1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

1.1.1 INTRODUCTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Civil engineering is the basis of the development of infrastructure. Civil

engineering is not just constructing building; it also includes construction of
roads, rails, airport, harbours, bridges; In our project we are going to analysis
and design a multi-storey shopping complex building.

1.1.2 SHOPPING COMPLEX

A shopping mall or complex is a building ,in which one or more storeys

forms a complex of shops .The various components of shopping complex are
Food Courts,Theatre,Textile Shop, Electronics Shop, Margin Free Market,
Mobile Shop, Computer Centre, Entertainment Shop etc.

The shopping complex are seen more convenient than public streets, with
their spacious parking area, well maintained walk- ways and private security
guards. Criminologists have suggested that different factors affecting mall crime
include the design of the mall and security system used by the mall it self and
by the individual tenants. CCTV cameras are provided to reduce crimes and it
helps in investigations.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

By this project we will be able to know, how to

 Draw plan using manually and using software
 Area computation
 Load calculation of structures from Code books
 2

 Analysis and design of various structural components

 Detailing of work

1.3 NATURE OF SOIL CONDITION

The nature of the soil condition is red alluvial soil. Normally isolated
footing is used for red alluvial soil. So we choose isolated footing. Safe bearing
capacity of the soil is 247x103N/mm2.
1.3 LOCATION
The location for the proposed shopping complex is at Marthandam, in
Kanniyakumari district. As there is no shopping complex in that area, this
project serves the surrounding people. The latitude and longitude of the site
is 8028 ‘32.57 ‘’N and 765824.54E.

Figure 1.1 Location map

 3

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

2.1 GENERAL

Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the method

applied to a field of study. This chapter will cover the detailed explanation of
methodology that is being used to make this project complete and working well.
The method used to achieve the objective of the project that will accomplish a
perfect result.

2.2 METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART

AIM &OBJECTIVE

DRAFTING AutoCAD 2015

ANALYSIS Moment
distribution

DESIGN Limit state method

REPORT PREPARATION IS 456:2000

Figure 2.1 Methodology flow chart

2.3 DRAFTING

The drawing include are drawn according to government norms. The

drawings are drawn by using AutoCAD software.
 4

2.4 ANALYSIS

A structure is the assemblage of two or more basic structural

components connected together in such a way that they serve the user
functionally and carry the loads arising out of the self and superimposed loads
safely without carrying any problem.

Various methods are available for analyse of structure are listed below:

 Finite element method

 Moment distribution method
 Slope deflection method
 Flexibility coefficient method

The structures are analysed manually using moment distribution method.

2.4.1 Moment distribution method

The moment distribution is a structural analysis method for statically

indeterminate beams and frames. In this method, all the members of the
structure are first assumed in position and fixed end moments due to external
loads are obtain.

2.5 DESIGN

The various methods available for designing of structure are listed

below:

1. Working stress method

2. Ultimate load method
3. Limit state method

Method based on experimental procedure and investigation limit state

method was adopted in this project.
 5

2.5.1 Working stress method

This method is deterministic in nature. In this method, the behavior of

this structure is assumed to act as linearly elastic body under the action of
service loads. This method is also called modular ratio method.

This method of elastic design is a method which limits the structural

usefulness of the materials of the structure up to certain load at which the
maximum stress in external fibre reaches the characteristics strength of the
materials in building.

This has been the traditional method used for reinforced concreted
design, where it is assumed that the concrete and steel are elastic. Concrete and
steel act elastically, the relationship between loads and stress is linear right up to
the collapse of the structure.

The basis of this method is that the permissible stresses of the concrete
and steel are not exceeded anywhere in the structure when it is subjected to the
real worlds combination of working loads. The selections are designed in
accordance with the elastic theory of bending assuming that both materials obey
the Hooke‟s law. The elastic theory gives the linear variation of stress varying
uniformly from zero to the neutral axis to maximum at the extreme fibre.

2.5.2 Ultimate load moment

There are to principal drawbacks in working stress method, i, e. the

distribution of stress over section at defers from that under service loads and the
section having large cross area of compression steel are uneconomic as the
complete section fails under collapse or ultimate loads before the full strength of
its components is utilized. Thus, the ultimate loads method came as to practice;
the method of ultimate design of structure design of structure is defined as “a
 6

method, which limits the structural usefulness of the material of the structure up
to ultimate load”. This method is also called method of limit analysis.

In this method, the working loads are increased by suitable factors to

obtain ultimate loads. These factors are called as load factors. The structure is
then designed to exit the ultimate load. This method takes into account
nonlinear stress-strain behavior of concrete. The term load factor has been
traditionally used to denote the ratio between collapse load and ultimate load to
the working load.

This method also has some drawbacks it predicts the response of the
structure to service load.

2.5.3 Limit state method

The method of limit state design of structure is designed as a method,

which limits the structure usefulness of the structure up to a certain load at
which acceptable limit of safety and serviceability are applied so that the failure
of structure does not occur. In this method, a structure is designed to withstand
safely all the loads liable to act on it throughout its life, it should be able to
maintain the required structural integrity during and after accident such as fire,
explosions and load failure.

The acceptable limit for the safety failure occurs is called a limit state.
Limit state design has originated from ultimate or plastic design. The purpose of
design is to achieve acceptability, so that the structure will not become unfit for
its intended use and will not reach a limited state.

In other words, all relevant limit state must be considered in design to

ensure adequate degree of safety and serviceability. So we are using limit state
method for our project work execution.
 7

CHAPTER 3

BUILDING DRAWING AND DETAIL

3.1 DRAFTING

Exit
Entranc
e

Figure 3.1 Ground Floor plan

 8

Figure 3.2 First Floor Plan

 9

Figure 3.3 Second Floor Plan

Figure 3.4 Third Floor Plan

 10

Figure 3.5 Elevation

Figure 3.6 Section

3.2 DRAWINGREFERENCE

SIZE OF SHOP

SHOP 1 = 4.42m x 6.10m

SHOP 2 = 4.57m x 6.10m

SHOP 3 = 4.61m x 6.10m

SHOP 4 = 5.14m x 6.10m

 11

SHOP 5 = 5.18m x 6.10m

SHOP 6 = 9.14m x 6.10m

SHOP 7 = 10.61m x 6.10m

SIZE OF LIFT = 2.21m x1.3m

PLINTH AREA = 1616.55m2

AREA OF SHOP 1 = 26.96 m2

AREA OF SHOP 2 = 27.88 m2

AREA OF SHOP 3 = 28.18 m2

AREA OF SHOP 4 = 31.35 m2

AREA OF SHOP 5 = 31.60 m2

AREA OF SHOP 6 = 55.75 m2

AREA OF SHOP 7 = 64.72 m

STAIR:

Tread = 0.33m

Rise = 0.15m

Door = 2.1m x 1.5m

 12

CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

4.1 ANALYSIS OF FRAME

4.1.1 Retail shop (4.4m) beam

(a)Load calculation

Self weight of slab = 1/2xbxhxdxp

= 1/2x4.4x2.2x0.15x25
= 18.15kN/m
Self weight of beam = 1x0.5x0.3x25=3.75kN/m
Live load = 4kN/m
Floor finish = 1.5kN/m
Total load = 27.40kN/m
Factored load = FOSx27.40
= 41.10kN/m
(b)Fixed end moments

Figure 4.1 Retail shop frame -1

MF +MF +MF +MF = 0

AB BA CD DC

MF = -wl2/12
BC

= -41.10x4.4/12
= -66.21kN/m
 13

MF = wl2/12
CB

= 41.10x4.4/12
= 66.21kN/m
C) Distribution Factor Table
Table 4.1 Distribution factor table

Joint Member Relative Total Distribution

Stiffness Stiffness Factor
B BA 4EI/3.66 1.09EI 0.55
BC 4EI/4.4 0.90EI 0.45
C CB 4EI/4.4 0.90EI 0.45
CD 4EI/3.66 1.09EI 0.55

d) Moment distribution table

Table 4.2 Moment distribution table

Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
Distribution 0.55 O.45 O.45 0.55
factor
Fixed end -66.21 66.21
moments
Balancing 36.47 29.84 -29.84 -36.47
Carry over 18.24 -14.92 14.92 -18.24
Balancing 8.21 6.71 -6.71 -8.21
Carry over 4.11 -3.36 3.36 -4.11
Balancing 1.82 1.55 -15.51 -1.82
Carry over 0.91 -0.76 0.76 -0.91
Final moment 23.26 46.50 -47.29 47.29 -46.50 -23.26
Max BM = -wl2/8=41.1x4.4/8=99.46kN/m
 14

Fig.4.2 Bending Moment Diagram

(e)Shear force calculation

Span AB
R =3.66+23.26+46.50=0
B

R =-19.06KN
B

R +R =0
A B

R =19.06KN
A
Span BC
R X4.4-41.10X4.4X4.4/2-47.29+97.29=90.42KN
C

R +R -41.10X4.4X4.4/2=0
B C

R =-307.42kN
B
Span CD
RDX3.66-46.50-23.26=0
RD =19.06KN
RD = -19.06

KN
Figure 4.3 shear Force Diagram
 15

4.1.2. Retail shop (6.10m) beam

(a) Load calculation
Self weight of slab = 8.58x0.15x25=32.18kN/m
Self weight of beam = 1x1x0.3x25=7.5kN/m
Live load = 4kN/m
Floor finish = 1.5kN/m
Total load = 45.18kN/m
Factored load = 1.5x45.18
= 67.77kN/m
(b) Fixed end moment

Figure 4.4: Retail shop frame 2

MAB+ +M BA+M CD+M DC =0

MF BC = -wl2/12

= -67.77x6.102/12

= -210.14kNm

MF CB = wl2/12

= 67.77x6.102/12

= 210.14kNm
 16

(C) Distribution factor table

Table 4.3 Distribution factor table

Joint Member Relative Total Distributio

stiffness stiffness n factor
B BA 4EI/3.66 1.09EI 0.62
BC 4EI/6.10 0.66EI 0.38
C CB 4EI/6.10 0.66EI 0.38
CD 4EI/3.66 1.09EI 0.62

(d)Moment distribution table

Table 4.4 Moment distribution table

Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
Distribution 0.62 0.38 0.38 0.62
factor
Fixed end -210.14 210.14
moments
Balancing 130.29 79.85 -79.85 -130.29
Carry over Factor 65.15 -39.93 39.93 -65.15

Balancing 24.76 15.17 -15.17 -24.76

Carry over factor 12.38 -7.59 7.59 -12.38

Balancing 7.80 2.88 -2.88 -7.80

Carry over factor 3.90 -1.44 1.44 -3.90

Final moment 81.43 162.85 -162.20 162.20 -162.85 -81.43

Max BM = wl2/8=210.14x6.102/8=977.48kNm
 17

Figure 4.5 Bending moment diagram

(e) Shear force calculation

Span AB
RAX3.66+81.43+162.85=0
RA =66.74kN
RA+RB =0
RB =-66.74kN
Span BC
RBx6.1+67.77x6.1x6.1/2-161.20+161.20=0
RB =-206.70kN
RB +RC =0
RC =1054.86kN
Span CD
RCx3.66-162.85-81.43=0
RC = -66.74kN

RC+ RD =0

RD = 66.74kN
 18

Figure 4.6 Shear force diagram

4.1.3 Retail shop (6.1) beam

(a) Load calculation

Self weight of slab = 8.58+8.58x0.15x25

= 64.35kN/m
Self weight of beam = 1x1x0.3x25
= 7.50kN/m
Live load = 4kN/m
Floor finish = 1.5kN/m
Total load = 77.35kN/m
Factored load = 116.03KN/m
(b)Fixed end moment

Figure 4.7 Retail Shop frame 3

MAB- +MBA+MCD+MDC=0
2
MFAB = -wl /12
 19

2
= -116.03x6.1 /12
= -359.7kN/m
2
MFBC = wl /12
= 116.03x6.1/12
= 359.7KN/m

(C) Distribution factor table

Table 4.5 Distribution factor Table

Joint Member Relative Total Distribution

stiffness stiffness factor
B BA 4EI/3.66 1.09EI 0.62

BC 4EI/6.1 0.66EI 0.38

C CB 4EI/3.66 0.66EI 0.38

CD 4EI/6.1 1.09EI 0.62

(d) Moment distribution table

Table 4.6 Moment Distribution table

Joint A B C D
Member 0.62 0.38 0.38 0.66
Distribution factor -389.79 359.79
Fixed end moment 223.07 136.72 -136.72 -223.07
balancing 111.54 -68.36 68.36 -111.54
Carry over factor 42.38 25.98 -25.98 -42.38
balancing 21.19 -12.99 12.99 -21.19
Carry over factor 8.05
4.98 -4.98 -8.05
balancing 4.03 -2.47 2.47 -4.03
Carry over factor 1.53 0.94 -0.94 -1.53
Final moment 136.76 275.03 -274.99 274.99 -275.03 -136.76
 20

2 2
Max BM=wl /8=210.14x6.10 /8=977.48kNm

Figure 4.8 Bending moment diagram

(e) Shear force calculation

Span AB
RAx3.66+136.76+275.03=0
RA = 112.5kN
RA+RB = 0
RB = -112.5kN
Span BC
RCx6.1-116.03X6.1X6.1/2-274.99+274.99=0
RC = 353.89kN
RB+RC = 0
RB = -1804.8kN
Span CD
RCx3.66-275.3-136.76=0
RC = -112.51kN
RC+ RD = 0
RD = 112.5kN
 21

Figure 4.9 Shear force diagram

4.1.4. Retail Shop (6.1m) beam

(a)Load calculation

Self weight of beam = bxdxρ

= 6.1x0.3x25
= 45.75kN/m
Live load = 4kN/m
Floor finish = 1.5kN/m
Total load = 51.25kN/m
Factored load = 1.5x51.25
= 76.88kN/m
(b) Fixed end moment

Figure 4.10 Retail shop frame 4

MFAB+MFBA+MFCD+MFDC=0
2
MFBC = -wl /12
= -76.88x6.1/12
 22

= -238.4kN/m
MFCB = wl2/12

= 76.88x6.1/12
= 238.4kN/m
(C) Distribution factor table
Table 4.7 Distribution factor table
Joint Member Relative Total Distribution
stiffness stiffness factor
B BA 4EI/3.66 1.09EI 0.4

BC 4EI/3.05 1.33EI 0.55

C CB 4EI/3.05 1.33EI 0.55
CD 4EI/3.66 1.09EI 0.4
(d)Moment distribution table
Table 4.8 Moment distribution table
Joint A B C D

Member AB BA BC CB CD DC

Distribution factor 0.62 0.37 0.37 0.62

Fixed end moment -238.38 238.38

Balancing 178.80 106.70 -106.70 -178.80

Carry over factor 89.40 -53.35 53.35 -89.40

Balancing 33.08 19.74 -19.74 -33.08

Carry over factor 16.54 -9.87 9.87 -16.54

Balancing 6.12 3.65 -3.65 -6.12

Carry over factor 0.36 -1.83 1.83 .36

Final moment 106.3 218 -173.34 173.34 -217.38 -106.3

 23

Max BM = Wl2/8 = 76.88x6.12/8=357.59kN/m

Figure 4.11Bending moment diagram

(e) Shear force calculation
Span AB
RAX 3.66+106.3+218= 0
RA = 88.43kN
RA + RB = 0
RB = 88.43kN
Span BC
RCX 6.1-76.88 X 6.1 X6.1/2-173.34+173.34= 0
RC = 234.48kN
RB + RC -76.88 X 6.1 X 6.1/2= 0
RB = -1195.87kN
Span CD
RC X 3.66 - 217.38-106.3 = 0
RC = - 88.43kN
RC + RD = 0
RD = 88.43 kN
 24

Figure 4.12 Shear force diagram

4.1.5. Passage (3.05m beam)
a)Load Calculation
Self weight of slab = area xdx25
= 9.33x0.15x25
= 34.99kN/m
Self weight of the beam = 1x0.5x0.3x25
= 3.75kN/m
Live load = 4kN/m
Floor finish = 1.5kN/m
Total load = 44.42kN/m
Factored load = 1.5X44.42
= 66.36kNm
b) Fixed End Moment

Figure 4.13 Passage frame

 25

MFAB+MFBA+MFCD+MFBC =0
MFBC = -Wl2/12
= -66.36x3.05/12
= -51.44kNm
2
MFCB = Wl /12
= 51.44kNm
C) Distribution Factor Table
Table 4.9 Distribution factor table

Joint Member Relative Total Distribution

Stiffness Stiffness Factor
B BA 4EI/3.66 1.09EI 0.45
BC 4EI/3.05 1.31EI 0.55
C CB 4EI/3.05 1.31EI 0.55
CD 4EI/3.66 1.09EI 0.45
D) Moment Distribution Factor
Table 4.10 Moment Distribution Factor

Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
Distribution 0.45 0.55 0.55 0.45
Fixed End Moment 0 0 -51.44 51.44 0 0
Balancing - 23.15 28.29 -28.29 -23.15 -
Carry Over 11.58 - -14.15 14.15 - -11.58
Balancing 6.37 7.78 -7.78 -6.37
Carry Over 3.19 - -3.89 3.89 - -3.19
Balancing - 1.75 2.14 -2.14 -1.75 -
Carry Over 0.88 - -1.07 1.07 - -0.88
Balancing - 0.48 0.59 -0.59 -0.48 -
Carry Over 0.2 - -0.3 0.3 - -0.2

Final Moment 15.85 31.75 -32.05 32.05 -31.75 -15.85

 26

Max BM=-wl2/8=66.36x3.052/8=77.16kN/m

Figure 4.14 Bending moment diagram

(e) Shear force calculation
Span AB

RAx3.66+15.85+31.75=0

RA = 13.05kN

RA+RB = 0

RB = -13.05kN

Span BC

RCx3.05-66.36x3.05x3.05/2-32.05+32.05=0

RC = 101.19kN

RB +RC-66.36x3.05x3.05/2=0

RB = -207.46 kN

Span CD

RCx3.66-31.75-15.85=0

RC = -13kN

RC + RD = 0
RD = 13kNn
 27

-101.19kN

Figure 4.15 Shear force diagram

4.1.6 Corridor (4.6m) beam

(a) Load calculation

Self weight of slab = area of triangle X area x d x ρ

= 5.29x12.77x0.15x25
= 253.32kN/m
Self weight of beam = 1x1x0.3x25=1.50kN/m
Live load = 4KN/m
Floor finish = 1.5KN/M
Total load = 266.32kN/m
Factored load = 399.48kN/m
(b) Fixed end moment

Figure 4.16 Corridor frame

 28

MAB +MBA+MCD+MDC=0
MFBC = -wl2/12
= -399.48x4.62/12
= -704.42KN/m
MFCB = wl2/12
= 399.48x4.62/12
= 704.42kN/m
(c)Distribution factor table

Table 4.11 Distribution factor table

Joint Member Relative Total Distribution
stiffness stiffness factor
B BA 4EI/3.66 1.09EI 0.56
BC 4EI/4.6 0.87EI 0.44
C CB 4EI/4.6 0.87EI 0.44
CD 4EI/3.66 1.09EI 0.56
(d) Moment distribution table
Table 4.12 Moment Distribution Table
Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
Distribution factor 0.56 0.44 0.44 0.56
Final end moment -704.42 704.42
Balancing 394.48 309.94 -309.94 -394.48
Carry over factor 197.24 -154.67 154.67 -197.24
Balancing 86.62 68.05 -68.05 -86.62
Carry over factor 43.31 -34.03 34.03 -43.31
Balancing 19.06 14.97 -14.97 -19.06
Carry over factor 9.53 -7.49 7.49 -9.53
Balancing 4.19 3.30 -3.30 -4.19
Carry over factor 2.10 -1.65 1.65 -210
Final moment 252.18 504.35 -506.00 506.00 -504.35 -252.18
 29

2 2
Max BM = wl /8=704.42x4.6 /8 = 1868.19kN

Figure 4.17 Bending moment diagram

(e)Shear force calculation

Span AB

RAX3.66+252.18+504.35=0

RA = 206.70kN

RA+RB = 0

RB = -206.70kN
Span BC

RCX4.6-399.5X4.6X4.6/2-506+506=0

RC = 918.804kN

RB+RC-399.5X4.6X4.6/2=0

RB = - 3307.69KN
Span CD

RCX3.66-504.35-252.18=0

RC = -206.7KN

RC+ RD = 0

RD = 206.7KN
 30

Figure 4.18 Shear force diagram

4.2.1 Design slab (one – way slab)
Span, l = 3.05m
FCK = 15N/mm2
Fy = 415N/mm2
Depth of slab
D = span/25
= 3050/25
= 122mm
dc = 20mm
use 10mm bars
D = 122+20+10/2
= 147mm
Effective span:
The least value of
Clear span + effective depth = 3.05+0.122 = 3.172mm
C/C distance between support = 3.05+0.2 = 3.27mm
Hence l = 3.172m
Load calculation:
Self weight of slab =DxBxρ
= 0.147x1x2 =3.675kN/m
 31

Floor finish = 1 kN/m

Live load = 4 kN/m
Total load = 8.675kN/m
Factored load = 8.675x1.5
= 13.0125kN/m
Ultimate moment and shear force:
Mu= wl2/8 = 13.0125x3.1722/8
= 16.4kN/m
Vu = wl /2 = 13.0125x3.172/2
= 20.6KN
Limiting moment of resistance:
Mulim =0.138fckbd2
=0.138x15x1000x1222
=41.1kNm
Mu< Mulim
Main reinforcement:
Mu=0.87fyAstd(1-A st fy/ bd fck)
16.4x106=0.87x415xAstx122(1-Astx415/1000x122x15)
16.4x106=44048.1Ast-7.99Ast2
Ast =400 mm2
Using 10mm bars,
Sv =1000xπ/4x102/411
=191mm
Adopt a spacing of 190mm and alternate bars are bend up at support.
Distribution reinforcement :
Ast =0.12 x1000x147
=176.4mm2

Provide 8mm bars @250mm centres

Ast = 1000xπ/4x82/250=201mm2
 32

Check for shear stress:

τv = Vu/ bd =20.6x102/1000x122
= 0.17N/mm2
Pt = 100xAstbd
= 100x201/1000x122=0.16
K = 1.30
Τv = 0.287>τv
Check for deflection control:
(L/d)max = (L/d)bacic x kt x kc
Pt = 100Ast/ bd
= 100x411/1000x122
= 0.34
Kt = 1.4
Kc = 1
(L/d)max = 20x1.4x1=28
(L/d)actual = 3200/122=26
(L/d)actual < (L/d)max
Hence the limit state of deflection is satisfied.
Design of reinforcement using sp16,design table
Mu/bd2 = 16.4x106/1000x1222=1.10
Pt = 0.322
Ast = ptbd /100

= 0.332x1000x122/100
= 393mm2
 33

Reinforcement detail:

Figure 4.19 Reinforcement details

4.2.2 Design of slab ( Tow way slab)
Size of slab 4.4mx6.1m
Lx = 4.4m
Ly = 6.1m
Live load = 4KN/m
Fck = 15N/mm2
Fy = 415N/mm2
Ly/Lx = 6.1/4.4=1.38<2
Since Ly/Lx <2 ,slab should be designed as two way slab.
Depth of slab
Depth =4400/25=176mm
Effective depth,d =176mm
Overall depth,D =200mm
Effective span =clear span+edffective depth
 34

Effective load =4.4+0.176=4.576mm

Loads:
Self weight of the slab = dxbxρ=0.2x1x25=5kN/m
Live load =4kN/m2
Floor finish =0.6kN/m
Total service load =9.6x1.5=14.4kN/m
Ultimate moment and shear force:
Ly/Lx =1.38
αx = 0.0838(from Is456,pg:91 table 26)
αy = 0.0518(from Is 456,pg:91 table 27)

Mu = αxwulx2=0.0838x14.4x(4.576)2
= 15.62kNm
Mu = αywulx2=0.0518x14.4x(4.576)2
= 15.62kNm

Vux = wulx/2=14.4x4.576/2=32.95kN

Check for depth:

Mmax = 0.138fckbd2
d2 = Mmax/0.138fckb
d = 25.27x102/0.138x15x1000
= 95.68mm
Reinforcement:
Mux = 0.87fyAstd(1-Astfy/ bdfck)
25.27x106 = 0.87x415xAstx176(1-Astx415/1000x176x20)
25.27x106 = 63544.8Ast-7.49Ast2
= 418mm2
Adopt 10mm dia bars at 280mm c/c spacing
Ast = 1000xπ/4x102/250
= 315mm2
 35

In short span direction, in dia bars 10mm in long span direction

Effective depth = 176-10 = 166mm
Muy = 0.87fyAstd(1-Astfy/bdfck)
15.62x106 = 0.87x415xAstx166(1-Astx415/1000x166x20)
15.62x106 = 59934.3Ast-7.49Ast2
= 270mm2

Provide10mm dia bars at 300mm centres

Ast = 1000xπ/4x102/300=262mm2
Check for shear stress:
τv = vu/ bd=32.95x103/1000x176=0.19N/mm3
Pt = 100Ast/ bd=100x315/1000x176=0.18
For p = 200
K = 1.2
τc = 0.301N/mm2> τv
Hence shear stress are within safe permissible limit.
Check for deflection control :
Considering unit width of slab in the short span direction,l x
(l/d)basic = 20
(L/d)max = (L/d)basic xkcxkt=20x1x1.6 = 32mm

(L/d)actual = 4576/176=26mm<32mm
Hence deflection control is satisfied
Check for crack control:
1)Reinforcement provided is more than the minimum percentage of
0.02 =0.12/100x1000x200
=240mm
Spacing of main reinforcement=3d =3x176 =528mm
2)Diameter of reinforcement less than D/8
 36

= 200/8 = 25mm
Hence the crack will be within the crack will be within safe permissible limit.

Torsion reinforcement in corners:

Area of torsion steel at each of the corners in your layers

=3/4Ast

=3/4x315=236mm2

Length over which torsion steel is provided (1/5)x short span length

=1/5x4400=880mm

Provide 6mm dia bars@120mm centres for a length of 880mm at all

four corners in your layers

Reinforcement in edge strip:

Ast=0.12/100x1000x200=240mm2

Provide 10mm dia bars @300mm centres

Ast=π/4x102/300x1000

=262mm

Design using sp16 design tables

Sp16 and read out the reinforcement spacing for 10mm bars
10mm dia bars @250mm centres for short span 10mm dia bar @300mm
cracks for long span.
 37

Figure 4.20 Reinforcement details

4.2.3 Design of beam

Span, l = 4.4m

b = 300mm

load = 4KN/m

fck = 15N/mm2

fy = 415N/mm2

Cross sectional dimension:

Effective depth =span/20

=4400/20=220mm

d =220mm

D =270mm
 38

Effective span:
1)clear span+effective depth
=4.4+0.22
=4.64m
2)centre to centre support
=4.4+0.3/2+0.3/2=4.7m
Hence l =4.64m
Load calculation:
Self weight = bxdxρ=0.3x0.27x25
=2.025KN/m
Live load =4kN/m
Total load =6.025KN/m
Factored load =6.025x1.5=9.04kN/m
Bending moment and shear force:
Mu =wl2/8=9.04x4.642/8=24.3kN/m
Vu =wl2/2=9.04x4.64/2
=21kN
Tension reinforcement:

Mulim =0.138X15X300X2202 = 40KN/m

Since Mu<Mulim
Mu =0.87fyAstd(1-A stfy/ bdfck)
24.3x106 =0.87x415xAstx220(1-Astx415/300x220x15)
24.3x106 =79431Ast-24.97Ast2
=343mm2
2 2
Ast =2xπ/4x16 =402mm
Provide 2 bars of 16mm and two hanger bars of 10mm dia.
Check for shear stress:
τV =Vu/bd=21x103/300x220

=0.32N/mm2
 39

Pt =100Ast/bd
=100x402/300x220=0.61
τv =0.495N/mm2>τv
Provide nominal shear reinforcement using 6mm
To let the stirrup at a spacing of
sv =Astx0.87fy/0.4b

=2xπ/4x62x0.87x415/0.4x220
=232mm
But sv>0.75d
Sy =0.75x220=165mm
Spacing of stirrup has 165mm
Check for deflection control:
(L/d)max =(L/d)base xktxkc=20x0.1x1=2
(L/d)actual =4640/220=21
Design using sp16 design table
Mu/bd2 =24.3x106/300x2202 =1.67
Pt =0.54 (from sp16,table 1)
Ast =pt bd/100
=0.546x300x220/10 =360mm2
Hence Ast is same as the theoretical equation.
6 – 165mm c/c

Figure 4.21 Reinforcement details

 40

4.2.4 Design of column

Size of column =300mmx500mm
Load calculation:
Self weight hxbxdx25 =366x0.3x0.5x25x4
=54.9kN
Total factored load of beam acting on column
=(wl2xl1/2xnumber of beam)+ (wl2xl2/2xnumber of beam)
x no. of floors
= (9.04x6.1/2x2)+(9.04x4.4/2x2)x4
=379.68kN
Total load acting on column =319.68+54.9 =434.581kN
Design load =434058x1.5=651.87kN

Determination of non dimension parameters:

a)d‟/D =(40+25/20/500=0.11
b) pu /fck =651.87x103/15x300x500=0.29
c)mu/fckbd2
mu =wuxl2/8 =91.9kNml
mu/fckbd2 =91.9x102/15x300x500 =0.06
Determination of longitudinal reinforcement
a)p/fck =0.02
b)p =0.02x15=3
c)p =100Ast/bd
4 =100Ast/300x500 =6000mm2
Use 25mm dia bars

No. of rod =Ast/ ast

n =6000/π/4x252=12nos
provide 9 number of 25mm dia rod
Transverse reinforcement
Min size of lateral ties ={1/4xdia of longer bars 6m)
 41

a) 1/4x20 =5mm
b) 6mm
Provide 8mm ties
Tie spacing 16xdia of longitudinal bar
48xdia of bar =300mm
a) 16x20 =320mm
b ) 48x8 =384mm
c)300mm
provide 8mm ties at 300 mm centres 500mm
Reinforcement detail

Figure 4.22 Reinforcement details

 42

b) Design of column
Size of column =300mmx500mm
Load calculation:
Self weight =h x b x d xρxnumber of floors
=3.66x0.3x0.5x25x4
=54.9kN
Total factored load of beam acting on column
=(9.04x4.4/2x2)+(9.04x3.05/2x2)x4
=269.4kN
Total load acting on column =269.4+54.9=324.3kN
Design load =324.3x1.5=486.45kN
Determination of non dimension parameters
a) d‟/D =(40+25/2)/D =0.11
b) Pu /fckbxd =48.45x103/15x300x500
=0.22
c) Mu/fckbxd2 =0.88
Determination of longitudinal reinforcement

a) p/fck =0.22
b) p =0.02x15
=0.3
d) p =100Ast/300x500
=4500mm2
Use 25mm dia rods
No. of rod =Ast/ ast=4500/π/4x252
=9no.s
Provide 9 number of 25mm dia bars
Transverse reinforcement
Min size of lateral {1/4xdia of longer bars 6m}
a) 1/4x20 =5mm
 43

b) 6mm
Provide 8mm ties
Tie spacing=16xdia of longitudinal
48xdia of bar 300mm
a) 16x20=320mm
b) 48x8=348
c) 300mm
Provide 8mm ties at 300mm centres

Figure 4.23 Reinforcement details

 44

4.5 Design of Dog Legged staircase

Stair hall size = 4.4mx6.1m
Live load = 4kN/m
Height of floor = 3.66m
fck = 15N/mm2
fy = 415N/mm2
Step2:Dimension of staircase
Height of each flight =3.66/2=1.8m
Number of steps =1.8/0.15=12steps
Number of threads =12-1=11nos
Space occupied by threads =11x0.25=2.75m
Assume passage width =1.5m
Width of landing =6.1-2.75-1.5=1.85m

Step3:Effective span
Assume wall thickness =300mm
Effective span =2.75+1.85+0.3/2=4.75m
Step4:Effective thickness of slab
Span/effective depth =20(from Is456:2000,pg:37)
=4750/d=20
d =237.5mm
Provide effective thickness, d =237.5mm
Overall thickness, D =250mm
step5:Load calculation
self weight of waist slab,ws=0.250x25=6.25kN/m
self weight of waist slab@ horizontal span=Ws(R2+T2)/T
=6.25(0.15)22+5/0.252
=7.29kN/m2
Self weight of one step =1/2x0.15x0.25x25 = 0.468kN/m
 45

Self weight of step per„m‟span =0.468/0.25=1.875kN/m2

LL =4KN/m2
Assume floor finish =1kN/m2
Total load =7.29+1.875+4+1
=14.165=14.165kN/m2
Factored load =14.165x1.5
=21.25kN/m
Step6:bending moment calculations
mu =wl2/8=21.25x4.752/8=60kN/m
step 7:design of waist slab
d =mu/0.138fckb
=60x106/0.138x15x1000
=170mm<250mm
Over all depth =250mm
Use 15mm nominal cover and 12mmbars
d =250-15-12/2=229mm
step8:computation of reinforcement
mu =0.87fyAstd (1-Ast fy/bd fck)
60X106=0.87X415X Ast229(1- Ast415/1000X229X20)
Ast =780mm2
Use 12mm bars
Sv =π/4x122/835x1000=135mm
2 2
Ast =π/4x12 =113.1mm
Number of bars required in 1.2m width
=1.2x835/113.1= 8no.s
Provide 12mm0f a bars @120mm c/c spacing
Distribution reinforcement:
Ast =0.12/100x1000x250=300mm2
Use 8mmbars
 46

Spacing ,sv=π/4x82300x1000=168mm

Figure 4.25 Reinforcement of Details

4.6 Design of footing:
Axial factored load = 615.87kN
Size of column = 300x500
Bearing capacity, p = 247kN
Fck = 15N/mm2
Fy = 415N/mm2
size of footing:
load on column = 651.87kN
self weight of footing = 65.187kN
Total load,wu = 717.1KN
LxB = 717.1/247
2B2 = 2.9
B = 1.2m
L =2B =2.4m
Size of footing =3mx2m
Pu =657.87/3x2 =109.7kN/m2
Pu<247x1.5 =370.5kN/m2
Hence footing is adequate
 47

Factored bending moment:

Cantilever projection from the short side base of the column =3-0.5/2
=1.25m
Cantilever projection from the long side base of the column =2-0.3/2
=0.85m
Bending moment at the short side base of the column = Pul2/2
=109.7x1.252/2
=85.7 KNm
Bending moment at the long side base of the column =pul2/2
=109.7x0.852/2
=85.7kNm
Bending at the long side base of the column =pul2/2
=109.7x0.852/2
=39kNm
Depth of footing:
a)from the moment consideration we have
mu =0.138fckbd2
85.7x106 =0.138x20x1000d2
D =176mm
b)from shear stress consideration
Tv =0.35N/mm2 (for M15grade concrete with
nominal percentage)
Pt =0.25%
Tv = Vul /bd
0.35 =250x(1250-d)/1000xd
D =512mm
Hence d =515mm
D =600mm
Reinforcement in footing
 48

a)Longer direction
Mu =0.87fyA std(1-A stfy/ bdf fck)
85.7x106=0.87x415xAstx550(1-Ast x415/1000x550x15)
85.7x106 =198577.5Ast-7.49Ast2
Ast = 439mm2
Adopt 16mmbars @160mm c/c distance
Ast =π/4x162/160x1000
=1257mm2
b)Shorter direction
39x106 =0.87x415x550(1-Ast415/1000x550x20)
=198mm2
Ratio of longer to shorter side β=3/2=1.5
Reinforcement in central band width of 2m
=2/(β+1)Ast
=2/(1.5+1)x(2x198)
=317mm2
Minimum reinforcement =0.12%bd
=0.12/100x1000x600
=720mm2
Hence provide 12mm dia bars @ 150mm centres
Check for shear stress:
Vu =109.7x0.7=76.8KN
Pt =100Ast/ bd
=100x1257/1000x550=0.228

τc =0.33N/mm2

Ksτc =1X0.33=0.33N/mm2

Nominal stress,τv =Vu/bd

=76.8x103/1000x550
 49

=0.15N/mm2

Since τv< ksτv

Shear stress are within same permissible limits

Figure 4.24 Reinforcement details

 50

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

The plan is drawn using Auto CAD 2015 and manually. Slabs,
columns, beams, footing and staircases are designed by limit state design
method with all safety measures according to IS standard codes. The structural
elements are analysed using moment distribution method and designed using
limit state method. The structure is designed safely to withstand all loads, liable
to act through it. Thus, from this project we are able to design, analyse and draw
plans of multi-storeyed structures with the help of codal provisions and IS
recommendations.
 51

REFERENCE

1. A Kameswara Rao and N. Kumara Swamy “Building Planning and

Drawing” Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. 2013.
2. B . C . Punmia “R.C.C. Design” Laxmi Publication 2015.
3. IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforcement Concrete – code for practice.
4. IS 875 Part 1 & Part 2 Code of practice for dead load and live load.
5. M.V. Chitawadagi and S.S.Bhavikatti “Building Planning and Drawing”
I K International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. 2014.
6. National Building Code: Part -3& Part -4.
7. N.Subramanian “Design of Reinforced Concret Structures” Oxford 2013.
8. P.Perumal and R.Vaidyanathan “Structural Analysis-1” Lakshmi
Publication 2013.
9. S.S Bhavikatti “ Structural Analysis-1” Vikas Publication House 2013.
10.S.S Bhavikatti “ Structural Analysis-2” Vikas Publication House 2013.
11.S Ramamrutham “Design of Reinforced Concrete Structues” Dhanpat Rai
Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. 2016.