

Idling System:
It consist a passage directly from the float chamber to venturi tube. It provides rich mixture
during idling and at low speed. It works during idling or when the throttle is open below
15%.

Throttle Valve:
It is a butterfly valve situated at the exit of the venturi tube. It controls the speed of the
vehicle by providing control amount of mixture. It controls the quantity of air fuel mixture. If
throttle is fully opened, than more mixture drawn into cylinder and thus gives high output.
But if it is little opened, less mixture is drawn into the cylinder, which gives less power.

Choke Valve:
It is same as throttle valve in construction but situated at the entrance of venturi tube. It is
used to provide very rich mixture during starting in cold season. It controls the quantity of air
flow through the venturi tube. If the choke is fully open, normal amount of air flow through
venturi, which forms a normal mixture. But if the choke is partially closed, it results low
amount of air flow through venturi and large amount of fuel flow through discharge nozzle. It
gives rich mixture.

Working Of Carburetor:
Now we know about basic parts of carburetor and its function. These all parts work together
to perform a common function of providing homogenous air-fuel mixture in proper ratio. Its
working can be summarized into following points.

 First fuel is supplied into the float chamber through strainer. Strainer works as a filter.
It does not allow dust and other suspended particles into the float chamber which can
choke any fuel passage.

 The float maintains a constant level of fuel into float chamber. If the amount of fuel in
the float chamber goes down below designed limit, the float goes down which opens
the fuel supply valve and allow fuel to flow into float chamber. If the fuel reaches
designed limit,
the float goes up, which closes the fuel supply valve and thus stop fuel supply into
float chamber.

 The fuel discharge nozzle connects float chamber to venturi tube. The one end of fuel
supply nozzle connected to the bottom of the float chamber and other one is to the
 venturi tube slightly above the designed fuel level in the float chamber. This will
avoid overflow when engine is not running.

 During suction stroke air is drawn into cylinder through venturi tube. Venturi is a tube
of decreasing cross section and has a minimum area at throat. The fuel supply nozzle
connects at the throat of venturi tube. This air has maximum velocity at throat. Due to
this high velocity, the pressure at the throat goes down below float chamber pressure.

 This will create a pressure difference between float chamber and venturi tube. This
pressure difference is known as carburettor depression. It acts as driving force for
fuel. It drives fuel from float chamber to venturi tube through fuel supply tube and the
fuel is discharged into the air stream.

 The fuel-air ratio depends on the size of discharge jet and metering system. So they
are chosen as such, they can give desired air-fuel ratio.

 This air fuel mixture provided to the cylinder through throttle valve. The SI engine is
a quantity governed engine. So the quantity of the mixture provided into the cylinder
is controlled by the throttle valve and hence control output power.

 For idling or when required rich mixture, extra fuel is supplied by the idling system
into venturi tube.
What is fuel injection:
Fuel injection has superseded the carburetor. Fuel injection requires higher fuel
pressures in order to pump fuel through injector nozzles that atomize the fuel. Atomizing
allows the fuel to disperse in a fine mist so it can combine with air in order to combust once a
heat source is introduced to the mix. There are three types of fuel injection: direct, ported,
and throttle body. Direct fuel injection sprays fuel directly into the combustion chamber,
while ported fuel injection sprays the intake manifold outside the valve. When the valve
opens, the fuel and air are then released into the combustion chamber. Throttle body fuel
injection, while similar to a carburetor, has a separate throttle body with one fuel injector
rather than fuel injectors located in each cylinder. The air and fuel mixture in the throttle
body then travels through the intake valves and into the cylinders.

How electronic fuel injection system works:

The fuel injected engine is equipped with electronically controlled fuel feeding system that
is electronic fuel injection system. Here fuel feeding in the combustion chamber done by
electronically controlled injectors.
Here also the air sucked through the intake manifold but fuel separately sprayed or injected
though the dedicated device. It sprayed just on the manifold or in some case directly in the
combustion chamber.
So the quantity of the fuel and injection timing controlled digitally through the electronic
device named Electronic Control Unit or ECU. Here the ECU connected with sensors to
measure engine temperature, oxygen level, air intake or throttle butterfly position etc. Though
the sensors ECU get the measures and determine the quantity of fuel to spray.
So fuel injection system is an hi-tech and complex fuel feeding system. This modern
technology and device literary enhanced the modern motorcycle engine capability and
efficiency. Furthermore it has some awesome advantages and also have few disadvantages.

Let’s take a look on those. The ECU is also responsible for maintaining the vehicle’s idling
speed, typically through electronic throttle control systems.

Advantages and disadvantages of carburettor over EFI

Advantages:

 Carburetor parts are not expensive as that of fuel injectors, especially EFI, which
would give you large savings.
 With the use of carburetor you get more air and fuel mixture.
 In terms of road test, carburetors have more power and precision.
 Carburetors are not restricted by the amount of gas pumped from the fuel tank which
means that cylinders may pull more fuel through the carburetor that would lead to
denser mixture in the chamber and greater power as well.

Disadvantages :

 At a very low speed, the mixture supplied by a carburetor is so weak that it will not
ignite properly and for its enrichment, at such conditions some arrangement in the
carburetor is required.
 The working of carburetor is affected by changes of atmospheric pressure.
 It gives the proper mixture at only one engine speed and load, therefore, suitable only
for engines running at constant speed increase or decrease.
 More fuels are consumed since carburetors are heavier than fuel injectors.
 More air emissions than fuel injectors.
Advantages and disadvantages of EFI over carburettor:

Advantages of EFI:

 Précised quantity of fuel injection and mixing of air & fuel ensures maximum
possible fuel efficiency & power production.
 In fuel injected engine combustion process is significantly much more efficient.
Therefore optimum power squeezed out, the fuel economy maximized and minimized
the emission level.
 Modern performance motorcycles adopt fuel injection system due to its precision.
 Considering environment situation and riding condition this type of engine
automatically balance the air-fuel mixture. Like the carburetor engine it needs no
tweaking considering riding environment.
 Engine vibration reduced and spark plug fouling issue is minimized here.
 No cold start issue in fuel injected engine so no need for manual chocking.

Disadvantages of EFI:

 Fuel injection system is a complex electronic controlled device that related and
connected with few electronic sensors and complex engine control unit.
 Its maintenance or repair scope is very limited and not possible in regular workshop.
 The whole system is quite expensive. Due to limited repair or maintaining opportunity
in some case it need whole setup replacement.
 In fuel injected engine good quality and recommended quality of fuel needed.
Contaminated fuel even can push the engine halt just on the road.
 Not suitable solution for low cost & low capacity motorcycles.
 In most of the case comparatively power delivery is linear in fuel injected engine. So
unpredictable purpose bikes like dirt bikes fuel injection is too much expensive as it
needs multi mapping feature in ECU.