Aquino,Ma.Carmen Kenneth T.

October 23, 2019

BSFT- 1A

1.What is chemistry ?

 Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, how and why substances combine or

separate to form other substances, and how substances interact with energy. Many people

think of chemists as being white-coated scientists mixing strange liquids in a laboratory,

but the truth is we are all chemists. Understanding basic chemistry concepts is important

for almost every profession. Chemistry is part of everything in our lives.

 Every material in existence is made up of matter — even our own bodies. Chemistry is

involved in everything we do, from growing and cooking food to cleaning our homes and

bodies to launching a space shuttle. Chemistry is one of the physical sciences that help us

to describe and explain our world.

 https://www.livescience.com › 45986-what-is-chemistry

2.How does chemistry affect our daily activities ?

Examples of Chemistry in the Real World

Digestion relies on chemical reactions between food and acids and enzymes to break down

molecules into nutrients the body can absorb and use. Soaps and detergents act as emulsifiers to

surround dirt and grime so it can be washed away from clothing, dishes, and our bodies. There

are many examples of chemistry in daily life, showing how prevalent and important it is.
 Digestion relies on chemical reactions between food and acids and enzymes to break down

molecules into nutrients the body can absorb and use.

 Soaps and detergents act as emulsifiers to surround dirt and grime so it can be washed away

from clothing, dishes, and our bodies.

 Drugs work because of chemistry. The chemical compounds may fit into the binding site for

natural chemicals in our body (e.g., block pain receptors) or may attack chemicals found in

pathogens, but not human cells (e.g., antibiotics).

Cooking is a chemical change that alters food to make it more palatable, kill dangerous

microorganisms, and make it more digestible. The heat of cooking may denature proteins,

promote chemical reactions between ingredients, carmelize sugars, etc.

https://sciencenotes.org › what-are-some-examples-of-chemistry-in-daily-life

3.What is matter?

Matter is a substance that has inertia and occupies physical space. According to modern

physics, matter consists of various types of particles, each with mass and size. Matter can exist

in several states, also called phases.

Matter is a substance that has inertia and occupies physical space. According to modern physics,

matter consists of various types of particles, each with mass and size.

The most familiar examples of material particles are the electron, the proton and the neutron.

Combinations of these particles form atoms. There are more than 100 different kinds of atoms,
each kind constituting a unique chemical element. A combination of atoms forms a molecule.

Atoms and/or molecules can join together to form a compound.

Matter can exist in several states, also called phases. The three most common states are known
as solid, liquid and gas.

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Matter

4.Physical states of matter ?

o Matter can exist in one of three main states: solid, liquid, or gas.

o Solid matter is composed of tightly packed particles. A solid will retain its shape;

the particles are not free to move around.

o Liquid matter is made of more loosely packed particles. It will take the shape of its

container. Particles can move about within a liquid, but they are packed densely

enough that volume is maintained.

o Gaseous matter is composed of particles packed so loosely that it has neither a

defined shape nor a defined volume. A gas can be compressed.

 solidA substance that retains its size and shape without a container; a substance whose

molecules cannot move freely except to vibrate.

 gasA substance that can only be contained if it is fully surrounded by a container (or held

together by gravitational pull); a substance whose molecules have negligible

intermolecular interactions and can move freely.

  liquidA substance that flows and keeps no definite shape because its molecules are

loosely packed and constantly moving. It takes the shape of its container but maintains

constant volume.

.https://courses.lumenlearning.com › introchem › chapter › three-states-of-ma...

5.Properties of matter.

What is Matter?

Both you and the speck of dust consist of atoms of matter. So does the ground beneath your feet.

In fact, everything you can see and touch is made of matter. The only things that aren’t matter

are forms of energy, such as light and sound. Although forms of energy are not matter, the air

and other substances they travel through are. So what is matter? Matter is defined as anything

that has mass and volume.

Mass

Mass is the amount of matter in a substance or object. Mass is commonly measured with a

balance. A simple mechanical balance is shown in Figure below. It allows an object to be

matched with other objects of known mass. SI units for mass are the kilogram, but for smaller

masses grams are often used instead.

This balance shows one way of measuring mass. When both sides of the balance are at the same

level, it means that objects in the two pans have the same mass.

https://study.com › academy › lesson › physical-property-of-matter-definitio...

6.Changes in matter.

Changes of state are physical changes in matter. They are reversible changes that do not

involve changes in matter's chemical makeup or chemical properties. Common changes of

state include melting, freezing, sublimation, deposition, condensation, and vaporization.

https://www.ck12.org › CK-12-Physical-Science-For-Middle-School › section

7.Pure subtances and mixture

Matter can be broken down into two categories: pure substances and mixtures. Pure

substances are further broken down into elements and compounds. Mixtures are physically

combined structures that can be separated into their original components. A

chemical substance is composed of one type of atom or molecule.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com › introchem › chapter › substances-and-m...

8.Elements and compound

Molecules of most elements are made up of only one of atom of that element. Oxygen, along

with nitrogen, hydrogen, and chlorine are made up of two atoms. ... A compound is a substance

formed when two or more elements are chemically joined. Water, salt, and sugar are examples

of compounds.

https://www.nyu.edu › pages › mathmol › textbook › compounds

9.Discovery and abundance of the elements.

The abundance of the chemical elements is a measure of the occurrence of the chemical

elements relative to all other elements in a given environment. Abundance is measured in one of
three ways: by the mass-fraction (the same as weight fraction); by the mole-fraction (fraction of

atoms by numerical count, or sometimes fraction of molecules in gases); or by the volume-

fraction. Volume-fraction is a common abundance measure in mixed gases such as planetary

atmospheres, and is similar in value to molecular mole-fraction for gas mixtures at relatively low

densities and pressures, and ideal gas mixtures. Most abundance values in this article are given

as mass-fractions.

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements

10.Names and chemical symbols of elements

Elements with their Symbol and Atomic Number in alphabetical order

Symbol Element Atomic Number Symbol Element Atomic Number

Ac Actinium 89 Md Mendelevium 101

Al Aluminum 13 Hg Mercury 80

Am Americium 95 Mo Molybdenum 42

Sb Antimony 51 Ns Neilsborium 107

Ar Argon 18 Nd Neodymium 60
As Arsenic 33 Ne Neon 10

At Astatine 85 Np Neptunium 93

Ba Barium 56 Nh Nihonium 113

Bk Berkelium 97 Ni Nickel 28

Be Beryllium 4 Nb Niobium 41

Bi Bismuth 83 N Nitrogen 7

Bh Bohrium 107 No Nobelium 102

B Boron 5 Og Oganesson 118

Br Bromine 35 Os Osmium 76

Cd Cadmium 48 O Oxygen 8

Ca Calcium 20 Pd Palladium 46

Cf Californium 98 P Phosphorus 15

C Carbon 6 Pt Platinum 78

Ce Cerium 58 Pu Plutonium 94

Cs Cesium 55 Po Polonium 84

Cl Chlorine 17 K Potassium 19

Cr Chromium 24 Pr Praseodymium 59

Co Cobalt 27 Pm Promethium 61

Cn Copernicium 112 Pa Protactinium 91

Cu Copper 29 Ra Radium 88

Cm Curium 96 Rn Radon 86

Ds Darmstadtium 110 Re Rhenium 75

Db Dubnium 105 Rh Rhodium 45

Dy Dysprosium 66 Rg Roentgenium 111

Es Einsteinium 99 Rb Rubidium 37

Er Erbium 68 Ru Ruthenium 44

Eu Europium 63 Rf Rutherfordium 104

Fm Fermium 100 Sm Samarium 62

Fl Flerovium 114 Sc Scandium 21

F Fluorine 9 Sg Seaborgium 106

Fr Francium 87 Se Selenium 34

Gd Gadolinium 64 Si Silicon 14

Ga Gallium 31 Ag Silver 47

Ge Germanium 32 Na Sodium 11

Au Gold 79 Sr Strontium 38

Hf Hafnium 72 S Sulfur 16

Hs Hassium 108 Ta Tantalum 73

He Helium 2 Tc Technetium 43

Ho Holmium 67 Te Tellurium 52

H Hydrogen 1 Tn Tennessine 117

In Indium 49 Tb Terbium 65

I Iodine 53 Tl Thallium 81

Ir Iridium 77 Th Thorium 90

Fe Iron 26 Tm Thulium 69

Kr Krypton 36 Sn Tin 50

La Lanthanum 57 Ti Titanium 22
Lr Lawrencium 103 W Tungsten 74

Pb Lead 82 U Uranium 92

Li Lithium 3 V Vanadium 23

Lv Livermorium 116 Xe Xenon 54

Lu Lutetium 71 Yb Ytterbium 70

Mg Magnesium 12 Y Yttrium 39

Mc Moscovium 115 Zn Zinc 30

Mn Manganese 25 Zr Zirconium 40

Mt Meitnerium 109

https://simple.wikipedia.org › wiki › List_of_elements_by_symbol

11.Atoms and molecules.

What is your brain made of?

Everything you can see, touch, smell, feel, and taste is made of atoms. Atoms are the basic

building-block of all matter (including you and me, and everyone else you'll ever meet), so if we

want to know about what Earth is made of, then we have to know a few things about these

incredibly small objects.

Atoms

Everyday experience should convince you that matter is found in myriad forms, yet all the matter

you have ever seen is made of atoms, or atoms stuck together in configurations of dizzying

complexity. A chemical element is a substance that cannot be made into a simpler form by

ordinary chemical means. The smallest unit of a chemical element is an atom, and all atoms of a

particular element are identical.

Parts of an Atom

There are two parts to an atom (Figure below):

 At the center of an atom is a nucleus made up of two types of particles called protons and

neutrons.

o Protons have a positive electrical charge. The number of protons in

the nucleus determines what element the atom is.

o Neutrons are about the size of protons but have no charge.

 Electrons, much smaller than protons or neutrons, have a negative electrical charge,

move at nearly the speed of light, and orbit the nucleus at exact distances, depending on

their energy.
Molecules

In the previous section we said that many atoms are more stable when they have a net charge:

they are more stable as ions. When a cation gets close to an anion, they link up because of their

different net charges — positive charges attract negative charges and vice versa. When two or

more atoms link up, they create a molecule. A molecule of water is made of two atoms of

hydrogen (H) and one atom of oxygen (O). The molecular mass is the sum of the masses of all

the atoms in the molecule. A collection of molecules is called a compound.

 An atom has negatively-charged electrons in orbit around its nucleus, which is composed

of positively-charged protons and neutrons, which have no charge.

 Isotopes of an element must have a given number of protons but may have variety of

numbers of neutrons.

 An atom that gains or loses electrons is an ion.

12.Chemical formula.

A chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions

of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule, using chemical

element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes,

brackets, commas and plus (+) and minus (−) signs. These are limited to a single typographic line

of symbols, which may include subscripts and superscripts. A chemical formula is not a chemical

name, and it contains no words. Although a chemical formula may imply certain simple chemical

structures, it is not the same as a full chemical structural formula. Chemical formulas can fully
specify the structure of only the simplest of molecules and chemical substances, and are

generally more limited in power than are chemical names and structural formulas.

The simplest types of chemical formulas are called empirical formulas, which use letters and

numbers indicating the numerical proportions of atoms of each type. Molecular

formulas indicate the simple numbers of each type of atom in a molecule, with no information

on structure.

General forms for organic compounds

A chemical formula used for a series of compounds that differ from each other by a constant unit

is called a general formula. It generates a homologous series of chemical formulas. For

example, alcohols may be represented by the formula CnH(2n + 1)OH (n ≥ 1), giving the

homologs methanol, ethanol, propanol for n=1–3.

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Chemical_formula