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Analysed text

A Power Sharing Loop Control Method for Input-series Output-parallel Flyback-type Micro-Inverter Using Droop
Method

Ferdian Ronilaya
Department of Electrical Engineering
State Polytechnic of Malang
Malang, Indonesia
ferdian@polinema.ac.id

Erfan Rohadi
Department of Electrical Engineering
State Polytechnic of Malang
Malang, Indonesia

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erfanr@polinema.ac.id Sandi Budi Kurniawan

Department of Electrical Engineering
State Polytechnic of Malang
Malang, Indonesia
sandi_budi_kurniawan@polinema.ac.id

Rachmat Sutjipto
Department of Electrical Engineering
State Polytechnic of Malang
Malang, Indonesia
rachmat.s@polinema.ac.id Mohammad Noor Hidayat
Department of Electrical Engineering
State Polytechnic of Malang
Malang, Indonesia
moh.noor@polinema.ac.id

Indrazno Siradjuddin
Department of Electrical Engineering
State Polytechnic of Malang
Malang, Indonesia
indrazno@polinema.ac.id

Abstract This paper discusses the input-series output-parallel (ISOP) flyback-type micro-inverter which is implemented
for AC photovoltaic module to achieved higher voltage input and output current rating. The main features of this micro
inverter include a stable current injection, lower level harmonic distortion, potentially lightweight and lower cost.
Additionally, as the inverter is mounted in a single PV module, the inverter may harvest maximum power when partial
shading occurs. However, since the two flyback-inverters are connected in series/parallel, there should be a proper
control strategy for each inverter to obtain optimum performance. The strategy to control the inverters is based on a
power-sharing loop using the droop method. Several experiments and simulations are carried out to examine the
design and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Keywordsflyback-inverter, input-series output-parallel, droop, power-sharing loop

Introduction

In practical situations, electrical of semiconductor devices are important issues that should be taken into account. One
of the available solutions to overcome this problem is to arrange a power converter in the modular mode so that the
electrical stress on the power switches can be decreased. A modular converter can be connected in parallel or series
depending on the requirements. There are several combination configurations of modular converters, one of which is
input-series output-parallel (ISOP). This type is suitable for high input voltage and large output current applications [1],
[2].

There have been many pieces of research discussing ISOP inverter topology in terms of modularity including its control
strategy. The modularity of the converter comprises non-modular control, such as common duty ratio control [3],
centralized-control [4], [5] and master-slave control [6], [7]. The important feature of the non-modular control method is
that all of the power electronic devices are controlled by one controller. This scheme provides good voltage and current
sharing. However, there are some drawbacks if this type is used in practice. Firstly, it is difficult to handle the controller
if we have a considerable number of modules. Secondly, it has low reliability because should the main controller fail
unexpectedly, the whole converter system will not work. Thirdly, this topology has also low flexibility since the system
expansion for both hardware and software is hard to achieve. The other is called modular control. It includes distributed
control [8], [9] and wireless control [10]- [12]. The advantages of this topology are more flexible, high flexibility and
reliability because the controllers for power switches are independent. For AC applications, the control strategies for
ISOP topology are more complex since it needs consistency in frequency, voltage, and phase.

ISOP inverter systems have been developed by some researchers. A control technique to obtain the power balance of
the ISOP inverter system has been also proposed by Sha in [13]. The technique uses no input voltage sensor with
feedback control of the individual inverter. However, the modularity of the system is limited. A control method
combining a constant input voltage sharing control and output current phase is introduced in [14], [15]. But, this method
has low reliability and modularity. Chen et. al. has also proposed a control strategy for the ISOP inverter system using
a positive output-voltage-amplitude gradient, so-called a decentralized control [16]. The power is shared by controlling
the output voltage and the modules are independent. But, the control strategy is quite complex. A power balance for
the ISOP inverter is developed by Shu in [17]. The proposed ISOP inverter does not use the input voltage sensor. The
control strategy is simple. However, the ISOP inverter system uses more power electronic components and hence it
will increase the cost. This paper proposes the ISOP inverter with fewer power electronic components. The inverter

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used is the flyback micro-inverter system. The inverter scheme is adopted from [18]. To the best of our knowledge, this
scheme has not been widely discussed in the literature.

Analysis of ISOP Fly-back Micro-inverter

ISOP topology

The basic ISOP inverter topology is given by Fig. 1. It comprises 2 inverters. C1 and C2 are dividing capacitors at the
input port. If the inverter is lossless then the power equation is defined by Eq. (1).

Basic topology of ISOP inverter

(1)

Vo is the output voltage, VC1 and VC2 are the input voltage of the single inverter. Iin and Io are the input current and
RMS output current, respectively. cos is the power factor of the inverter modules. If all of the modules operate at unity
power factor then Io1 = Io2 and 1 = 2 and we get:

(2)

The average current flowing into C1 and C2 are zero. Since such capacitors are connected in series, IC1 = IC2 = Iin,
where Iin is the input current of the ISOP inverter. Based on Eq. (2) we can obtain that Vin1 = Vin2. It means that
evenly divided current also occurs in voltage. Thus, we get [14]:

(3)

Eq. (3) represents the real power component of each inverter AC current. If Io1 = Io2, then 1 = 2. From Eq. (2) and (3),
it can be concluded that IVS (input voltage sharing) OCS (output current sharing) are achieved.

Flyback micro-inverter analysis

The circuit of a flyback inverter is shown in Fig. 2. It includes DC side switch (SW1) and two AC side switches (SW2
and SW3). Based on the polarity of the 50 Hz sinusoidal waveform, SW2 and SW3 work alternately. If the SW1 is on,
then the current energizes the magnetizing inductance, Ln. When SW1is off, the energy stored in Ln is delivered to the
grid via SW3 and D1 depending on toff value. DCM occurs when ton + toff is less than the SW1's switching period, Tf.
The highest ratio of the duty cycle (Dm) is given by Eq. (4).

Flyback-type inverter circuit [19]

(4)

Where Vpg is the peak value of AC voltage, Vin is the DC voltage and k is the turn ratio of the transformer. One of the
advantages of the flyback inverter is that the DCM operation may provide a simple open-loop control without the
current sensor even though high peak current occurs at the primary side of the inverter [6], [7]. But, if the DC voltage in
the DC link varies, it will generate distortion on the output current and thus increase the harmonic level. From Fig. 2, if
the SW1 is on then the magnetizing current, In(t), will increase linearly as given by Eq. (5) [19].

(5)

The peak value of magnetizing current is given as follows:

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(6)

If we modulate the duration of turn-on time with the sinusoidal signal, the absolute value of the magnetizing current can
be determined. The equation of duty ratio can be expressed by Eq. (7).

(7)

Where Dn is the maximum value of duty ratio. is the grid frequency in rad/sec. Thus, the duration of turn-on time is
given as follows:

(8)

Substituting Eq. (5) into (3), we can get

(9)

If SW1 is off, the magnetizing current is delivered to the secondary side of the HF transformer depending on the turns
ratio, k. Hence, the secondary peak current is given as follows:

(10)

(a) Magnetizing current. (b) Current delivered to the grid

The slope at the bottom as described by Fig. 3(b) is determined by the following formula:

(11)

It is assumed that the grid voltage, vg(t), is pure sinusoid and is given as follows:

(12)

Vm is the amplitude of the grid voltage, vg(t). From Eq. (10) to (12), the time required to reset the magnetizing current
can be determined as follows:

(13)

Based on Fig. 3(b), the average value of low-frequency AC current can be determined by averaging the triangle current
waveform as given by the following equation:

(14)

Substituting Eq. (10) and (12) into (14), we get:

(15)

The Power Sharing Control Method

Droop Analysis

A droop control technique can be used to implement OCS for input-parallel output-parallel (IPOP) inverter system. The
composition of active power delivery and reactive power in parallel inverter systems is different because of the different
output impedance characteristics. The use of resistive output impedance is better in linear and nonlinear load sharing
and hence we choose resistive impedance to realize the control strategy [20]. The active and reactive power delivery
for an inverter with resistive impedance is defined by the following equation:

(16)

Where Ej is the output voltage of the inverter, is the power angle, Vo is the voltage at common bus and R is output
resistance of the inverter. So, the equations of droop control are given as follows:

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(17)

Vref is the reference voltage, ref is the reference frequency in rad/sec, Vrefj is the output voltage of the inverter, refj is
the frequency output of the inverter and kp and kq are the droop constant for active and reactive power, respectively.
But, this method is not applicable for the ISOP inverter system and hence a modular strategy, so-called positive output
voltage amplitude gradient has been proposed in [16].

(18)

Power Sharing Loop Control

Fig. 4 shows the implementation of the power-sharing loop. A low pass filter is used to mitigate harmonics. To get a
stable resistive output, a virtual resistor is included in the control strategy. Commonly, the inverter modules are
installed near the common AC bus and hence the impedance is very low and can be neglected. Thus, this virtual
resistor plays an important role.

The power-sharing control strategy for the ac side controller

Results and Discussion

The ISOP flyback inverter circuit is shown in Fig. 5. It consists of 2 modules ISOP inverter. Several experiment
simulations are performed using parameters listed in Table I. The simulations are carried out using Matlab/Simulink.

The ISOP flyback inverter circuit

The Circuit Parameters

Parameters
Values
Parameters
Values
Vdc
100 V
Vo
220 V
Cin
1000 µF
Tf
10-4 s
Po
400 W

2×50 Hz
C
3 mF
L
1 mH
Ln
3 mH

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L1 (primary winding)
30 mH
R
0.1
L2 (secondary winding)
500 mH
fs
10 kHz
L3 (secondary winding)
500 mH

Fig. 6 shows the current response at the DC input side. Based on Eq. (7), as the duration of turn-on time is modulated
with the absolute sinusoidal signal, the current response seems like full wave rectifier voltage output.

The current of ISOP Flyback Inverter at the DC Side

The input voltage of each flyback inverter

Fig. 7 depicts the input voltage of each flyback inverter. VC1 is a little higher than VC2 because of the voltage drop at
the primary winding of each high-frequency transformer. It is quite difficult to get evenly voltage dividing. Meanwhile,
Fig. 8 shows the AC output voltage of the ISOP inverter system.

The AC output voltage of ISOP inverter

The voltage response under a step change input voltage is shown in Fig. 9. This voltage change affects the input
power of each inverter module as given by Fig. 10. By recalling Eq. (2), these results confirm that, because.

The input voltage of each flyback inverter when step change occurs

The power responses of ISOP inverter at DC side

Fig. 11 shows the active power responses under various P-droop constant, kp. At this experiments, the p-droop
constant for inverter 2 is kept constant (kp2 = 0). On the other hand, the p-droop constant for inverter 1, kp1, is varied.
Meanwhile, the reactive power is given in Fig. 12. From these two figures, if kp1 gets smaller, the active power sent by
inverter 1 is getting smaller, whereas the smaller value of kp1 does not have much effect on reactive power delivery.

The active power responses for various kp1 values

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The reactive power responses for various kp1 values

The active power responses for various kq1 values

The reactive power responses for various kq1 values

Fig. 13 and 14 show the active and reactive power for different values of q-droop, kq1, respectively. If kq1 is increased
then the active power will decrease. This also occurs in reactive power responses. A very large value of kq1 value will
make the reactive power response becomes unstable.

Conclusion

A power-sharing loop control method for input-series output-parallel flyback-type micro-inverter has been presented.
For the power-sharing control strategy, this proposal uses a droop method. Several experiments are performed to
examine the design. The results show that the smaller value of a p-droop constant does not have much effect on
reactive power delivery. On the other hand, the smaller the p-droop, the active power sharing from the inverter
decreases. Besides, q-droop influences both active and reactive power sharing.

Acknowledgment

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the State Polytechnic of Malang for supporting this work.

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