2016 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)
Detection and Classification of Diseases of Grape
Plant Using Opposite Colour Local Binary Pattern
Feature and Machine Learning for Automated
Decision Support System.
Harshal Waghmare.
Student, Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering,
Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology,
Pune, India.
wagh.hash@gmail.com
Yogesh Dandawate.
Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology,
Pune, India.
yhdandawate@gmail.com
Abstract—Plant diseases cause major economic and
production losses as well as curtailment in both quantity and
quality of agricultural production. Now a day’s, for supervising
large field of crops there is been increased demand for plant leaf
disease detection system. The critical issue here is to monitor the
health of the plants and detection of the respective diseases.
Studies show that most of the plant disease can be diagnosed from
the properties of the leaf. Thus leaf based disease analysis for
plants is an exciting new domain.
The technique proposed for identification of plant disease
through the leaf texture analysis and pattern recognition. In this
work we focus on Grapes plant leaf disease detection system. The
system takes a single leaf of a plant as an input and segmentation
is performed after background removal. The segmented leaf image
is then analyzed through high pass filter to detect the diseased part
of the leaf. The segmented leaf texture is retrieved using unique
fractal based texture feature. Fractal based features are locally
invariant in nature and therefore provides a good texture model.
The texture of every independent disease will be different. The
extracted texture pattern is then classified using multiclass SVM.
The work classifies focus on major diseases commonly observed in
Grapes plant which are downy mildew & black rot. The proposed
approach avails advice of agricultural experts easily to farmers
with the accuracy of 96.6%.
Keywords- Plant disease; Decision Support System (DSS); HSV
(Hue Saturation Value); Support Vector Machine (SVM), Texture
analysis, OC-LBP.
I. INTRODUCTION
India is an agriculture dependent country where agriculture
contributes to broadest economic sector as well as plays an
978-1-4673-9197-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE 513
Radha Kokare.
Student, Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering,
Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology,
Pune, India.
radhakokare20791@gmail.com
important role in socio-economic growth of India. India ranks
as one of the largest agriculture country of fruits and vegetables.
Modern agriculture is now aiming at producing the maximum
amount of yield with the minimum expenditure of resources,
energy and time to meet the needs of an enormous and growing
population.
Agriculture products such as fruits, milk, rice, sugar cane,
vegetables, etc. need proper quality control in order to gain
more valuable products [1]. Management of fruits and
vegetables crops always requires close monitoring as it affects
the production and post-harvest life significantly [2].
Plant diseases are major cause of quality reduction of
agricultural products. There are several diseases that affect
plants with the potential to cause devastating ecological, social
and economic losses. Therefore, in order to have a proper yield,
diagnosing diseases is the utmost important. Technology plays
a pivotal role in ameliorating in the field of agriculture. Image
processing tools helps to monitor the health of the
plant. Normally almost all kinds of diseases need sophisticated
analysis, image processing technique deals with such kind of
scrutiny [3].
This paper focuses on Grapes plant diseases detection and
classification using image processing techniques. Grapes plant
is one of largely produced crops in India. Improving the
productivity of grapes can significantly reduce the food
deficiency and can contribute towards improvement in health
care. Grapes are crops that are susceptible to many diseases
such as Downy mildew, powdery mildew, black rot,
anthracnose, etc. These diseases are caused by fungi which
attack on grape leaves as well as berries. Powdery mildew is
mostly observed on grape leaves and appears as a whitish-grey
powdery coating on leaf surface whereas downy mildew shows
yellow infected surface over leaves. Automatic detection of
 2016 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)
plant diseases is a forthcoming research area as it proves helpful
in monitoring large fields, and automatically detects the plant
diseases based on the symptoms that are visible on the plant
leaves. Therefore the objective of this paper is to develop image
processing technique that can accurately analyse the disease of
the grape plants based on images of the leaves, since leaf is a
good indicator of the plant health and offer a solution to major
national issue of increasing agriculture productivity.
Decision Support Systems (DSS) for agriculture is based on the
technology that can be useful for farmers and help to increase
the agricultural productivity. The efficiency of decision making
in agriculture sector can be improved by reducing the
technological gap between research and farmers using Decision
Support System (DSS). But, the current Decision Support
Systems (DSS) are call center based which require that the
farmers should orally give inputs regarding the health of crops
which is not effective. This can be made friendlier for the
farmers by integrating image processing with DSS.
In this paper, we propose a novel framework that focuses on
the disease detection for plants. The farmers can capture the
images of plant leaves using any mobile camera having
resolution greater than 2 mega pixels. The farmer needs to just
capture the image of the plant leaf through the mobile camera
and send the image to a central system through mobile internet.
After acquiring images, through the proposed work, normal and
abnormal leaves are classified based upon the extracted features
from leaf images. The extracted features, class and the
percentage area of abnormality will be given as input to the
DSS. The proposed algorithm will automatically recognize the
plant based on the color, texture and shape of the leaf. The
purpose of the proposed project and research work is to provide
inputs for the DSS, developed for providing advice to the
farmers as when they require over mobile internet.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II
describes the literature survey. The proposed approach is
illustrated in section III. The pre-processing steps used in the
algorithm are introduced in section IV. Section V describes the
details regarding classification. The experimentation and
results are projected in section VI and finally section VII
concludes the paper.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Extensive research has been conducted to explore various
methods for automatic detection of plant diseases. The disease
can manifest in different parts of the plant such as roots, stem,
fruit or leaves. As stated before, this work concentrates
particularly on leaves.
P. Revathi, M. Hemalatha [3] worked on classification of
diseases in cotton leaves. Authors have considered six types of
diseases in the cotton plant for classification. Based on
advanced computational techniques the significance of this
work design is to reduce the time, cost and complexity. To
identify the affected region of a leaf the author has used
Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) for feature
selection. For calculating the edge, color, texture variance for
feature analysis of the diseased part Skew divergence technique
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is made used. The results obtained using Skew divergence and
EPSO technique is 98%.
To detect the diseases automatically and to give the accurate
and fast solutions to the farmers, A. Camargo, J.S. Smith [4]
addressed the problem of developing image processing
algorithms that recognizes abnormalities in the crops. Maize
plant images are used in the given paper as the data. The author
has considered various diseases like Brown stripe downy
mildew, Stem borer etc. for classification. The accuracy of the
classification has been rated up to 95%. In this paper we are
processing leaf images based on texture, shape and colour and
get back to the farmers with solution with the help of SMS. Two
Algorithms are used at the processing side first for extracting
HSI values color transformation is used. And for second
Momentum back propagation Neural Network is used.
Using SVM, Zambre R. [5] have precisely classified cotton
leaf diseases. Segmentation technique used in the proposed
system involves enhancements of the images first, and then
extraction features such as texture, shape, color and boundary
etc., Color and Texture feature extraction techniques are used
to recognize the diseases. The various diseases recognized on
the cotton leaf plants are classified as Bacterial blight, Leaf curl,
Grey mildew, Verticillium wilt, Alternaria Macro Spora,
Fusarium wilt and Alternaria Leaf Spot. Efficiently cotton leaf
diseases were analysed and classified using SVM accuracy.
In [6], brown spot and the leaf blast diseases of rice plant are
classified. S. Phadikar used Bayes’ formula and Support Vector
Machine (SVM) for classification. Mathematically Bayes’
formula is given as,
‫݌‬ሺ߱௜ Τ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫݌‬ሺ߱௜ ሻ‫݌‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬Τ߱௜ ሻ (1)
‫ݎ‬௝ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ σ ‫ܮ‬௜௝ ‫݌‬ሺ߱௜ ሻ‫݌‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬Τ߱௜ ሻ (2)
In the first stage, based on the number of peaks in the histogram,
diseased and the uninfected leaves are classified The success
rate is 92% for uninfected leaf, 96.4% for leaf with brown spot
and 84% for leaf with blast, where wrong classification may
occur due to shadow effect and color distortion of aging leaves.
In the next level the efficiency of Bayes’ classifier and SVM
are computed and compared. The success rate is 79.5% for
Bayes’ classifier and 68.1% SVM classifier; therefore Bayes’
classifier is proved to be time efficient as compared to SVM.
To improve agricultural product yields, Arti N. Rathod [7]
proposed various methods to identify leaf disease detection
using image processing.For leaf disease detection this paper
provides the survey of different techniques. In order to increase
the recognition rate of final classification process various neural
networks & hybrid algorithms can be developed in the future
work.
Revathi [8] proposed a novel approach of identification of
Cotton crop diseases from RGB images has been exposed in
this paper. The author has Proposed Enhanced PSO feature
selection method which adopts user features like variances,
texture, color and edge to extract the features and Skew
divergence method. Using Back propagation neural network
(BPN), Fuzzy and SVM classifiers the obtained features are
extracted with the help of and Genetic algorithm (GA) feature
 2016 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

selection and Edge CYMK color feature. Cross validation of to capture the image of the plant leaf using mobile camera and
three classification models were assessed to test this hypothesis. send it to the DSS, without any additional inputs.
Six types of diseases such as, Root rot, Leaf Blight, Micro
Nurient,Verticilium Wilt, Bacterial Blight, Fusarium wilt have III. PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
been accurately classified to evaluate its efficiency. The Results
of accuracy is as shown in table 1. The proposed approach consists of four main steps: image
acquisition of grape leaves, extraction of grape leaves from
TABLE I . ACCURACY OF DIFFERENT METHODS background, statistical analysis and disease classification.
Sr. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the overall system.
Methods SVM BPN Fuzzy
No. In the proposed approach, the first step is image acquisition in
1
Edge features extraction
68 70 78 which the images of grape leaves are captured using mobile
method
camera having resolution of 2,5,8,13 mega pixels. A total of
CYMK features extraction
450 images are included in the database which comprises of
2 73 77 78 healthy, diseased and pest-infected images. The image format
method with edge
is jpg. Figure 2 shows sample images from our database.
3
GA features extraction
81 81 82 In the second step, a set of pre-processing steps are applied
method with edge to the input image so that the image becomes suitable for further
GA features extraction processing. Image resizing is one of the important steps so as to
4 83 83 85
method with SVM maintain the uniformity in terms of size of the images without
loss. The next step in pre-processing is background subtraction
CYMK features extraction
5
method with SVM
83 83 85 i.e. segmentation of the region of interest from the image. The
third step is to extract the features from the infected part of the
6
Edge features extraction
91 93 94
leaf based on properties such as color, correlation,
method homogeneity, contrast and energy.
7
Color feature extraction
91 93 94 In the last step, statistical analysis of the features is done and
with SVM final classification is done using Support Vector Machine
Sabine D. Bauer [9] proposed approach based on high- (SVM) which classifies the plant leaves in one of the two
resolution multispectral stereo images, they have described classes as healthy or diseased.
three methods of automatic classification of leaf diseases.
Images of sugar beet leaves are captured by 2 cameras i.e.
multispectral and RGB in a laboratory with proper settings of
lights. The leaves infected with the rust fungus Uroources betae
or Cercospora beticola were considered. The classification rates
achieved in experiments are 86% for Uroources betae and 91%
for Cercospora beticola.
Vinita Tajane [10] analyzed CBIR technique accurately
detecting the diseases in medicinal plants. Edge histogram and
color histogram are the approaches used for identifying leaves
based on its features. For edge histogram canny edge detection
method is used. To check the intensity of each color pixels in
the given sample image color Histogram separates the layers to
plot the blue, green and red layer histogram which also tests for
abnormalities in the leaf. This paper compares testing sample
with the diseased sample, then follow few steps and shows
which type of disease the leaf is suffering from. Fig. 1. General Block diagram for Disease Detection System
Radha Kokare and Yogesh Dandawate [11] proposed an
image processing based approach used for automated plant
iseases classification based on leaf image processing. It is
concerned with the discrimination between diseased and
healthy soybean leaves using SVM classifier. The algorithm is
tested over the database of 120 images taken directly from
different farms using different mobile cameras. The SIFT
algorithm enables to correctly recognize the plant species based
on the leaf shape. The SVM classifier can significantly support
in recognizing normal and affected soybean leaves with an
average accuracy as high as 93.79%. This system will provide
Fig. 2. Sample images from database. (a) Healthy leaf. (b) & (c) Diseased leaf.
help to the farmer with minimal efforts. The farmer only needs

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

IV. PRE-PROCESSING

A set of pre-processing steps are applied to the input image

so that it becomes suitable for further processing. The first pre-
processing step applied to the input image is image resizing.
The original images are of larger size which takes more time for
processing. Thus, all images are resized into a smaller size of
256 X 256 to avoid time consumption.

A. Color Transformation
Fig. 3. (a) Original Image (b) Background subtraction results
The next step in pre-processing is color transformation. The
input RGB images are converted into Hue Saturation Value
(HSV) color space. HSV is more close to human perception. C. Analysis of Texture using Opposite Color LBP
Hue component is usually taken into consideration for further
analysis as it the dominant color perceived by an observer. Local Binary Pattern (LBP) is an efficient and uniform
Figure 3 shows the results of RBG to HSV color transformation feature for analyzing local texture structures. Texture formation
is defined on local patterns instead of explaining it on pixel
of the leaves from the database. In the next step, multi
thresholding using Otsu algorithm [12] is applied on the HSV level. The different simple primitives are used by LBP to
images. describe complex structures in an image. LBP consider texture
primitives as well as placement rule property of structure
Multilevel thresholding segment the images into number of analysis [14].
distinct regions which corresponds to one background and The method of opposite color LBP feature extraction is
adapted by Jain and Healey [15]. Here, opposite color
several objects by selecting the threshold value based on the
largest inter-class variance between the foreground and represents the opposite pairs of color perceived by human eyes.
background [13]. In opposite color LBP, LBP operator is applied to each color
component also additionally each pair of color component is
B. Background Subtraction used to form opposite color patterns [14].
Consider a texture ܶ as a joint distribution [14] of the gray
The initial goal in the pre-processing step is to divide the levels ܲ ൅ ͳ image pixels normalized as:
input image into two classes as soil (i.e. background) and leaf. ܶ ൎ ‫ݐ‬൫‫ݏ‬ሺ݃଴ െ ݃௖ ሻǡ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ‫ݏ‬ሺ݃௉ିଵ െ ݃௖ ሻ൯ (3)
Background subtraction techniques are applied to the HSV Where, ݃௖ is the center pixel value, ݃௣ ሺ‫ ݌‬ൌ Ͳǡ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ܲ െ ͳሻ
images to remove the unwanted background from the image and represents gray values of ܲ equally spaced pixels on a circle of
to extract the desired part of the image. radius: ܴሺܴ ൐ Ͳሻ
In color based background subtraction, the intensity values
of R, G and B components are used to remove the unwanted
background. Since the green colored pixels contribute to the
healthy part of the leaf, these pixels are preserved and the other
pixels are made black. The pixels having G component greater
than R and B components are preserved and the rest pixels are
made black.
In order to get more accurate background subtraction, color
based background subtraction is used. In this technique, the
onnected components in the image are found out. The largest
connected component (i.e. the leaf) is preserved and the other
unwanted components are removed. Figure 3 shows the results
of background subtraction.

Fig. 4. Results of texture analysis. (a) Original images (b), (c), (d), (e) Results
of texture analysis

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ͳ‫ ݔ‬൒ Ͳ
And ‫ݏ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ቄ (4)
Ͳ‫ ݔ‬൏ Ͳ
The local image texture around ܴሺ‫ݔ‬௖ ǡ ‫ݕ‬௖ ሻ is characterized as
given below:
‫ܲܤܮ‬௉ǡோሺ௫೎ǡ௬೎ ሻ
௉ିଵ

ൌ ෍ ‫ݏ‬൫݃௣
௣ୀ଴
െ ݃௖ ൯ʹ௣ ሺͷሻ
Thus, the texture can be approximately represented as:
ܶ ൌ ‫ݐ‬൫‫ܲܤܮ‬௉ǡோሺ௫೎ ǡ௬೎ ሻ ൯ (6)

Figure 4 shows the result of texture analysis using OC-LBP on

leaf images. Fig. 5. Classification Process

V. FEATURE GENERATION AND CLASSIFICATION

݂௜ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ߱௜் ߶ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൅ ܾ௜
After segmentation of leaf image, features are extracted from ଵ
Minimize: ‫ܮ‬൫߱ǡ ߦ௝௜ ൯ ൌ ԡ߱௜ ԡଶ ൅ ‫ ܥ‬σே ௜
ଶ ௟ୀଵ ߦ௝
the image and classified as healthy or diseased image. For
classification, the information in the image is generally Subject to: ‫ݕ‬෥ఫ ൫߱௜் ߶൫‫ݔ‬௝ ൯ ൅ ܾ௜ ൯ ൒ ͳ െ ߦ௝௜ ǡ ߦ௝௜ ൒ Ͳ (7)
processed as image statistics such as first order statistics (mean,
standard deviation), second order statistics (variants, moments), Where, ‫ݕ‬෥ఫ ൌ ͳ if ‫ݕ‬௝ ൌ ݅ and ‫ݕ‬෥ఫ ൌ െͳ otherwise. At the
etc. Edge, texture, shape, color, etc. are some of the others classification stage, sample ‫ ݔ‬is classified as in class ݅ ‫ כ‬whose
features used for classification. Broken edges, patches in leaf ݂௜ ‫ כ‬gives the maximum value [14]:
image, roughness or smoothness of leaf texture, etc. can be used ݅ ‫ כ‬ൌ ܽ‫݂ šƒ ݃ݎ‬௜ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ܽ‫ šƒ ݃ݎ‬ሺ߱௜் ߶ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൅ ܾ௜ ሻ (8)
௜ୀଵǡǥǤǡெ ௜ୀଵǡǥǤǡெ
for leaf disease detection and identification.
Classification comprises of training and testing processes,
where features extracted from training leaves are compared VI. EXPERIMENTATION AND RESULTS
with those extracted from testing leaves. The image is then
The proposed algorithm is tested over the database of 450
classified based on the matched features. Image acquisition,
images of Grape leaves. The database consists of images of 160
segmentation and feature extraction comes under the training
healthy leaves and 290 diseased leaves. The database is
process. A simple training and testing process is shown in
generated by capturing the images directly from the farm using
figure 5.
different mobile cameras with different resolutions. The size of
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is one of the popular
original images depends on the resolution of the mobile camera.
techniques used for classification. It was first introduced by
The algorithm is applied on the RGB images with .jpg format.
Vapnik and coworkers [16]. SVM is a model consisting of
In the pre-processing step, the input image is first converted
learning algorithms which analyses image features used for
into HSV color space and also analyzed texture using Opposite
classification. It uses the principle of structural risk
Colour Linear Binary Pattern so that it becomes suitable for
minimization (SRM) which maximizes the margin of class
segmentation and classification.
separation for better generalization performance of SVM. The
For experimentation purpose, the database is divided into two
standard SVM classifier classifies the input data into only two
sets: the training set and the testing set. Different training
distinct classes [16]. Necessity of multi class classifications
testing ratios are taken into consideration to find out the
based on image features has given rise to multi class support
accuracy of classifier.
classifiers. In one-against-all approach of multi class SVM,
Figure 6 shows the graphical representation of the accuracy
each binary classifier is trained to discriminate between its own
obtained by multiclass SVM classifier. The classification
class data vectors and data vectors of the remaining classes. In
results show that multiclass SVM classifier yields an average
the testing process, margins from the separating hyperplane are
accuracy of 89.3%.
calculated for classifying the data vectors. The SVM
However the classification accuracy improves as the
corresponding to the maximum margin is the resultant output
training-testing ratio is increased. With the highest training-
[3]. Consider a dataset with ܰ training samples:
testing ratio of 100:30, the accuracy obtained is about 96.66%.
ሼ‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ሽǡ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ሼ‫ݔ‬ே ǡ ‫ݕ‬ே ሽ which is to be classified into ‫ ܯ‬classes.
Here, ‫ݔ‬௜ ‫ܴ  א‬௠ is the m-dimensional vector and ‫ݕ‬௜ ‫א‬
ሼͳǡʹǡ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ‫ܯ‬ሽ represents the corresponding class label [1].
Mathematically, ݅‫ ݄ݐ‬SVM performs the following equation
[17] that yields the ݅‫ ݄ݐ‬decision function

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Fig. 6. Results of classification accuracy
Thus, threshold based detection yields accurate
classification of Grape leaves into two classes as healthy and
diseased. The diseased leaves can be further classified based
on type of diseases using multi class classifiers and by
extracting the diseased clusters for further feature extraction.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, applications of Multiclass SVM are
formulated for classification of diseases which are observed in
Grapes plants to make Decision Support Systems (DSS)
automated and easily available for farmers. The system
performs segmentation of a single leaf as input and analyses it
through high pass filter to detect the diseased part of the leaf.
The segmented leaf texture is retrieved using fractal based
texture feature which are locally invariant in nature and
therefore provides a good texture module. The extracted texture
pattern is then classified to train Multiclass SVM classifiers into
healthy or diseased classes respectively.
In this paper major disease commonly observed in Grapes
plant such as Downy Mildew, Powdery Mildew, Black rot, etc.
are taken into consideration to carry out the experiment.
Experimental results shows that integration of image
processing techniques with DSS using multiclass SVM gives
accuracy up to 96.66% for grape plant disease classification.
The accuracy of the system can be further improved by
improving the training ratio. The purpose of this work is to
provide an automated Decision Support System (DSS) to
perform classification between healthy and diseased leaf
efficiently as well easily available for Farmers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Vishwakarma Institute of
Information Technology for all great support.
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