Orthographic Projections

Orthographic Projections
Sticking to syllabus
 Theory
Reference planes, types of orthographic
projections – First angle projections,
Third angle projections, methods of
obtaining orthographic views by First
angle method, Sectional orthographic
projections – full section, half section,
offset section.
Practical:
To draw two principal views, one sectional
view for two objects.
What does the word Orthographic Mean?
 Ortho – 90 Degrees or right angle
 Graphic – to draw or a picture
 To draw pictures 90 degrees from each other.
Orthographic Projections
 3 views of an object that are 90 degrees to each other
 Usually the Top, Front, and Right Side views are used
Why Orthographic Projections?

 Shows the true size and shape of the features of an object
 Provide certain information on how the object is to be made.
3 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections
First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) SYMBOLIC ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND)
ON IT’S BASE.
NOTE:-
HP term is used in 1st Angle method
&
For the same
Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections
How do I draw this symbol?
 The recommended proportions for the symbol are as follows….

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
{ MACHINE ELEMENTS }
OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS.
THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL
TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES.
AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES.
THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW.
FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )

TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( HP )
SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP )
FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE

PROJECTION METHODS
PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
2
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.
PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.
Click to view Animation On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program is
safe for your pc.
VP PP
Y
FV LSV
X Y
X TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND AND DRAWN IN
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
VP PP
FV LSV
X Y
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
THIRD ANGLE FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV
X Y
LSV FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
1
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
x y
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
FOR T.V.
2
X Y
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

General procedure for sketching orthographic views from
pictorial view (isometric view):
 Step 1: Sketch with free hand, the outline of all the required views
with thin line (2H pencil).
 Step 2: Sketch with free hand, all the visible lines and visible circles
in all the required views with thin line (2H pencil).
 Step 3: Sketch with free hand, all the hidden lines and hidden circles
in all the required views with thin line (2H pencil).
 Step 4: After checking for technical mistakes if any, darken (with
free hand) all the visible lines, hidden lines, visible circles/arcs and
hidden circles/arcs forming the required views with HB pencil.
 Step 5: Lettering (both alphabets and numbers) should be done with
free hand.
Example:
Draw FV, TV, and SV of the object shown
Solution:
 Step :1
 Step:2
 Step:3
 Step:4
Step:5
 The complete solution for the example is,
 Note:
 Visible Parts should be drawn with continuous lines of 0.6 mm thickness
 Hidden parts should be drawn with dotted lines of 0.3 mm thickness
 Dimensions line are thin continuous lines of 0.3 mm thickness and arrow
head filled with 1.5 mm heights and 3 mm length.
Dimensioning Methods:
 Dimensions are represented on a drawing using one of two
systems, unidirectional or aligned.
 The unidirectional method means all dimensions are read in the

same direction.
 The aligned method means the dimensions are read in alignment

with the dimension lines or side of the part, some read
horizontally and others read vertically.
FOR T.V.
3
X Y
TOP VIEW

FOR T.V.
5
X Y

TOP VIEW

4
FOR T.V.
X Y
TOP VIEW

7
FOR T.V.
X Y

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 20
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
30
FOR T.V.
FV
RECT.
SLOT
10 50
35
10
X Y
20 D
TV
60 D
30 D
TOP VIEW
6
FOR T.V.
X Y
TOP VIEW

STUDY 8
FOR T.V.
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
50
X Y
20
25
25 20
TOP VIEW

9
FOR T.V.
X Y
TOP VIEW
10
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
X Y

FOR T.V. 11
X Y
TOP VIEW
12
FOR T.V.
X Y

STUDY 13
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS FOR T.V.
35
FV
35
10
x y
10 20 30
40
70
TV
O
STUDY
Z 14
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FV
30 10 30 SV
30
10
30
x y
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

TV
STUDY 15
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
40 60
40
TV
60
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 16
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
40 60

40
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 60
17

30 SQUARE
40 20
50
20
10
X Y
30
O 60
F.V.
S.V.
DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
FOR T.V.
FV
40
X 10 Y
O
30 D 45
O
10
50
80
TV
19
FOR T.V.
FV 40
X O 10 Y
100
10
25
TV
10 30 10
25
30 R O
20 D
21
10
25 15
25
40 10
25
25
O O
80 25
F.V. S.V.

DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
FOR T.V.
22
450
30
FV
40
X Y
30 D
40 TV
O
15
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT 40
23
HEX PART
30
20
20
40
20
O 50
20
15
O 30
100 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT
FOR T.V.
20 40
FRONT VIEW
F.V.
30
10
X Y
O
10
30
10
30
O 80
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN T.V. TOP VIEW
25
10 10 15
25
25
X Y
O 50 10
FV LSV

DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT
26 DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
30 20 10 20
15
10
15
O
15
30
15
X Y
50
F.V. LEFT S.V.
EXERCISES. In which direction must the object be viewed to produce the views shown opposite, taking ‘A’ as the FRONT VIEW. Put
the appropriate letter under the view.
DRG. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION EXERCISE 1
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Exercises mod -9-

EXERCISES. Study the two drawings and complete the table by matching the numbered surfaces of the orthogonal drawing with the
lettered surfaces of the isometric drawing.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Exercises mod - 10 -

EXERCISES. Transfer the letters from the isometric drawing onto the same plane surfaces of the orthogonal drawing. Name each view.

EXERCISES. From drawings 1 to 18 opposite select the view which is requested in the table below. Place the number of this view in the

appropriate position in the table.

EXERCISES. Study the two types and complete the table by matching the numbered orthogonal drawings with the same isometric view.

EXERCISES. Study the two types and complete the table by matching the numbered orthogonal drawings with the same oblique view.




EXERCISES. FREEHAND SKETCHING. Sketch, on the space provided, the first angle projection of the component below.


EXERCISES. FREEHAND SKETCHING. Sketch, on the space provided, the third angle projection of the component below.


Exercises. Draw three views of the following components, either in first or third angle projection. Show hidden detail where necessary
and fully dimensions your drawing.
DRG. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION ALL DIMENSION IN MILLIMETRES

and fully dimensions your drawing

and fully dimensions your drawing

and fully dimensions your drawing.


Orthographic Projections

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Orthographic Projections

 Graphic – to draw or a picture

 To draw pictures 90 degrees from each other.

Why Orthographic Projections?

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

 The recommended proportions for the symbol are as follows….

FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )

FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE

PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

 The complete solution for the example is,

 The unidirectional method means all dimensions are read in the

 The aligned method means the dimensions are read in alignment

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRG. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION EXERCISE 1

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Exercises mod -9-

DRG. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION EXERCISE 2

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Exercises mod - 10 -

DRG. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION EXERCISE 3

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Exercises mod - 11 -

DRG. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION EXERCISE 4

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Exercises mod - 12 -

DRG. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION EXERCISE 5

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Exercises mod - 13 -

DRG. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION EXERCISE 6

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Exercises mod - 14 -

DRG. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION EXERCISE 7

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Exercises mod - 15 -

DRG. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION EXERCISE 8

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Exercises mod - 16 -

DRG. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION EXERCISE 9

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Exercises mod - 17 -