Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi

Universitas Indonesia
Student Log Book

Marcella Giovanni Gunawan

1606889351
PIKKG - 10
 Diskusi Kelompok I Skenario
Nama Mahasiswa : Marcella Giovanni Gunawan
Nama Fasilitator : drg. Masita Mandasari, Ph. D
Tanggal / Jam Diskusi : Monday, 19 September 2016 / 08.00-

Pada DK1 yang diharapkan :

1. Identifikasi Istilah yang belum diketahui :

1. Health status indicators

2. Demography & epidemiological surveillance
3. Epidemiology
4. Health Policies
5. Infection Chain
6. Epidemiology survey design
7. Life quality

2. Rumusan Masalah

1. What is epidemiology? (Definition, aim/purpose, scopes, types, the epidemiology

triangle, and when it is needed)
2. What is health status indicators? (Nutritional, mortality rate, morbidity,
prevalence, incidents, types of prevalence <point and period>, types of incidents
<true and assume>, demographic indicators, demographic pyramid<age>,
socioeconomic, and gender)
3. What is demography and its connection to epidemiology?
4. What is epidemiology surveillance?
5. How and why the epidemiology surveillance is used to analyze the health policies?
6. What is epidemiology survey design? (types of study design)
7. What is the planning, prevention, treatment, and evaluation of communicable and
non-communicable disease problem indicator and the connection to epidemiology
survey design?
8. What are the health problem in developing countries?
9. Why is the infection chain which is not treated well in development countries?
10. How do the diseases affect life quality?
3. Analisis Masalah

4. Menyusun Pokok Bahasan berdasarkan Prior Knowledge

Epidemiology can be used to study about the disease by knowing the distribution, risk
factors and affecting factors to improve the health status of a society.

5. Menyusun topik dan sasaran belajar skenario

 MANDIRI

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2. SUMBER PEMBELAJARAN : NARASUMBER

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Hal baru yang perlu penelusuran lanjut :

Nama dan tanda tangan Narasumber: Tanggal Diskusi :

3. SUMBER PEMBELAJARAN : TEXT BOOK

JUDUL :

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5. SUMBER PEMBELAJARAN : INTERNET

Source: AMFC Primer on Population Health

There are various form of mortality rate, particularly they refer to particular age group
, such as:
 child mortality rate
 overall crude mortality rate

Since the death of child represent the most significant loss of potential life and child
health is sensitive to the variations in the social environment, there are several indicators
of child mortality.

Infant mortality rate

The infant mortality rate is the total number of deaths in a given year of children
less than one-year-old, divided by the number of live births in the same year,
multiplied by 1,000.

Infant mortality rate is used as an indicator of the level of health in community. Since,
the rarity of infant mortality rate in developed country, therefore it only produces
small population. Small population produce a variation therefore it is not valid.
Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR)

In most industirally developed nations, this is defined(for given year) as:

Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR)

All Age Crude Mortality Rate

Most early measures of population health reported incidence rates of "the five Ds":
 Death
 Disease
 Disability
 Discomfort
 Distress.

 Comparison of health indicator of each country can be seen from mortality

certificates and data from the hospital.
 Yet, data from the hospital sometimes cannot be exact as there can be another factor
such as in particular region has excellent health service.

 There are two indicators of morbidity: prevalence & incidence

Incidence is a measure of the speed at which new events (such as deaths or cases of
disease) arise in a population during a fixed time.

Incidence can be presented by rate or proportion.

o Rate is calculated as the number of new cases arising in a susceptible population
divided by the person-time of observation.
o Proportion is calculated by dividing the number of new cases or events in a fixed
time period by the number of people at risk at the beginning of that period.
- This gives a proportion (ranging from 0 to 1).
- The term that may appear is cumulative incidence instead of incidence
proportion.

Incidence Prevalence

For studying causes Estimating health service needed

Assess object in different condition to get Assess the prevalence of long-term

a way how to prevent. disability to plan rehabilitation service.

Can be calculated by point pre Can be calculated by point prevalence and

period prevalence

Measures event. Measures disease state.

Example

Hospitals: where prevalence is high and incidence is low

Patients in the cardiac care unit have a prevalence of cardiac disease of nearly 100%. The
few misdiagnoses may reduce the prevalence slightly. However, the incidence of cardiac
disease in these patients is extremely low (unless we include recurrences); only those
people who have been misdiagnosed are at risk of getting cardiac disease, since it should
be assessed and studied all over again.
Demographic Indicators

o Life expectancy at birth - The number of years newborn children would live and
also correlated with their mortality risks prevailing for the cross-section of
population at the time of their birth.
o Crude death rate - Annual number of deaths per 1,000 population.
o Crude birth rate - Annual number of births per 1,000 population.
o Total fertility rate - The number of children that would be born per woman. In
condition she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years and bear children at
each age in accordance with prevailing age-specific fertility rates.
o Urban population - Percentage of population living in urban areas as defined
according to the national definition used in the most recent population census.

Source: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/stats_popup6.html. 22 September

2016.
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Demographic Pyramid

1. Expansive

o Expansive population pyramids are used to describe populations that are young
and growing.
o They are often characterized by their typical ‘pyramid’ shape, which has a broad
base and narrow top.
o These types of populations are typically representative of developing nations,
whose populations often have high fertility rates and lower than average life
expectancies
2. Constrictive

o Constrictive population pyramids are used to describe populations that are elderly
and shrinking.
o Constrictive pyramids have smaller percentages of people in the younger age
cohorts
o There are typically characteristic of countries with higher levels of social and
economic development, where access to quality education and health care is
available to a large portion of the population.

3. Stationary

o Stationary, or near stationary, population pyramids are used to describe

populations that are not growing.
o These pyramids are often characteristic of developed nations, where birth rates are
low and overall quality of life is high.

Source: https://www.populationeducation.org/content/what-are-different-types-
population-pyramids. 22 September 2016
Health Indicator

1. Mortality indicators
2. Morbidity indicators
3. Health status
4. Disability indicators
5. Social and mental health indicators
6. Health system indicators
7. Health determinant

Nutritional

o Proportion of low birth weight

o Prevalence of anemia
o Proportion of overweight individual
o Nutritional intake assessment
 Diskusi Kelompok II Skenario

Nama Mahasiswa : Marcella Giovanni Gunawan

Nama Fasilitator : drg. Masita Mandasari, Ph.D
Tanggal / Jam Diskusi : Jumat, 23 September 2016 / 08.00-selesai

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