Nutritional Status of University Girls

ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN
UNIVERSITY HOSTELITE GIRLS IN

LAHORE CITY
A thesis Submitted by
TAYYABA SHABBIR (DDNS-02143109), MISHAL LIAQAT

(DDNS-02143103) RIJA KHAN (DDNS-02143028), MAHAM
SALEEM (DDNS-02143086)
In the Partial Fulfillment for the Award of

DOCTOR OF DIETETICS AND NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES
Supervisor: MARIA ASLAM
Associate Professor
Co-Supervisor: HAFSA KAMRAN

Senior Lecturer
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF DIET AND NUTRITIONAL

SCIENCES
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE
(2014-2019)
The University of Lahore
University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences
Undertaking by student
We Tayyaba Shabbir (DDNS02143109), Mishal Liaquat (DDNS02143103),Rijah

Khan (DDNS02143028),Maham Saleem (DDNS02143086) declare that the
contents of my research project entitled “ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL
STATUS IN UNIVERSITY HOSTELITE GIRLS IN LAHORE CITY” are
based on my own research findings and have not been taken from any other work
except the references and has not been published before.
Tayyaba Shabbir Mishal Liaquat Rijah Khan
Maham Saleem
Supervisory Committee
We, the Supervisory Committee certify that the contents and the form of thesis
entitled “ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN UNIVERSITY
HOSTELITE GIRLS IN LAHORE CITY” submitted by Tayyaba Shabbir
(DDNS02143109), Mishal Liaquat (DDNS02143103), Rijah Khan
(DDNS02143028), Maham Saleem (DDNS02143086) have been found
satisfactory and recommended it for the award of degree of Doctor of Dietetics
and Nutritional Sciences.
Supervisor
Ms. Maria Aslam

Associate Professor
Co-supervisor
Ms.Hafsa
Kamran
Senior Lecturer
Member
Prof. Dr. Aurang Zeb
Professor
HOD (UIDNS)
Dr. Shahid Bashir

Associate Professor
Dean Faculty of Allied Health Sciences
Prof. Dr. Syed Amir Gilani

Supervisor
I Ms. Maria Aslam certify that the contents and the form of research project
(DDNS02143028), Maham Saleem (DDNS02143086) have been found satisfactory
and recommend it for the evaluation of the External Examiner for the award of
degree of Doctor of Dietetics and Nutritional Sciences.
Supervisor Name: Maria Aslam

Qualification: BSc, MSc Food and Nutrition, MS Community Health and
Nutrition
Designation: Associate Professor
Signature
Date
Co-Supervisor
I Ms.Hafsa Kamran certify that the contents and the form of research project
(DDNS02143028), Maham Saleem (DDNS02143086) have been found satisfactory
and recommend it for the evaluation of the External Examiner for the award of
degree of Doctor of Doctor of Dietetics and Nutritional Sciences.
Co-Supervisor Name: Hafsa Kamran

Qualification: BSc, MSc Food and Nutrition, MS Community Health and
Nutrition
Designation: Senior Lecturer
Signature
Date
Biostatistician
I Ms. Sadia Khan certify that the statistical analysis of research project entitled
“ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN UNIVERSITY
(DDNS02143028), Maham Saleem (DDNS02143086) has been found satisfactory
for the award of degree of Doctor of Diet and Nutritional Sciences.
Biostatistician Name Ms. Sadia Khan
Qualification: M.Sc. Biostatistics
Designation: Lecturer
Signature
Date
Examination Committee
The Research project entitled “ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS

IN UNIVERSITY HOSTELITE GIRLS IN LAHORE CITY” and its
presentation by Tayyaba Shabbir (DDNS02143109), Mishal Liaquat
(DDNS02143103), Rijah Khan (DDNS02143028), Maham Saleem
(DDNS02143086) was held on at the University Institute of Diet and Nutritional
Sciences, The University of Lahore. The Supervisory and Examination
Committee gave satisfactory remarks on the Research project and Presentation
and were approved for the award of the degree of Doctor of Dietetics and
Nutritional Sciences (2014-2019).
_____________________ ____________________
Internal Examiner Head of Department
Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan UIDNS
Associate Professor The University of Lahore
___________________________
Dean
Plagiarism Evaluation Report
This is to certify that I have examined the Turnitin report of the thesis entitled
“ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN UNIVERSITY
HOSTELITE GIRLS IN LAHORE CITY”. The thesis contains no text that can
be regarded as plagiarism. The overall similarity index obtained from the Turnitin
software is ___%.
_____________________ ___________________
Librarian Supervisor
(Name & Qualification) (Name & qualification)
Date ________________ Date ___________________
Dedicated
To, Allah and then to our parents.

Acknowledgments
Firstly, we pay our gratitude to Allah Almighty without whom there is no one who can really
understand and help us when we are in deep trouble and sorrows. Almighty! Thanks for your
kindness and graciousness to endow us the strength to complete this piece of research through
which we have learned how we can be helpful to your creation.
We would pay our humble gratitude to our supervisor Miss Maria Aslam (Assistant
Professor).We would like to thanks our Associate Professor Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan ,for his
support and hard work and our Dr. Shahid Bashir, Head of Department, University institute of
Diet and Nutritional sciences for their help and support throughout our thesis work. A special
thanks to our parents and our friends for their love and support.
Student’s Name
Tayyaba Shabbir, Mishal Liaqat, Rija Khan,
Maham saleem
List of Abbreviations
Abbreviations Full form

IBS Irritable Bowel Syndrome
GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder
BMI Body Mass Index
GIT Gastrointestinal Disorders
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr.no. CONTENTS PAGE NO
1 LETTERS I-VIII
2 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FROM THESIS (PG students) XI
3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XII
4 ABSTRACT 5
5 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 6-9
6 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 10-25
7 CHAPTER 3: 26
8 3.1:OBJECTIVES 26
3.2:HYPOTHESIS 27
3.3: PROBLEM STATEMENT 27
3.4: OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS 28
9 CHAPTER 4: MATERIAL &METHODS 29
4.1 : Study design 29
4.2 : Setting 29
4.3 : Study duration 29
4.4 : Sample size 29
4.5 : Sampling technique 29
4.6 : Sample Selection 29
4.6.1 : Inclusion criteria 29
4.6.2 : Exclusion criteria 29
4.7: Equipment(s) 29
4.8 : Ethical Considerations 30
4.9: Data Collection Procédure 31
4.10 : Data Analysis 32
4.11 : Gantt Chart 33
10 CHAPTER 5:RESULTS 34-59
11 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION 60-63
12 CHAPTER 7: 64
7.1:Conclusion 64
7.2:Recommendations 65
7.3: Limitations
13 CHAPTER 8: REFERENCES 67-74
14 CHAPTER 9:ANNEXURE 75
9.1: Consent Forms 75-76
9.2: Questionnaire 77-84
9.3: Supplementary Materials/Tables
9.4: Data Sheets
9.5: Permission letters for PGs (IRB, Data collection)
1
List of Tables
S. No Tables Page No
1 Table no 1Frequency distribution of Anthropometric Measures 34
2 Table no 2Frequency distribution of family and medical history 35
3 Table no 3 Frequency distribution of time girls living in hostels 36
4 Table no 4 Frequency distribution of living experience of girls in 36
hostel
5 Table no 5 Frequency distribution of room cleaning 37
6 Table no 6 Frequency distribution of condition of hostel 38
washroom and kitchen
7 Table no 7 Frequency distribution of hostel mess food taste 49
8 Table no 8 Frequency distribution of how many times girls eat 40
from mess
9 Table no 9 Frequency distribution of all food groups eaten by 41
girls daily
10 Table no 10 Frequency distribution of fast foods eating time in a 42
week, preferring time to eat fast food and fast food likes
11 Table no 11 Frequency distribution of girls thinking about fast 43
food and health, thinking about fast food quality is improved, and
thinking about why girls preferring fast food
12 Table no 12 Frequency distribution of snack preferences if you 44
don’t have money to spend
13 Table no 13 Frequency distribution of eating sweet dishes per 45
week
14 Table no 14 Frequency distribution of drinking beverages per 45
week
15 Table no 15 Frequency distribution of how physically active were 46
the hostel girls
16 Table no 16 Frequency distribution of weight gain in recent times 47
17 Table no 17 Frequency distribution of physical signs and 49
symptoms due to different nutritional deficiencies
18 Table no 18 Frequency distribution of stomach issues after eating 51
Nan or roti
19 Table no 19 Frequency distribution of bowel satisfaction and IBS 51
and stomach pain severe due to it
20 Table no 20 Frequency distribution of smoking and smokers in 55
hostel
21 Table no 21 Frequency distribution of drugs addiction and drug 56
2
usage is good or bad
22 Table no 22 Frequency distribution of stress condition and its 57
effects
23 Table no 23. Association between BMI and physically active 59
List of Figures
S. No Figures Page No
1 Figure no 1.Frequency Distribution of body mass index (BMI) 34
2 Figure no 2.Frequency Distribution of what girls were studying 35
3 Figure no 3.Frequency Distribution of Girls socioeconomic status 35
4 Figure no 4.Frequency Distribution of hostel living time of girls 36
5 Figure no 5.Frequency Distribution of hostel environment 37
conditions
6 Figure no 6.Frequency Distribution of hostel health care facilities 38
7 Figure no 7. Frequency distribution of hostel water sanitation 38
conditions
8 Figure no 8. Frequency distribution of eating time from hostel 39
mess daily
9 Figure no 9. Frequency distribution of food preferences apart 40
from mess food
10 Figure no 10. Frequency distribution of junk food consumption 43
per week
11 Figure no 11. Frequency distribution of daily money spending on 44
fast food
12 Figure no 12. Frequency distribution of girls thinking about fast 45
food
13 Figure no 13. Frequency distribution of doing gym in a week 47
14 Figure no 14. Frequency distribution of after eating habits of girls 48
15 Figure no 15. Frequency distribution of girls thinking about their 48
weight and appearance
16 Figure no 16. Frequency distribution of any allergic condition in 50
girls after eating nan or roti
17 Figure no 17. Frequency distribution of food allergy in girls 52
18 Figure no 18. Frequency distribution of having blood pressure 52
issues
3
19 Figure no 19. Frequency distribution of girls having digestion 53
problem before coming hostel
20 Figure no 20. Frequency distribution of current stomach pain 53
severeness
21 Figure no 21. Frequency distribution of disorders caused by eating 53
fast foods
22 Figure no 22. Frequency distribution of girls checked their hp 54
levels
23 Figure no 23. Frequency distribution caffeine like 54
coffee/chocolate/tea consumption
24 Figure no 24. Frequency distribution of having sunbath daily 55
25 Figure no 25. Frequency distribution of painkiller girls eat 56
26 Figure no 26. Frequency distribution of girls issues with 58
roommates
27 Figure no 27. Frequency distribution of girls having family 58
pressure due to many reasons
28 Figure no 28. Frequency distribution of 24 hour recall 59
4
ABSTRACT
Background: Nutritional assessment is a well ordered process of collection and interpretation of
data for decision making about the cause and the nature of nutrition related problems that has
badly affect the person’s health. Many factors like food safety, cultural, socio economic factors,
age, sex, nutrition, behavior, physical activity and diseases of the person affect the nutritional
status of girls with the age of 19 to 25 years.
Objective(s): To assess the nutritional status of university going Hostelite girls in Lahore.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the girls residing at the hostel of
University of Lahore, Lahore with the duration of 04 months. The sample size was 272 and the
non-probability convenient sampling technique was used. Pre-tested questionnaire was used to
assess the nutritional status of university going Hostelite girls and data were analyzed with SPSS
version 21.0.
Results: The results of the study showed that according to their body mass index (BMI) out of
272 girls; 26(9.56%) of them were underweight, 134(49.26%) were normal, 75(27.57%) were
overweight and 15(5.51%) were obese. There were 46(16.91%) girls who consumed fast food 05
times per week. Menstrual cycle of many girls were also found irregular, 193(70.96%) girls were
found anemic. It was also observed that 181(66.54%) girls were also suffering from constipation.
63(23.16%) girls were reported with the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
(IBS).48(17.6%) girls were having sedentary lifestyle.
Conclusion(s): The study concluded that most of the girls were suffering from disease
conditions like Anemia, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Constipation, Diarrhea and Food
allergies. Most of them were also suffering from deficiencies of Vitamin A, D and Calcium.
Girls were also suffering from Depression. Most of the girls were in the condition of overweight
as well as underweight.
Keywords: Nutritional Status, Body mass index (BMI), Dietary habits, Physical activity.
5
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Modern world, way of living, stress, unhealthy eating habits, fasting of all the things in life and
physically inactive are those negative aspects that cause chronic diseases in our new generation.
Several factors affect the nutritional status of girls in between the age of 19 to 25 years old.
These include, socio-economic and demographic factors like socioeconomic status, race,
ethnicity, gender, age, education, profession, occupation, income level, and marital status
associated with worldwide pattern of stunting and thinness in adolescent.1According to WHO
Health is the condition of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the
absence disease or infirmity. It is reality that our physical and social wellbeing must be a goal for
which we all work.2Students are considered as the most potential unit of future human resources
in a country like ours supervised environment. Students come from distant places to earn their
degree. Hostel life has a great impact on the academic achievement and health status of the
students.3Nutritional assessment is a well ordered process of collection and interpretation of data
for decision making about the cause and the nature of nutrition related problems that has badly
act on the persons health. Nutritional assessment is the exposition from food intake, laboratory
results anthropometric measures and clinical findings, and these are called the parameters of
nutritional assessment. The nutritional status of an individual, often the result of several factors,
is affected by the accuracy of food intake, both qualitatively and quantitatively and physical
activity too. The community nutritional status comprises of nutritional status of these
individuals altogether and hence effects the society’s overall well-being and health.4,5,6An
adolescent’s nutritional status has importance in complications of his health, development of
chronic disease and hence breaking the cycle of malnutrition. Moving from adolescence to
adulthood is an important time for individuals as it is the time of development of health
patterns that effect long term health and risk of chronic diseases development. University
6
students are more affected by this transition period. Students specially living away from their
homes have much behavioral changes which leads to poor health habits and thus affecting lives
by developing chronic disease risk.7So the society’s health is based on how the individuals are
living and what’s their life patterns. Follow a physically active lifestyle and hence contributing to
better community. It is known very well that a healthy lifestyle has become a factor of decisive
importance for university students. The level of health among university students is dependent on
their interactions with the environment and their social behavior.8 Hostel is a human practical
laboratory. Therefore hostel is not simply a place for living it is a center of education. Students
learn as much as from their teachers as well as fellows during hostel stay. Hostilities do face
many issues regarding nutritional deficiencies i.e., iron deficiency anemia, Vit A deficiency, Vit
C deficiency, Calcium deficiency ,malnutrition including overweight and underweight, Stress
issues i.e., depression phobias etc, which are problematic for them both physically and mentally
causing health issues and hindrance in their studies too.9The first reason is the lack of proper
foods, poor hostel meals, management etc and the second most major reason is the physical
inactivity which is the major contributing factor towards these health problems. All over the
world many students start living in hostels for the sake of higher education from the institutions
which are away from their hometown. Those who live in hotels are at that point where they do
everything by their own like as their meal and diet also dependent on their own choice and
selection of food. Most of the time they bought food from different food cafes nearby their
hostels and these kind of food is not good for their health. As it is known that student’s residing
at hostel can be equally categorized as adolescent and young adult and this requires an additional
feeding time to meet up with the body demands for growth. Student’s body need are increased
because they spend more energy on their studies but in hostels they don’t have opportunities to
fulfill their body needs because of unhygienic food.10There are multiple issues which are
responsible for bad health effects on the hostel students, some financial problems, adjustment
issues because of new place new people, private issues and stress or depression because away
from family, changes in food quality, eating habits and sleeping habit and many other different
problems. Some other factors are also has negative effect on students health include Food
Quality, Cleanliness in the Hostel, Water Supply and First Aid Facilities.11They usually have
poor eating habits due to sudden change of environment because of this they prefer more from
eating outside due to which they cannot meet their need for all the nutrients requirement.12There
7
intake of food from hostel is also not proper, they eat more of ready to cook foods or packet
items and tin packed food items which are very unhealthy for the human body. Due to these
eating habits they suffer from nausea, abdominal pain, cramps etc.10In many hostels students
demand for their food preferences like addition of meat items, different vegetables etc. The
reason for this is only that they want food that is good in taste, less spicy and less oily. Because
of these kind of issues students suffer from a condition called malnutrition which is the major
public health problem and is of two types under nutrition in which not sufficient intake of all
nutrients and over nutrition in which excess intake of all nutrients and suffer from different kind
of non-communicable diseases .13
Obesity or overweight is very common in hostel girls due to less physical activity and
unhealthier eating. Obesity is the umbrella of different chronic diseases and it occurs because of
sedentary life style.14Another very common issue in hostel girls is PCOS a condition which
occurs due to many reasons like increased level of androgen hormone due to stress, menstrual
issues, hair growth on face is also very common in hostel girls because of unhealthy eating
patterns overweight and obesity.15GI(gastrointestinal disorders) a condition that have direct
effect on the digestive system and cause different stomach related diseases also very common in
hostel students especially in girls these include Diarrhea, Constipation heartburn, Dysphasia,
Asthma ,Peptic Ulcer, and some bowel disorders like IBS and Hepatitis A are very common
digestive system related, disorders occurs in hostel students. In all of these IBS irritable bowel
syndrome is very common in hostel girls because this chronic disease occurs due to
psychological malfunctioning, depression, environmental changes like mess food species outside
foods and less sleep. It has badly effect the persons healthy routine and also on her studies
because of bad health condition a student can’t focus on her studies properly.16 Many other
nutrition related deficiencies are also occur like Iron deficiency anemia, lack of vitamin A,D and
E due to lack of nutrients in their diet and then these girls suffer from deficiencies and health
problems like bone problems.17Stress is very common in hostel girls and if it is not controlled
then it may lead to serious psychological issues like depression and anxiety. The stress is due to
many reasons like study burdens, financial issues, away from parents, and also due to bad
companies. Hostel students adopt some bad habits due to stress and also due to bad companies.
These habits include smoking and drug addiction which is very injurious to our health and cause
many health related problems like cancer. Both are very common in the students of age from 12
8
to 19 years of age most common in hostel residential. It occurs due to their background also due
to social environment and due to the bad company siting.18
The research aims to assess hostilities girls in order to know their health relate issues and to
overcome these problems by giving them nutrition education and health tips for healthy eating
patterns So that they live healthy in their hostels and throughout their life.
9
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
BMI body mass index is used to assess the bodyweight to see that weather the person is
overweight or obese. A study was done by Sadia C et al., 2017 on 104 female students of P.G.
Hostel of University of Rajasthan, Jaipur. To assess the nutritional status 24hr dietary recall and
height, weight and BMI were taken. The calculation of energy expenditure was done by taking
24 hour recall of last two days and the time spent on physical activities. Standardized and
validated questionnaire were used to assess the physical activity pattern. The critical limits of
BMI were used to calculate prevalence of obesity and overweight. The result of the study
showed that 10% of girls are pre-obese and 10.5% are obese. Their fat intake was higher and
their calcium and iron intake were lower.19
A study was conducted by Wasnik V et al., 2012 in Social Welfare Hostels of Vizianagaram
district of Andhra Pradesh State, India to evaluate the Health status of teenage girls living there.
The number of total girls studied was 420.The girls in the age of 13 were 37.4%.The BMI of
56.4% girls was less than 18.5 kg/m2 so they were underweight according to WHO standards.
The number of girls having Persistent low energy levels grade 1 was 25.2% and the number of
girls having Persistent low energy levels grade 2 was 15.2% and the girls having Persistent low
energy levels grade 3 was 16%.The number of overweighed girls was 2.9%.There was no girl
found to be obese.20
Anthropometric measures are used basically to know the exact height, weight etc of a person.
There was a study conducted by Mangla AG et al., 2019 in which he said present examination
endeavors to analyze dietary conduct among understudies going to college classes at Delhi
College in order to evaluate the pervasiveness of overweight and corpulence status utilizing
different dietary and social variables activating heftiness. 201 young ladies with age going from
18 to 22 Anthropometric and physiological estimations were taken by standard techniques.
Family history for stoutness and diabetes is noted to be altogether higher among young ladies
bringing home-made nourishment. It has been accounted for that young ladies taking
nourishment arranged at home are progressively overweight/fat for Body mass index or in
10
danger for higher midsection line and abdomen stature proportion when contrasted with those
removing dinners from home.21
The study was conducted by Musaiger AO et al., 2016 in the University of Sudan to assess the
prevalence of obesity, sedentary behaviors and bad eating habits between students. There were
183 men and 127 women. So, after applying the parameters it was concluded that 20.5%
Students were below the normal weight, 14.7% students were at remarkable normal weight and
1.7% students were facing the problem of obesity and they were overweight. Now coming to
eating habits more than half of the students were eating breakfast daily. Less than 50 students
were eating fruits and vegetables to more than 3 days each week. Fast food was eaten more by
females than by males. For sedentary behaviors, females were seen to watch more television than
males. Sleeping time of men was seen to be less than 7 hours than females, so females were
taking more sleep.22
The investigation was done by Salma KJ et al., 2016 to evaluate socio statistic attributes, the
reactions of dietary patterns among female nursing understudies and to decide the connection
between the socio statistic qualities and the reactions of eating habits. The after effects of the
investigation uncovered that 64.0% of ladies matured somewhere in the range of 22 and 24
years. 67.0% were typical weight. 72.0% were non-counting calories routine. There is a huge
relationship found between the demographical attributes and reactions identified with dietary
movement factors in like unique location, conjugal status, and furthermore between general
reactions and demographical qualities.23
The study was held in Kano University of Science and Technology by Bichi AM et al., 2018 to
know the standard and state of resources and other things available for student’s convenience.
The number of students taken as representative were 372.. The results showed that more than
half of the representatives were from the age of 15 to 25 years and they were recently shifted to
hostels from their houses. Each and everything of the hostel was very different and new for those
students. The results also showed that the living condition of more than half students was very
congested as they were living in a room where 6 students were sharing the room at a time. Due to
more people living in a single small room the facilities available were not enough for them or it
become hard to take benefits from the available resources. While other findings shows that the
electricity and water reserves were good. The washrooms were also cleaned well. Other
11
resources were also available to fight with emergency situations. The areas found in a bad setup
was kitchen as it remain filthy. There was also interpretation in every student’s matters. The
sanitation condition was also found extremely bad.24
The study was conducted in Karachi at Dow University by Ali A et al., 2017.The foremost
determination of the study was to evaluate the living conditions available.. 90 female students
were taken as participants. Questionnaire were filled by them. They were also asked to mention
the disease if they had any. The findings reveals that almost all students were living in the alike
state from 12 months..12 participants remark that from last 90 days they were suffering from
loose motions.7 participant’s complaint that the surroundings are effecting their breathing
systems and lungs badly. More than half of the participants stated that there should be
oxygenating system available in washrooms.25
The study was planned by Adewunmi Y et al.,2017 to judge the availability of provisions in the
hostel of University of Logas before getting hostel work in line. The people living in the hostel
asked to answer some questions which were stem from the student’s report on the areas which
were thought to be their important needs. Facts were also figured out at institutional extent by
knowing individual’s own perception of each and every matter of the hostel. When the results
were drawn out , the main problematic area came out was the maintenance of the hostel.26
The study was planned by Mogenet JL et al.,2014 in France to know the perception of student
about hostel living. The study population was of 124 students. Data collected from them was
based on one’s own living experience in hostels. When the results were gathered, the first thing
came to know that makes student living comfortable was the area and surrounding of hostel. The
student wants environment in which they can make friends and meet other people so that they
can gain life experience.27
The study was planned by Mensah-Kufuor AG et al.,2017 to point out the elements which
should be present for a good drainage system and to reduce the risk of diseases .The method used
for the gathering of facts was to ask questions in written forms. Three types of different
profomas were planned for the organizer, workers and scholars of hostel. When the results came
out it was revealed that there was absence of workers that do hostel routine work, insufficiency
of water, deficiency of stuff which is used for washing aids in poor management. After that
12
lectures on purity was given to the students so that habit of one’s own cleanliness can take place
in every student. But this step should be taken at institutional level to have excellent results.28
A study was conducted by Al-Otaibi HH et al., 2015 in King Faisal University of Saudi Arabia
to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and overweight in female students due to eating fast food.
The total number of female students was 276 of age 18-25years.The occurrence rate of obesity
and overweight was 29.7%.130 students were eating fast food more than two times every week.
The only reason was that they don’t know how to cook. The students who order healthy food
from restaurants were only 5%. Most of the students don’t even have the information about the
nutritional value of food. The conclusion was that after analyzing the results, health education
programs were recommended to increase awareness among the students that the fast food are not
good for health at all.29
Junk food or outside foods are very favorite of all hostel students and they prefer to eat more
from outside and because of this they face many health problems. A study was conducted by
Kumar H et al., 2013 was planned in the hostels of Lovely Professional University to get the
information of intake patterns of hostel students. There were total 1811 students out of which
there were 933 girls and 878 boys. They were all given a questionnaire according to their age,
sex and level of education. After gathering the data this was analyzed 1389 students likes to eat
junk food only because they want to quench their urge of eating distinct tastes.217 students ate
junk food as their routine food.1155 students don’t take one meal of the day and 914 students
mostly skip afternoon meal. A large number of students (1186) concur that they develop the
tradition of eating junk food when they left their parent’s home. On the average 701 students
daily use 21-40 rupees on junk food. This was also concluded that almost every student know
that the problems regarding weight gain, cardiovascular problems are associated with intake of
junk food.30
The study was conducted by Omidvar S et al., 2014 to evaluate the eating patterns of adults and
adult women and explored any interactions around Socio economic status, different ages and
food choice and attitude. A inter-sectional survey of 1000 young fit women learners
approximately 11-28 years was performed. A hand-administered set of questions been used to
gather socio-demographic data, eating habits and choices. It assessed body, body fat percentage
and calculated BMI. Fifty-one percent of teenagers were undernourished. Young people were the
13
highest proportion of obese topics. Dieting between teenagers was considerably greater.
Participants belonging to low Socio economic status had a greater undernourished percentage
and a greater obese proportion of women belonging to elevated Socio economic status. Low
Socio economic status adults had a greater proportion of junk food and bakery goods consumed
daily. Only 13.7% of participants use at least one animal byproducts each day, like flesh or an
egg.31
Obesity is the umbrella of many other diseases like CVD, Diabetes etc. It is the major problem
for the young generation now a day because they eat more unhealthy food and have no physical
activity due to which they suffer from overweight and if it is not controlled then they enter in to
the disease condition called obesity. A study was conducted by Al-Otaibi HH et al., 2015 in
King Faisal University of Saudi Arabia to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and overweight in
female students due to eating fast food. The total number of female students was 276 of age 18-
25years.The occurrence rate of obesity and overweight was 29.7%.130 students were eating fast
food more than two times every week. The only reason was that they don’t know how to cook.
The students who order healthy food from restaurants were only 5%. Most of the students don’t
even have the information about the nutritional value of food. The conclusion was that after
analyzing the results, health education programs were recommended to increase awareness
among the students that the fast food are not good for health at all.32
A study was conducted by Shree V et al, 2018 to know the prevalence of eating junk food among
medical students of IGIMS, India. There were 120 students which were all given some questions
to answer. After collection of results, this was concluded that 58 students were taking junk food
items in replacement of dinner.32 students were taking it in evening and 26 were eating it in
replacement of lunch.68 students like to drink fizzy drinks. Almost 91 students consume junk
food for more than two times a week. Pizza was seen to be the item liked by almost every
student. There were two main reasons seen that why they eat junk food more. First reason was
that students like gathering in which only junk food is eaten and the second reason was that they
like to eat distinct flavors.33
The study was conducted by Shori AB et al., 2017 in the King Abdulaziz University to know the
link of junk food with increase in weight and obesity among females. There were 253 females.
Some questions were asked from them. After the session of questions when the information was
14
collected, this was concluded that half of the females from 253 eat junk food at least one time in
a week. A huge number of students have no information about nutritional value of the food they
eat from outside.149 girls were overweight.34
The study was conducted by Saranya PV et al,2016 at pre University college at Mangaluru to
determine the information that students have about fast food and about its pros and cons on their
fitness. The number of participants was hundred. They were ask some questions which explains
the effect of fast food on one’s fitness. When facts were figured out they revealed that out of
hundred, thirteen participants have no information about how fast food effects our body. Sixty
nine participants have some information that fast foods are not so good for our fitness. Only
eighteen participants have vast information that eatables from outside the home are not safe and
good for our fitness at all. Almost every health related disease in youth is caused by eating food
available in market.35
A research was carried out by Chishty S et al.,2015 to evaluate the dietary position and junk food
usage sequence between women learners residing in a graduate study boarding house comprising
104 women aged 20-26. Body mass index, height, body fat, waistline diameters were evaluated
for anthropometric data. Recall diet for two days 24 hours and Food frequency questionnaire was
used to gather data on nutritional intake and junk food intake. The measured dietary fat seemed
to be 33 g, the suggested dietary allowances (RDA -20 g) were higher and the consumption of
lentils was 110% of the RDA. The Body mass index says, Characterized subjects were usual
(64.4%), chubby (9.62%) and type I obesity (10.5%). The rate of junk food usage was two to
three times per week. Ironically, the highest amount of participants liked Golgappa (38%),
Chowmin (34%), Chole Bhatura (36%), Pav Bhaji (42%), Pizza (27%) and Bakery items
(27%).Junk food intake is a hazardous behavior that leads to several illnesses.36
The study was conducted by Miko BA et al., 2013 in Undergraduate Residence Halls of New
York city to know the prevalence of individual and public cleanliness habits in university
students. The number of students take part was 501.They all filled the profomas having questions
related to cleanliness and individual health measures. The results demonstrated that out of 501
participants 461 participants regards that cleanliness of hands is extremely significant to avoid
any harmful or bacterial contamination. A huge number of participants also knows that cleaning
hands prior to prepare eatables and after using washroom is very necessary.37
15
The exploration was arranged by Sukhwal K et al.,2017 to discover the nourishment practices
and inexpensive food utilization among pre-adult school young ladies in urban and semi-urban
territories. An example of 240 subjects (120 urban and semi-urban each) matured 15-17 a long
time were chosen from two schools, in particular the Region of Rajasthan. Information gathering
was done by utilizing a semi-organized, survey calendar with respect to sustenance practices; and
utilization of cheap food was surveyed by utilizing sustenance recurrence poll. As to
nourishment propensities, 47.0% of semi-urban young ladies were having just milk in their
morning meal though 54.2% were accounted for to miss their breakfast multiple times in seven
days. 80% of urban young ladies had their morning meal routinely. It was likewise discovered
that in semi-urban zones subjects were utilized to have early lunch rather than breakfast. About
23.0% semi-urban and 34.0% urban subjects had flask snacks in break time. Progressively urban
subjects (45.0%) were accounted for eating outside on week after week premise as contrasted
with semi-urban subjects (20.0%).38
This exploration was done by Fatah DS et al.,2015 meant to consider the impact of wholesome
mindfulness sessions on weight file among College students, Helwan College. The members
included 50 of personnel understudies ages 18-22 years. Understudies with more sustenance
training devoured more vegetables and occupied with increasingly physical movement contrasted
with understudies with little nourishment instruction like add more serving of vegetables and
increase the time of daily walk. It was discovered that understudies with more nourishment
training had a more beneficial Body mass index, settle on better dietary decisions, and take part
in progressively physical movement. While understudies who were better taught in sustenance
had a lower BMI than understudies less-instructed in the subject.39
To evaluate the predominance of weight and examples of physical inertia among nursing
understudies, a cross-sectional plan was led from May 2013 to January by Khamaiseh A et al.,
2014 Information was gathered utilizing an adjusted rendition of a physical action poll. More
than 33% of nursing understudies did not practice or take part in games exercises for at any rate
20 minutes; furthermore, more than two - thirds did not practice for in any event five days or
more seven days. Also, the greater part of the understudies did not take part in any extending
activities. The Weight list demonstrated that about a large portion of the understudies were
overweight and 14.7% were fat.40
16
The study planned to survey the eating routine and exercise tendency. The study was performed
on aggregate of 215 female undergrads between three months by Majeed F, 2013. Study
population was of 40 students. Relating understudies BMI with their dietary propensities and
physical movement uncovered noteworthy connection between eating more during studies and
utilization of sugar sweets and nourishment and level of force of activity and explanation behind
exercise. Our understudies favored that undesirable nourishment and absence of time was the
most every now and again referenced obstruction to eating a solid eating routine and taking part
in standard exercise.41
Physical activity is very important to have a healthy and active life. A study done by Ranasinghe
C et al.,2016 To assessed physical movement levels of undergrad physiotherapy understudies of
College of Colombo, Sri Lanka and decided their intentions and boundaries for investment in
physical action. Stage one was a quantitative report to assess the physical action levels and stage
two was a subjective report to recognize intentions and obstructions for physical movement and
sports in a similar associate. A higher level of members were 'inert' (48.7%), while just 15.9%
were in the 'Exceedingly dynamic' gathering.42
This research investigated by Moghaddam S et al., 2016 to study the impacts of work out on
fitness and strength indices in adult women of mixing everyday milk supplementation with an
intense exercise workout plan. 83, 17-year-old girls were exclusively allocated to four groups by
the research: milk only, workout only, milk and workout, and control groups. The procedures
engaged taking 500 mL of low-fat daily milk and participating for 12 weeks in a 60 minutes step
aerobics workout routine 3 times a week, height and median energy jumping and height of squat
jumping were evaluated prior and post of actual action. After the action, respondents in the
mixed and practice group only had important changes in the observed variables opposed to
control respondents and only groups of milk. No distinction between the mixed and practice
groups was discovered in any of the dimensions. The 12-week aerobics weight loss routine had
beneficial impacts on teenage girls ' muscular strength and for heart health, whereas milk offered
no further changes.43
The study was conducted by Srivastava R et al., 2018 in Allahabad city after selecting 150
patients from college, universities and hostels. They were all given a questionnaire to collect the
information about social/environmental factors that increases their condition of PCOS. The
17
results show that PCOS patients from upper class to middle class were moderate to severe
neurotics. The persons having high education were more severe neurotics because they had many
family problems which increase their stress. So this was concluded that environmental factors
had a great effect on disturb levels of PCOS.44
A study was conducted by Niranjan A et al., 2016 in the hostel of Medical College of central
India to know the prevalence of digestive disorders in girls and boys. So, after getting the results,
this was concluded that boys suffering from the disorder were more (69.10%) and the disorder
was seen less in girls (54.23%).Another fact seen was that the digestive disorders were more in
the students who only ate meat or meat substitute. So,if the dietary habits are managed and if we
take care of hygiene then we can prevent GIT Disorders.45
A study was conducted by Waseem Akram D et al., 2018 in Nishtar Medical College of Multan
to conclude the prevalence rate of GIT disorders in 1st year students and the students of final year
of MBBS.The total number of students were 117.56 were 1st year students and 61 were final year
students. There were 60 boys and 57 girls. The prevalence rate of GIT disorders in 1st year
students were 69.6% and in final year students 91.8%.So, this was concluded that Final year
students suffer more from GIT disorders because they were under more stress, consume very less
quantity of vegetables, more habit of smoking then 1st year students.46
A study done by Afridi H et al., 2017 in which their aim was to observe the relationship of IBS
(irritable bowel syndrome a condition in which a person suffer from severe diarrhea and
constipation or both this disease is very common in girls now days) and stress like
GAD(generalized anxiety disorder a condition in which person suffers from severe depression
due to one or more aspects of life like social problems family issues this cause dizziness and
shortness of breath in the person) disorder in between the students of two different colleges one
was Peshawar Medical college and the other was Peshawar Dental college. They use cross
sectional procedure for their data collection between these two colleges. The conclusion was that
more than one third of the subjects had been suffering from irritable bowel syndrome and more
than one forth part of the subjects had been suffering from generalized anxiety disorder.20% or
more had both IBS and GAD disorders and yes it is confirmed that there had been a highly
remarkable connection in between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and generalized anxiety
disorder (GAD).47
18
To analyze the nourishment rank and eating habits of women learners of the Agricultural
university located in Peshawar by Shakoor H et al.,2017.A random sampling technique was used
to choose the learners. Number of the learners picked was 141 between 18-19 years. A set of
questions was filled by the chosen learners comprising of their height and weight, their blood
profile and their eating routine. When the results were revealed. At the end the judgment drawn
was almost all the women learners have standard weight. The intake of all essential nutrients
were below than suggested intake excluding fat. Consumption of dairy, meat, beans, lentils, fruit
and vegetable by then women was not satisfactory at all. But they were taking oats.48
Anemia is very common in hostel girls as they don’t have good diet. A study done by Ghaffar F
et al.,2018 in which he said the present examination was intended to explore the job of dietary
admission designs in predominance of pallor among the high school young ladies dwelling in
inns. A helpful irregular example of 237 school/college understudies dwelling at young ladies
inns was exposed to anthropometry, biochemical tests for blood iron lists, and dietary admission
examination. Typical mean anthropometric estimations were seen among the examined
understudies. 61% of young ladies had Hb level beneath typical, 85% had low hematocrit percent
and 82% had low serum iron. The everyday dietary admission example demonstrated great
breakfast utilization (82%), eating on singed and dull nourishments and carbonated drinks a
typical practice, and skipping of real suppers a normal component.49
Another study was conducted by Al Hassan NN et al.,2015 this investigation was intends to
decide the pervasiveness of unhealthy appearance in clearly solid college female understudies.
This examination was led in 2007–2008 at Taibah College and a sum of 268 young ladies
understudies took an interest in this exploration. So as to survey iron insufficiency and iron
inadequacy paleness, the venous blood tests were gathered from back to back female
understudies at the medicinal focus of Taibah College barring those as of now on iron
supplementation for iron-lack frailty. 171 understudies were observed to be weak. The general
Out of the frail understudies, 81% indicated microcytic and 1.6% had macrocytic assortment.50
This cross-sectional examination was directed by Shill KB et al.,2014, to assess the commonness
of iron inadequacy among the college undergraduates of Bangladesh. Hemoglobin level of 300
casually chosen undergraduates was estimated. In the examination, 55.3% understudies were
discovered iron deficient, of whom 36.7% were male, and 63.3% were female. Undergraduates
19
matured 20-22 years were increasingly pallid than other age-gatherings. Greater part of male
understudies demonstrated their hemoglobin level in the scope of 13-15 g/dL. The underweight
undergraduates were discovered more pale than the overweight. Customary breakfast-taking
tendency indicated noteworthy effect on Iron-need shortcoming contrasted with non-normal
breakfast takers.51
A study done by Jahan F et al., 2018 in Oman on medicine students who were at risk of getting
anemia due to their busy routine because of their study hours, there clinical practices and there
other daily routine activities due to which they were not taking care of their health and diet and
suffer from nutrition related diseases like anemia. The goal of their survey was to check the
relation between BMI, there eating patterns in those who were anemic. They use cross sectional
study design for their data collection among Oman College. They prepare a questionnaire
according to the nutritional and demographic assessing conditions these questionnaires were then
recognized by the large scale extensive research and done their data collection by using these
questionnaire. Those girls who were in their last year were selected to complete this
questionnaire. The conclusion of the study was that the girls at risk for anemia were significant
in this survey.51
Micronutrients like vitamins and minerals are also very important for proper growth and
development if any of these is deficient they people suffer from different issues. The study was
conducted by Laleye LC et al., 2011 in UAE University to explore the inadequacy of Vitamin A
and D in female students because almost more than half of the girls were not taking sufficient
sunlight according to their body need. According to the results from the total population included
in the study, 70% of the population was not drinking milk and the foods rich in Vitamin D. Bad
eating habits were also seen among them. In addition 37% of the population was observed
Vitamin D inadequate and 40% of the females living in the university hostel were also observed
to be Vitamin D deficiency.52
A cross-sectional investigation done by Kural M et al in 2015, information was gathered among

310 young ladies (18–25 years) . Dysmenorrhea was accounted for in 261 young ladies and 49
detailed no dysmenorrhea. Utilizing Visual simple scale, 34.2% of young ladies experienced
extreme distress, 36.6% moderate and 29.2% had gentle pain. Draining span was observed to be
essentially connected with dysmenorrhea Practically 53.7% young ladies who had some family
20
ancestry of dysmenorrhea, 90.9% experience the condition themselves . Young ladies with
family ancestry of dysmenorrhea had multiple times more noteworthy possibility of having the
equivalent problem.53
A random investigation was led by Nagma S et al in 2015 on 100 female college understudies of
a restorative school. Out of the 100 under-grade restorative understudies, 30 understudies had a
score less than 20 while 70 had a score greater than or equal to 20. An affiliation was set up
between high feelings of anxiety with menorrhagia, painful menstruation, long cycle length and
short cycle length. High feelings of anxiety was related with just menstrual inconsistencies and
not with span, measure of stream or painful menstruation. Henceforth, different causes ought to
be searched for in young ladies grumbling of menstrual issues before pressure is thought to be
the reason.54
Study was done by Gujarathi J et al in 2014. The motivation behind the examination was to
know the pervasiveness of menstrual issue in youthful hostellers and to know the impact of
menstrual issue on education. A graphic, cross-sectional study was led among 798 young ladies
dwelling in various lodgings of New Vallabh Vidyanagar of Anand region of Gujarat, with the
assistance of a pre-planned survey. Most extreme, 68.19% of young ladies had menarche
between age of 13 to 15 years. 29.30% young ladies experienced unpredictable examples of
menstrual draining though 47.02% had excruciating monthly cycle. 313 young ladies
experienced spinal pain during feminine cycle, though 240 experienced stomach torment/spasm.
349 young ladies among 681 respondents grumbled of aggravation which caused 209 of 244
respondents to miss school each month where 136 of 390 respondents reported to stay missing
for entire day.55
A study was done by Mustaqeem M et al.,2015 It was a case controlled cross sectional
examination involving 220 members from various schools and colleges of Karachi and from
outpatients branch of private facility and Common Clinic Karachi. A poll was intended to
evaluate the relationship of chubbiness with unpredictable menstrual cycle. Out of two twenty
members bulky and overweight were sixty seven and forty nine individually. Critical affiliation
was found between body creation and menstrual cycle anomaly as menstrual inconsistency was
available in just 9.5% when the Body mass index was ordinary and 14.09% and 24% young
ladies in the overweight and stout classifications separately. Dysmenorrhea was accounted for by
21
63.6% of members and family ancestry was certain in 77.3%. Hair growth on face was accounted
for in 36.7% and 49.2%, skin break out in 34.6% and 43.2%, weight increase propensity in
85.7% and 98.5%, types 2 diabetes in 0% and 4.4% and hypertension in 8.16% and 31.3% of
overweight and fat members separately.56
This hunt was done in October in Saudi Arabia by Almutairi KM et al.,2014 . A complete 12
pertinent articles were incorporated into this survey. The discoveries demonstrate that the
pervasiveness of smoking is still in higher rates. The period of smoking was begun among
teenagers extended from 10 to 15 years of age while from college understudies were from 16
years of age. The fundamental purpose behind smoking among teenagers was affected by
companions. Among understudies were companion weight pursued by the pressure, media and
impersonation of others. Interest was a purpose behind having taken a stab at smoking and
guardians was seen to be the primary hotspot for smoking.57
To research smoking propensities, related factors and level of awareness among undergrads in
Turkey. The investigation was directed at Gaziosmanpasa College, Tokat, Turkey, in May Erdal
G et al.,2015. Information was acquired through eye to eye surveys.. In addition, students were
asked to answer a five-score inquiry bunch so as to decide the reflections and decisions of
smoker understudies. Of the 253 education seekers in the investigation, 125 were guys.
Generally, there were 101 smokers. Smoking boycott was found to bring down cigarette smoking
among the smokers.58
A study was done by Dania MG et al., 2015. This examination was intended to evaluate the
predominance of cigarette smoking among restorative understudies, and to decide their degree of
learning in regards to hazard related with cigarette smoking and their disposition and conduct
towards tobacco control methodologies and policies. A stratified arbitrary testing approach was
utilized to choose members. A sum of 250 understudies took an interest in the investigation with
a reaction rate of 89.2%. The standard age was 21. Participants of age less 21, having a smoking
dad, and utilization of liquor were altogether connected with regularly smoking. The prohibition
on cigarette smoking in encased open spots was upheld by 92.4%. The commonness of current
cigarette smoking among medicinal understudies in Lagos is moderately low.59
22
There is impressive proof of a social move towards heavier liquor utilization among college
understudies, particularly ladies. A study was conducted by Davoren MP et al.,2015 The point of
this examination is to explore the commonness and corresponds of unsafe liquor utilization
among college understudies with specific reference to sexual orientation and to think about
various methods of information accumulation in this population. An aggregate of 2275 students
finished the study hall review. In the study hall test, announced heavier liquor utilization (65.2%
men and 67.3% ladies). In ladies, 57.4% met heavier liquor consumption limits for men. The
study population with a risky utilization example were bound to report smoking, illegal
medication use.60
Stress was also very common in hostel students there is a study conducted by Erb SE et al.,2014
This investigation inspected the impact of characteristic scholastic inspiration and relational
clash on the apparent misery and stress. Members were 537 Chinese college understudies 191
guys and 346 females. Standard age was 20 years. They finished four scales estimating inherent
scholarly inspiration, relational clash, stress, and despondency. Results demonstrated that
characteristic scholarly inspiration was contrarily, while relational clash was decidedly, related
with gloom and stress.61
The study was done by Bulo JG et al., in 2014 to know the factors that cause stress among
students. The focal point of this examination is on the weights influencing the undergrad in
managing his family, companions and critical people. A poll on Understudy Life Stress Stock
was received to assemble the required information among 150 undergrads. Results demonstrate
that the relational stress causing factors of understudies positioned the most astounding while the
ecological stress factors the least. Explicit outcomes under the relational stress factors
incorporate attempting to individuals they don't have the foggiest idea, issue with guardians, and
association with inverse sex.62
Cross-sectional examination was led by Mekonen T et al., among 725 arbitrarily chosen College
understudies from November to December 2015. About 83 (11.4%) of the examples were tricky
liquor clients of which 6.8% had medium level issues and 4.6% had abnormal state issues.
Altogether connected factors with hazardous liquor use among understudies were nearness of
social fear. Hazardous liquor use among college understudies was normal and related with social
23
fear, poor scholarly accomplishment, lifetime utilization of any substance, and companion
weight.63
The examination was done by El Ansari W et al.,2015 to analyze apparent pressure and nutrition
consumption at College of Turku, Finland. This study was directed as an online overview of
1189 understudies. We evaluated the relationships between apparent pressure, and two
nourishment admission example scores, dietary rule adherence record and abstract significance
of smart dieting. We tried the relationship among stress and similar factors, controlling for
potential confounders for the entire example, by sexual orientation, and by Weight List. Leafy
foods admission and dietary rule adherence were both contrarily connected with pressure. These
negative affiliations were increasingly articulated in overweight and less articulated in
underweight contrasted with sound weight understudies. Desserts, treats and snacks utilization
were not related with pressure. Stress was related with lower emotional significance of smart
dieting, autonomous of sexual orientation and Weight index.64
Another study was done by Deb S et al.,2015. This work examines the scholastic pressure and
psychological wellness of Indian secondary school understudies and the relationship between
different psycho-social components and scholarly pressure. An all out of 190 understudies from
class 11 and 12 of age 16-17 from three government-helped and three non-public schools in
Kolkata India were reviewed in the examination. Almost 66% (63.5%) of the understudies
announced worry because of scholarly weight – with no huge contrasts crosswise over sexual
orientation, age, grade, and a few other individual variables. Around (66%) of the understudies
announced inclination weight from their folks for better scholastic execution.65
This study was conducted by Roberge DM et al.,2017 to investigate sustenance sensitivities in

concentrate abroad, a review was made with 32 questions. Eighteen members finished the
overview. Two members did not meet the capabilities of the examination on the grounds that
their reactions did not demonstrate a dangerous sustenance sensitivity. Of these, one individual
distinguished as a veggie lover and the other person, who seemed to experience the ill effects of
celiac infection. This individual indicated that at one point they encountered hypersensitivity
with strawberries, but did not make reference to this sensitivity somewhere else in the review and
did not show strawberries as an allergen when asked in the overview. Of the 16 study , eight
shelled nut hypersensitivities, six tree nut sensitivities, five shellfish hypersensitivities, four milk
24
hypersensitivities, four fish hypersensitivities, one soy sensitivity, one egg hypersensitivity, and
one wheat hypersensitivity. Twelve participants reported having experienced anaphylaxis with
only three participants saying they had not.66
The study was conducted by Musaiger AO et al., 2016 in the University of Sudan to assess the
prevalence of obesity, sedentary behaviors and bad eating habits between students. There were
183 men and 127 women. So, after applying the parameters it was concluded that 20.5%
Students were below the normal weight, 14.7% students were at remarkable normal weight and
1.7% students were facing the problem of obesity and they were overweight. Now coming to
eating habits more than half of the students were eating breakfast daily. Less than 50 students
were eating fruits and vegetables to more than 3 days each week. Fast food was eaten more by
females than by males. For sedentary behaviors, females were seen to watch more television than
males. Sleeping time of men was seen to be less than 7 hours than females, so females were
taking more sleep.67
Eating 3 meals a day was compulsory but in hostels most of the girls ignore this and were
skipping their meals. The study was conducted by Fadzly NI et al.,2018. This cross-sectional
examination was directed among arbitrarily chosen 304 restorative understudies at a college in
Malaysia, with the intend to decide their Dinner taking conduct and the components affecting
these conduct. Unmistakable and expository measurements were utilized to examine the
information gathered utilizing pre-tried and approved poll. The reaction rate of was 83.2%. A
large portion of respondents are multi year old (29.6%), female (74.7%), Malay (60.1%), Muslim
(60.9%) and from high financial status family (60.1%). The level of respondents who have great
and poor supper taking conduct are practically comparable, at 49.4% and 50.6%, individually.
Well-being training can have an influence in expanding the extent of understudies with great
Dinner taking.68
25
CHAPTER 3
3.1: OBJECTIVE(S)
To assess the nutritional status of university going Hostelite girls in Lahore.
26
3.3: PROBLEM STATEMENT
Nutritional deficiencies makes up of few of common diseases present in the Hostelite girls
because of unhealthy diet, less physical activity, unhealthy habits lacking many nutrients and
thus making them ill. In Pakistan, Nutritional status assessment of female students showed that
24.1% female students were underweight, 12.8% were overweight/obese, 63.1% were normal
weight and 73% were anemic.48 The Study focuses on the university Hostelite girls to assess and
improve their eating patterns ,ensure good diet, physical activity to minimize the chances of
getting different nutrition-related diseases and better health and life overall.
27
3.4: OPERATIONAL DEFINITION(S)
BMI (Body Mass Index): Body Mass Index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height
that is commonly used to classify underweight, overweight and obesity in adults. It is defined as
the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2).84
Ranges of BMI
BMI Nutritional Status
Below 18.5 Under weight
18.5-24.9 Normal
25.0-29.9 Over weight
30.0-34.9 Obesity class 1
35.0-39.9 Obesity class 2
Above 40 Obesity class 3
28
CHAPTER 4
MATERIAL AND METHODS
4.1: Study Design: Cross-Sectional
4.2: Settings: University of Lahore hostels.
4.3: Study Duration: 4 months
4.4: Sample Size: Sample size of 272 cases is calculated with 95% confidence
interval, 4% margin of error and expected percentage of obesity as 12.8%
4.5: Sampling Technique: Non probability convenient sampling
4.6: Sample Selection:
4.6.1: Inclusion Criteria: All females living in hostels
4.6.2: Exclusion Criteria: 1.Day Scholars
2. Non cooperative individuals
4.7: Equipment(s): Questionnaire
29
4.8: ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The rules and regulations set by the ethical committee of university of Lahore were followed
while conducting the research and the rights of the research participants were respected.
 Written informed consent attached was taken from all the participants.
 All information and data collection was kept confidential.
 Participants were remained anonymous throughout the study.
 The subjects were informed that there are no disadvantages or risk on the procedure of the
study.
 They were also be informed that they were free to withdraw at any time during the process of
the study.
 Data were kept in under key and lock while keeping keys in hand. In laptop it was kept under
password.
30
4.9: DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
Data were collected by the researchers with the help of data collection tool
(questionnaire/profoma)
Data were collected according to the variables of questionnaire which are as follows:
1. Demographic data was taken from the participants
2. Questions were asked from the individuals directly of hostels.
31
4.10: DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
 Data were calculated and analyzed with the help of SPSS version 21.0.
 The data wer reported using descriptive and inferential statistics.
 The quantitative variables like age, etc was assessed by using mean standard
deviation and standard errors.
 The qualitative variables were reported using percentages and frequencies.
 Test of significance was applied.
32
4.11: GANTT CHART
Months
0 0 0 0
Activity
Synopsis
Submission
Data collection
Data analysis and

interpretation
Thesis compilation
Thesis presentation
and submission
33
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS
5.1: Anthropometric measurements and Demographic profile
5.1.1: Mean of anthropometric measures of hostel girls
Sr no Mean±SD Minimum Maximum

1 Age 21.46±1.643 18 27
2 Height 160.30±7.420 121 180
3 Weight 59.48±10.423 35 95
Table no 1: Frequency distribution of Anthropometric Measures
Out of 272 girls, the minimum age was 18 years and maximum age was 27 years. Their mean
age was 21.46±1.643.Out of 272 girls, the minimum height was 121cm and maximum height
was 180cm.Their mean height was 160.30±7.420.Out of 272 girls, the minimum weight was
35kg and maximum weight was 95kg.Their mean weight was 59.48±10.423
5.1.2: Frequency distribution of BMI
50 41.5
40
Percentages
30 20.2 normal
20 overweight
8.5
10 5.1 underweight
0 obese
normal overweight underweight obese
BMI
Figure no 1: Frequency distribution of body mass index (BMI)

Out of 272 girls, 41.5% were normal, 20.2% were overweight,8.5 were underweight
and 5.1%were obese.
34
5.1.3: Frequency distribution of family and medical history of hostel girls
Sr no
1 Family history Frequency Percentage
(yes) (118) 43.4%
(no) (154) 56.6%
2 Medical history Frequency
(yes) (41) 15.1%
(no) (231) 84.9%
Table no 2.Frequnecy distribution of family and medical history
Out of 272 girls, 118(43.4%) have family history and 154(56.6%) girls have no
family history. Out of 272 girls, only 41(15.1%) have medical history and a large
number of 231(84.9%) girls have no medical history.
5.1.4: Frequency distribution of girls studying
100 92.6
80
Percentages
60
40 undergraduate
20 postgraduate
5.9
0
undergraduate postgraduate
Studying
Figure no 2: Frequency distribution of girls studying

Out of 272 girls, 92.6 were undergraduate and 5.9 were those who are post graduate.
5.1.5: Frequency distribution of girl’s socio economic status
100
76.5
Percentages
80
60
40 lower class
21
20 1.1 middle class
1.5
0 upper class
lower middle upper lower
class class class middle lower middle class
class
Socioecnomic status
Figure no 3. Frequency distribution of Girls socioeconomic status
35
Out of 272 girls, 76.5% were from middle class, lowest number 1.1% were from lower middle
class,21% were from upper class and 1.5 % were from lower class.
5.2: Girls hostel experience
5.2.1: Frequency Distribution of duration of time from which the girls are living
in hostel
Sr no Time Period Frequency Percentage

1 1 month 11 4.0%
2 6 months 24 8.8%
3 1 year 123 45.2%
4 5 years 114 41.9%
Table no 3.Frequency distribution of time girls living in hostels
Out of 272 girls, 11(4.0%) were living in hostel from 1 month, 24(8.8%) were living in hostel
from 6 months, 123(45.2%) were living here from year and 114(41.9%) were living here from 5
years.
5.2.2: Frequency distribution of hostel living time of girls
50 45.2
41.9
40
Percentages
30 1month
20 6months
8.8 1year
10
4
5years
0
1month 6months 1year 5years
Hostel living time
Figure no 4. Frequency distribution of hostel living time of girls
Out of 272 girls, 41.9% were living from 5 years,45.2% were from 1 year,8.8% were from 6
months and 4% were from 1 month.
5.2.3: Frequency Distribution of Living experience of girls in hostel

Sr no Living Frequency Percentage
Experience
1 Good 32 11.8%
2 Bad 64 23.5%
3 Normal 168 61.7%
4 Very bad 8 2.9%
Table no 4.Frequency distribution of living experience of girls in hostel
36
Out of 272 girls, 32(11.8%) had good experience, 64(23.5%) had bad experience,
168(61.7%) had normal and only 8(2.9%) had very bad experience.
5.2.4: Frequency distribution of hostel environment conditions
70 57.7
60
Percentages
50
40 25.4
30 free
20 11.4
10 5.5 restricted
0
congested
poor
Hostel enviorment
Figure no 5.Frequency distribution of hostel environment conditions
Out of 272 girls, 57.7% were saying that hostel environment was restricted,25.4% were saying
that it is congested,11.4% were saying that the environment was free and 5.5% were saying that
the environment was poor.
5.2.5: Frequency Distribution of Room cleaning
Sr no Room cleaning Frequency Percentage

1 Daily 111 40.8%
2 Once a week 56 20.6%
3 Twice a week 89 32.7%
4 Once in a month 16 5.9%
Table no 5.Frequency distribution of room cleaning
Out of 272 girls, Room of 111(40.8%) girls was cleaned daily, 56(20.6%) girls told that their
room has been cleaned once a week, 89(32.7%) girls told that their room has been cleaned twice
a week, room of 16(5.9%) girls was cleaned once in a month.
37
5.2.6: Frequency distribution of hostel health care facilities
35 32.7 31.6
30 24.6
Percentages
25
20 none
15 11
10 have some
5 have all
0
very few
none have have all very
some few
Health care facilities
Figure no 6. Frequency distribution of hostel health care facilities

Out of 272 girls, 32.7% were saying that there is no health care facilities in hostel, 31.
% said that have some, 24.6% said that very few and 11% were said that have all
health care facilities in hostel.
5.2.7: Frequency Distribution of condition of hostel washroom and kitchen
Sr no Condition of Frequency Percentage

Washroom and kitchen
1 Very poor 93 34.2%
2 Good 55 20.2%
3 Very bad 16 5.9%
4 Normal 108 39.7%
Table no 6.Frequency distribution of condition of hostel washroom and kitchen
Out of 272 girls, 93(34.2%) girls have experienced poor, 55(20.2%) girls have good, and
16(5.9%) girls have bad and 108(39.7%) girls have experienced normal condition of washroom
and kitchen at their hostels.
5.2.8: Frequency distribution of hostel water sanitation conditions
40 26.5 35.7 33.5

Percentages
20 hygenic
4.4
0 unhygenic
poor sanitation
none
Water sanitation
Figure no 7. Frequency distribution of hostel water sanitation conditions
38
Out of 272 girls, 35.7% were saying that the sanitation conditions were unhygienic,
33.5%said poor sanitation.26.5% said hygienic and 4.4% said nothing.
5.3: Distribution of hostel mess eating and food groups consumption by hostel
girls
5.3.1: Frequency Distribution of hostel mess food’s taste
Sr no Taste of hostel Frequency Percentage

Mess food
1 Tasteless 117 43.0%
2 Oily 65 23.9%
3 Spicy 36 13.2%
4 Normal 54 19.9%
Table no 7.Frequency distribution of hostel mess food taste
Out of 272 girls, 117(43.0%) girls were thinking that tasteless food available in their hostels,
65(23.9%) were said that the food is oily, 36(13.2%) were said that the food is spicy and
54(19.9%) were said that the food tastes normal in their hostel mess.
5.3.2: Frequency distribution of eating time from hostel mess daily
50 42.6
30.1
Percentages
40
30 16.2 one time
20 11
10 two times
0 three times
one time two times three never
times never
Daily timing of mess
Figure no 8. Frequency distribution of eating time from hostel mess daily
Out of 272 girls,42.6% were eating only one time daily,30.1% were eating two times
daily,16.2% were not eating from mess, and 11% were eating from three times.
39
5.3.3: Frequency Distribution of how many times girls eat from mess
Sr no Number of times Frequency Percentage

Girls eat from hostel mess
1 Daily 90 33.1%
2 Once a week 74 27.2%
4 Never 33 12.1%
Table no 8.Frequency distribution of how many times girls eat from mess
Out of 272 girls, 90(33.1%) girls ate from hostel mess on daily basis, 74(27.2%) girls ate from
hostel mess once in a week, 75(27.6%) girls ate twice a week and 33(12.1%) girls never ate from
hostel mess.
5.3.4: Frequency distribution of food preferences apart from mess food
80 68.8
Percentages
60
40 junck food
20 12.5 10.3 8.5 homemade food
0 stick to hostel food
nothing
Figure no 9. Frequency distribution of food preferences apart from mess food
Out of 272 girls, 68.8% were eating homemade food, 12.5% were eating junk food, 10.3% were
stick to hostel food and 8.5% ate nothing.
40
5.3.5: Frequency Distribution of all food groups consumption by girls daily
Sr Frequency Percentages
no
1 Servings of grains 4-5 servings 33 12.1%
3-4 servings 53 19.5%
6-11 servings 15 5.5%
2-3 servings 171 62.9%
2 Meat consumption 1-2 servings 111 40.8%
0 serving 103 37.9%
2-3 servings 49 18.0%
4 servings 8 2.9%
3 Fruits 2-3 servings 53 19.5%
Consumption 3-4 servings 29 10.7%
1 serving 93 34.2%
0 serving 97 35.7%
4 Vegetables 1-2 servings 85 31.3%
consumption 2-3 servings 53 19.5%
0 servings 52 19.1%
1 servings 82 30.1%
5 Dairy products Once in a week 93 34.2%
consumption Daily 64 23.5%
2-4 times in a week 61 22.4%
Never 54 19.9%
6 Lentils 1 time 76 27.9%
consumption in a 2 times 84 30.9%
week I don’t like lentils 83 30.5%
3 times 29 10.7%
Table no 9.Frequency distribution of all food groups eaten by girls daily
Out of 272 girls,33(12.1%) girls had 4-5 servings of grains daily, 53(19.5%) girls had 3-4
servings of grains daily, 15(5.5%) girls had 6-11 servings daily and 171(62.9%) girls had 2-3
servings of grains on daily basis. Out 272 girls 111(40.8%) were consuming 1-2 serving of meat
a day whereas 103(37.9%) were never consuming and the least group of girls were 49(18.0%)
were consuming 2-3 serving 4(2.9%) were consuming 8 serving a day. Out of 272 girls
53(19.5%) were consuming 2-3 servings of fruits a day, 29(10.7%) were consuming 3-4
servings, 93(34.2%) were consuming 1 serving and 97(35.7%) were consuming 0 serving of
fruits. Out of 272 girls 85(31.3%) were consuming 1-2 servings, 53(19.5%) were consuming 2-3
servings, 52(19.1%) were consuming 0 servings and 82(30.1%) were consuming 1 serving of
vegetables. Out of 272 girls 93(34.3%) were consuming dairy products once in a week,
41
64(23.5%) were consuming a daily basis, 61(22.4%) were consuming 2-4 times a week and
54(19.9%) were never consuming dairy products. 76(27.9%) were eating lentils 1 time a week,
84(30.9%) were eating 2 times a week,83(30.5%) were saying they don’t like and 29(10.7%)
were eating 9 times a week.
5.4:Frequency distribution of fast food consumption and sweet dishes beverages
5.4.1: Frequency distribution of fast foods eating time in a week, preferring time to eat fast
food and fast food likes
Sr no frequency Percentage
1 Fast food eating times Two times 118 43.4%
in week Three times 57 21.0%
Four times 51 18.8%
Five times 46 16.9%
2 Preferring time to eat Breakfast 10 3.7%
fast food Lunch 49 18.0%
Evening times 96 35.3%
Dinner 111 43.0%
3 Fast food likes Burger 53 19.5%
Pizza 133 48.9%
Sandwich 51 18.8%
Fried chicken 35 12.9%
Table no 10. Frequency distribution of fast foods eating time in a week, preferring time to
eat fast food and fast food likes
Out of 272 girls,118(43.4%) were eat two times a week ,57(21.0%) were three times and
51(18.8%) were four times, and 46(16.9%) were eating five times a week. Whereas
preferring time of fast food most of the girls, 111(43.0%) were eat fast food at
dinner,96(35.3%) at the evening.49(18.0%) at lunch and 10(3.7%) at the breakfast
time.133(48.9%) girls like pizza,53(19.5%) like burger,51(18.8%) like sandwich and
35(12.9%) were like to eat fried chicken.
42
5.4.2: Frequency distribution of junk food consumption per week
Percentages 50 46
40
30 21.3
15.4 17.3
20 everyday
10 3-4times
0
everyday 3-4times not at all every not at all
alternate every alternate days
days
Junk food eating in a week
Figure no 10. Frequency distribution of junk food consumption per week
Out of 272 girls,46%were eating junk food 3-4 times a week,21.3% were eating not all,17.3%
were eating on every alternate day and 15.4% were eating every day.
5.4.3: Frequency distribution of girls thinking about fast food and health, thinking about
fast food quality is improved, and thinking about preferring fast food
Sr Frequency Percentage
no
1 Girls thinking about Yes 28 10.3%
fast food and health No 108 39.7%
It depends on the 112 41.2%
quality 24 8.8%
I don’t know
2 Girls thinking about Yes 38 14.0%
fast food quality is No 81 29.8%
improved Depends on the 76 27.9%
money they spend
Only at some 77 28.3%
places
3 Girls thinking about Because of their 101 37.1%
preferring fast food fussy time table
They like to eat 85 31.3%
different taste
They don’t know 25 9.2%
how to cook
It becomes their 61 22.4%
habit
Table no 11. Frequency distribution of girls thinking about fast food and health, thinking
about fast food quality is improved, and thinking about why girls preferring fast food
43
Out of 272 girls thinking about fast food is good for health 28(10.3%) were saying
yes,108(39.7%) were saying no, 112(41.2%) were saying that it depend on the quality and
24(8.8%) were saying that they don’t know. Then the quality of fast food is imoproved now in
this 38(14.0%) were saying yes, 81(29.8%) for no,76(27.9%) were saying depend on money
spending and 77(28.3%) were saying at some places. On thinking about girls preferring fast food
apart from mess 101(37.1%) were saying because of fussy time table,85(31.3%) for different
taste,25(9.2%) were don’t know how to cook and 61(22.4%) were saying it becomes habit.
5.4.4: Frequency distribution of daily money spending on fast food
50 42.3
40
Percentages
30 21.7 22.1 100rs

20 14 200rs
10 250rs
300rs
0
100rs 200rs 250rs 300rs
Money spending
Figure no 11. Frequency distribution of daily money spending on fast food
Out of 272 girls, 42.3% were spend 300rs daily on fast food,22.1% were spend 250rs,21.7%
were spend 200rs,and 14% were spend 100rs on fast food daily.
5.4.5: Frequency distribution of snack preferences if you don’t have money to spend
Sr no Snack preferences frequency Percentage

1 Eating fruits 108 39.7%
2 Eating nuts 59 21.7%
3 Have some yogurt 41 15.1%
4 Nothing 64 23.5%
Table no 12.Frequency distribution of snack preferences if you don’t have money to spend
Out of 272 girls 108(39.7%) were preferring eating fruits if they don’t have money to spend,
59(21.7%) were preferring eating nuts, 41(15.1%) were preferring eating yogurt and 64(23.5%)
were eating nothing.
44
5.4.6: Frequency distribution of girls thinking about fast food
80
60.3
Percentages
60
nutrients
40
water content
20 17.3 14 balanced calories
8.1
0 all of the above
nutrients water content balanced all of the above
calories
Fastfood lacking
Figure no 12. Frequency distribution of girls thinking about fast food
Out of 272 girls,60.3% were said that fast food lack all of the above mention,17.3% were said
that fast food lack of nutrients,14% were said fast food lack of balanced calories, and 8.1% were
said fast food lack of water content.
5.4.7: Frequency distribution of eating sweet dishes per week
Sr no Eating sweet dishes per Frequency Percentage

week
1 Daily 48 17.6%
2 Only once 141 51.8%
3 Every third day 42 15.4%
Table no 13.Frequency distribution of eating sweet dishes per week
Out of 272 girls,48(17.6%) were having sweet dishes daily,141(51.6%) were eating once in a
week,42(15.4%) were eating every third day while 41(15.1%) were having twice a week.
5.4.8: Frequency distribution of drinking beverages per week
Sr no Drinking beverages per Frequency Percentage

week
1 1 time 70 25.5%
2 2-3 81 29.8%
3 3-4 63 23.2%
4 never 58 21.3%
Table no 14.Frequency distribution of drinking beverages per week
Out of 272 girls,70(25.5%) drink beverages once a week,81 drinks 2-3(29.8%) times per
week,63(23.2%) drink 3-4 times a week while 58(21.3%) never have beverages.
45
5.5: Frequency distribution of physically active were the hostel girls and their thinking
about their appearance
5.5.1: Frequency distribution of girls physically active, daily walk timing, workout/walk
timing in a week
Sr no Frequency Percentage
1 physically active Sedentary lifestyle 48 17.6%
Lightly active 93 34.2%
Moderately active 99 36.4%
Very active 33 11.8%
2 Daily walk timing 10 mins 46 16.9%
15 mins 87 32.0%
45 mins 67 24.6%
never 72 26.5%
3 Workout/walk 2 times a week 86 31.6%
timing in a week 3-5times a week 44 16.2%
Not a single time 78 28.7%
Almost every day 64 23.5%
4 Stairs usage on daily 1 times 34 12.5%
basis 2 times 55 20.2%
Many times 160 58.8%
Never 23 8.5%
5 Lift/stairs Only lift 64 23.5%
Only stairs 41 15.1%
Most of the times 86 31.6%
stairs 81 29.8%
Both equally
6 Participation in Yes 44 16.2%
sports/games Some times 56 20.6%
No 132 48.5%
Lazy in it 40 14.7%
Table no15.Frequency distribution of how physically active were the hostel girls
Out 272 girls 48(17.6%) were having sedentary life style, 93(34.2%) were lightly active,
99(36.4%) were moderately active and 33(11.8%) were very active. Daily walk, 46(16.9%)
were spend 10 min for walk, 87(32.0%) were spending 15 mins, 67(24.6%) were spending 45
mins and 72(26.5%) were doing nothing. Out of 272 girls in stairs usage on daily basis
34(12.5%) were using one time, 55(20.2%) two times, 160(58.8%) used many times and
23(8.5%) were never used. Then if have option of stair/lift then 64 (23.5%) will use only lift,
41 (15.1%) will only stairs, 86(31.6%) will used most of the times stairs and 81(29.8%) will
use both equally. Out of 272 girls, 44(16.2%) were participating in games, 56(20.6%) were
46
participating sometimes, 132(48.5%) were not participating at all while 40(14.7%) were
being lazy in participating.
5.5.2: Frequency distribution of doing gym in a week
70 58.8
60
Percentages
50
40 daily
30
once in a week
20 12.9
8.1 11.4 8.8
10 twice in a week
0 five times a week
daily once in twice in five never
a week a week times a never
week
Gym
Figure no 13. Frequency distribution of doing gym in a week
Out of 272 girls, 58.8% were doing gym once in a week, 12.9% were not doing gym,11.4% were
doing twice in a week,8.8% were doing five times a week, and 8.1% were doing on daily basis.
5.5.3: Frequency distribution of weight gain in recent times.
Sr no Weight gain in recent Frequency Percentage

time
1 Yes 117 43.0%
2 No 85 31.3%
3 i haven’t checked 45 16.5%
4 i lost weight 25 9.2%
Table no 16.Frequency distribution of weight gain in recent times
Out of 272 girls, 117(43.0%) have gained weight in past time, 85(31.3%) didn’t have any change
in weight, 45(16.5%) haven’t checked and 25(9.2%) have lost weight.
47
5.5.4: Frequency distribution of after eating habits of girls
60 30.5 41.2
26.5
Percentages
40 lying on bed
20
1.8 walk for 15 mints
0
lying on walk for sitting slepet sitting
bed 15 mints
slepet
After eating habits
Figure no 14. Frequency distribution of after eating habits of girls
Out of 272 girls, 41.2% had habit of sitting after they eat, 30.5% had habit of walk for 15 mins,
26.5%had habit lying on bed and 1.8% had slept after they eat.
5.5.5: Frequency distribution of girls thinking about their weight and appearance
44.9
50
Percentages
40 27.6
30 overweight
20 16.9
10.7 underweight
10
obese
0
overweight underweight obese normal normal
Opinion about own weight
Figure no 15. Frequency distribution of girls thinking about their weight and appearance
Out of 272 girls,44.9% were think that their weight was normal,27.6% were think that they were
overweight,16.9% were think that they were underweight and 10.7% were think that they were
obese.
48
5.6: Frequency distribution of physical and nutritional deficiencies related signs and
symptoms
5.6.1: Frequency distribution of physical and clinical signs and symptoms due to different
nutritional deficiencies
Sr Frequency Percentage
no
1 Irregular menstrual Yes 69 25.4%
cycle No 122 44.9%
Sometimes 69 25.4%
I didn’t notice 12 4.4%
2 Excessive hair Yes 65 23.9%
growth No 133 48.9%
May be 57 21.0%
May not be 17 5.9%
3 Constipation Yes 73 26.8%
No 91 33.5%
Some times 89 32.7%
Every alternate day 19 7.0%
4 Indigestion/Diarrhea Yes 55 20.2%
issue No 122 44.9%
Quite often 63 23.2%
seldom 32 11.8%
5 Heat burn yes 76 27.9%
many times 46 16.9%
sometimes 98 36.0%
no 52 19.1%
6 Dark circles, Yes 112 41.2%
headache, pale skin No 79 29.0%
i don’t know 19 7.0%
maybe 62 22.8%
7 Feel fatigue, bone Yes 94 34.6%
pain, muscle No 65 23.9%
weakness Sometimes 55 20.2%
few of these 58 21.3%
symptoms
8 Dry skin, dry hair, yes 84 30.9%
eye sight issues, acne no 77 28.3%
breakouts, lesser few of these 94 34.6%
energy symptoms
never noticed 17 6.3%
Table no 17.Frequency distribution of physical signs and symptoms due to different
nutritional deficiencies
49
Out of 272 girls, 69(25.4%) observe irregularity in menstrual cycle, 122(44.9%) felt no
irregularity, 69(25.4%) felt some problem sometimes while 12(4.4%) didn’t notice any change.
And then out of 272 girls, 65(23.9%) have face excessive hair growth, 133(48.9%) didn’t notice
any hair growth, 57(21.0%) felt may be the is some excessive hair while 17(5.9%) didn’t notice.
Out of 272 girls, 73(26.8%) Girls were facing constipation issue, 91(33.5%) were having no
constipation, 89(32.7%) face constipation sometimes while 19(7.0%) face constipation every
alternate day. Whereas out of 272 girls, 55(20.2%) gave indigestion/diarrhea, 122(44.9%) didn’t
have any indigestion, 63(23.2%) have indigestion often and 32(11.8%) sometimes have
indigestion/diarrhea. Out of 272 girls, 76(27.9%) girls have heart burn after eating oily foods, 46
(16.9%) have heart burn very often, and 98(36.0%) have heart burn sometimes while 52(19.0%)
have no heart burn. Out of 272 girls, 112(41.2%) girls have pale skin, dark circles, headache etc,
79(29.0%) haven’t felt any such symptoms, 19(7.0%) didn’t know about it while 62(22.8%) felt
them sometimes. Out of 272 girls 94(34.6%) were having symptoms like fatigued, bone pain,
muscle weakness and difficulty in losing weight whereas 65(23.9%) were having no symptoms,
55(20.2%) were having it sometimes and 58(21.1%) were having few of these symptoms. Out of
272 girls 84(30.9%) were having symptoms of vitamin d deficiency whereas 77(28.3%) were
having no symptoms like these, 94(34.6%) were having few of these symptoms and 17(6.3%) of
them have never noticed it.
5.6.2: Frequency distribution of any allergic condition in girls after eating nan or roti
60 48.5
Percentages
50
40 23.9
30 14.7 redness on skin
20 8.8
10 4
itiching on body
0
nausea
dryness of skin
no
Allergic condition
Figure no 16. Frequency distribution of any allergic condition in girls after eating nan or
roti
50
Out of 272 girls,48.5% were suffer from nausea after eating nan or roti,23.9% were suffer from
dryness of skin,14.8% had itching on their body,8.8% had redness on skin and 4% had no
allergic conditions after eating nan or roti.
5.6.3: Frequency distribution of Stomach issues after eating nan or roti
Sr no Stomach issues after Frequency Percentage

eating nan or roti
1 Yes 107 39.3%
2 No 49 18.0%
3 Some times 95 34.9%
4 Many times 21 7.7%
Table no 18.Frequency distribution of stomach issues after eating Nan or roti
Out 272 girls 107(39.3%) were having no stomach issues after eating nan or roti,49(18.0%) says
yes,95(34.9%) were saying sometimes and 21(7.7%) were saying many times.
5.6.4: Frequency distribution of bowel habit satisfaction and irritable bowel syndrome
effect your life, and stomach pain severe
1 How satisfied with your very happy 39 14.3%
bowel habits quite disturbed 159 58.5%
un happy 63 23.2%
very unsatisfied 11 4.0%
2 IBS effect your life not at all 88 32.2%
not much 121 44.5%
quite a lot 52 19.0%
completely 11 4.0%
3 How severe your stomach no pain 129 47.4%

pain is not very severe 89 32.7%
quite severe 42 15.4%
severe 12 4.4%
Table no 19.Frequency distribution of bowel satisfaction and IBS and stomach pain severe
due to it
Out of 272 girls,39(14.3%) were very happy with their bowel habits,159(58.5%) were quietly
disturbed with their bowel habits,63(23.2%) were unhappy, while 11(4.0%) were very unhappy.
51
out of 272 rgirls,88(32.2%) have no effect of irritable bowel syndrome in their life,121(44.5%)
felt not much difference,52(19.0%) felt quite a lot of difference while 11(4.0%) felt their life
completely changed after IBS.Out of 272 girls,129(47.4%) girls have no pain in
stomach,89(32.7%) have not very severe pain,42(15.4%) have quite severe pain and 12(4.4%)
have severe pain.
5.6.5: Frequency distribution of food allergy in girls
80 69.9
70
60
Percentages
50
40 wheat
30
20 12.1 14.3 peanuts
10 3.3 milk
0
never
Food allergy
Figure no 17. Frequency distribution of food allergy in girls
Out of 272 girls, 69.9% were having no food allergy, 14.3% were having milk allergy, 12.1%
were having peanuts allergy, and 3.3% were having wheat allergy.
5.6.6: Frequency distribution of having blood pressure issues (hyper/hypo)

74.6
80
Percentages
60
no
40
yes
20 10.3
7.4 7.7 i have both
0 sometimes
no yes i have both sometimes
Having bp issues
Figure no 18. Frequency distribution of having blood pressure issues
Out of 272 girls,74.6% were having no bp issues,10.3% were said that they have bp issues but
some times,7.7% were said that they have both(hyper/hypo),and 7.4% were said yes.
5.6.7: Frequency distribution of girls having digestion problem before coming hostel
52
80 59.6
Percentages 60
40 13.6 15.4 11.4 no
20
0 yes
i have but little
sometimes
Digestion problem
Figure no 19. Frequency distribution of girls having digestion problem before coming
hostel
Out of 272 girls, 59.6% had no digestion problem before coming to hostel,15.4% were said they
had but little,13.6% were said yes, and 11.4% were said they had but sometimes.
5.6.8: Frequency distribution of current stomach pain severeness
60 50.4
32.7
Percentages
40 14.3 no pain
20 2.6
0 not very severe
no pain not very quite severe quite severe
severe severe
severe
Curent pain
Figure no 20. Frequency distribution of current stomach pain severeness
Out of 272 girls, 50.4% were said no, 32.7% were said they had pain but not very much,14.3%
were said quite severe, and 2.6% said they were in severe pain.
5.6.9: Frequency distribution of disorders caused by eating fast foods
60 26.8 40.8
20.6
Percentages
40 11.8
20 obesity
0
heart diseases
obesity heart a and d gastro
diseases intestinal a and d
diseases
gastro intestinal diseases
Disorders by fastfood
Figure no 21. Frequency distribution of disorders caused by eating fast foods
Out of 272 girls,40.8% were said both a and d,26.8% were said obesity,20.6% were said gastro
intestinal diseases, and 11.8% were said heart diseases.
53
5.6.10: Frequency distribution of girls checked their hp levels
60 41.2 28.7
16.9
Percentages
40 13.2
20 yes
0
no
yes no quite i dont
long know quite long time
time
i dont know
Hb level
Figure no 22. Frequency distribution of girls checked their hp levels
Out of 272 girls, 41.2% were those who had checked their hp level,28.7% were who had not
checked,16.9% were said they don’t know, and 13.2% were said quite long.
5.7: Frequency distribution of having caffeine intake, and sunbath by hostel girls on daily
basis
5.7.1: Frequency distribution caffeine like coffee/chocolate/tea consumption
50 46
30.1
Percentages
40
30
20 13.2
10.7 twice a day
10
0 sometimes
3-4 times a day
never
Caffiene intake
Figure no 23. Frequency distribution caffeine like coffee/chocolate/tea consumption
Out of 272 girls,46% were those who like caffeinated things but some times,30.1% were like to
have these two times a day,13.2% were said they never like,and 10.7% were said 3-4 times a
day.
5.7.2: Frequency distribution of having sunbath daily
54
50 42.6
Percentages 40 26.8
21.7 everyday 10mins
30
20
8.8 never
10
0
everyday never almost sometimes almost after 2-3times a
10mins after 2- week
3times a sometimes
week
Sunbath
Figure no 24. Frequency distribution of having sunbath daily
Out of 272 girls,42.6 had never taken sunbath daily,26.8% had taken sunbath but
sometimes,21.7% had taken sunbath for 10 mins daily, and 8.8% had taken sunbath on every 2-3
times a week.
5.8: Frequency distribution of smoking, drugs addiction and stress conditions
5.8.1: Frequency distribution of smokers in hostel, see someone smoking and your reaction
upon this and use of cigarette.
1 Smokers in hostel No 168 61.8%
Yes 62 22.8%
sometimes 32 11.8%
many times 10 3.7%
2 Reaction upon smokers if liked it 34 12.5%

you see them angry with her 107 39.3%
complain to 115 42.3%
warden
enjoy smoking 16 5.9%
with her
3 Use of cigarette no 194 71.3%
yes 26 9.6%
its irritating 32 11.8%
it smells good 20 7.4%
Table no 20.Frequency distribution of smoking and smokers in hostel

Out of 272 girls 168(61.8%) were not seen smoking, 62(22.8%) were seen smoking,32(11.8%)
were those who used it sometimes and 10(3.7%) were seen smoking many times whereas the
reaction upon smoking was like out of 272 girls 34(12.5%) liked it,107(39.3%) got
55
angry,115(42.3%) did complain to warden and 16(5.9%) enjoyed it While the use of cigarette
was like out of 272 girls 194(71.3%) were not using it,26(9.6%) were using it,32(11.8%) found it
irritating and 20(7.4%)found it smells good.
5.8.2: Frequency distribution of painkiller girls eat
80 59.9
Percentages
60
panadol
40
disprin
20 15.4 16.2
8.5 ponston
0 none
panadol disprin ponston none
Painkiller
Figure no 25. Frequency distribution of painkiller girls eat
Out of 272 girls, 59.9% were taking Panadol, 16.2% were not taking any painkiller, 15.4% were
taking disprin, and 8.5 percent were taking ponston.
5.8.3: Frequency distribution of use of drugs, drug addicts and use of drug is good or bad
1 yes
Drug Addicted (friend or 29 10.7%
hostel mate) no 217 79.8%
some 20 7.4%
only hostel 6 2.2%
mates
2 Tried Drugs Ever no 203 74.6%
yes 17 6.3%
not at all 39 14.3%
tried once but 13 4.8%
don’t like it
3 Use of Drug is good or it cause many 140 51.5%
bad serious health
issues
it takes our focus 26 9.6%
out from studies
it is the cause of 39 14.3%
death
no idea 67 24.6%
Table no 21.Frequency distribution of drugs addiction and drug usage is good or bad
56
Out of 272 girls 29(10.7%) were drug addict,217(79.8%) were not drugaddict,20(7.4%) were
using few and 6(2.2%) were the hostilities who were drug addict whereas out of 272 girls
203(74.6%) never tried drugs,17(6.3%) were tried it,39(14.3%) were those who never used it and
13(4.8%) tried it but didn’t like it while out of 272 girls 140(51.5%) thinks that use of drugs
cause serious health issues,26(9.6%) said that it takes our focus out from studies,39(14.3%) said
it is the cause of death and 67(24.6%) said that they have no idea about it.
5.8.4: Frequency distribution of stress condition and its effects
1 Suffering from stress many times 58 21.3%
condition some times 156 57.4%
never 40 14.7%
all the time 18 6.6%
2 Stress doing habits start eating 42 15.4%
sleeping 82 30.1%
angry with 71 26.1%
others 77 28.3%
silent
3 Stress eating chocolates 62 22.8%
chips 45 16.5%
fast food 53 19.5%
nothing 112 41.5%
Table no 22.Frequency distribution of stress condition and its effects
Out of 272 girls 58(21.3%) were having stress conditions many times,156(57.4%) were having it
sometimes,40(14.7%) were never having it and 18(6.6%) were having it all the time. Out of 272
girls 42(15.4%) start eating whereas 82(30.1%) get sleep,71(26.1%) get angry with others and
77(28.3%) get silent when they get stressed on the other side out of 272 girls 62(22.8%) start
eating chochlates,45(16.5%) start eating chips,53(19.5%) start eating fast food and 112(41.5%)
eat nothing when they get stressed.
57
5.8.5: Frequency distribution of girls issues with roommates
60 47.4
32.7
Percentages
40
yes
20 14.7
5.1 no
0 sometimes
yes no sometimes away from
this away from this
Roomates issues
Figure no 26. Frequency distribution of girls issues with roommates
Out of 272 girls.47.4% were said they had no issues with their roommates, 32.7% were said that
some times, 14.7% were said yes, and 5.1% were said away from this.
5.8.5: Frequency distribution of girls having family pressure due to many reasons
50 44.5
33.5
Percentages
40 Financial issues
30
20 13.2 study issues
8.8
10
0 un health eating habits
Financial study un health force to do
issues issues eating what we
habits dont want force to do what we dont
want
Family pressure
Figure no 27. Frequency distribution of girls having family pressure due to many reasons
Out of 272 girls.44.5% were under family pressure due to their un healthy eating habits,33.5%
were due to study issues,13.2% were because they were force to do what they don’t want, and
8.8% were due to financial issues.
58
5.9: Frequency distribution of 24hour recall and association between two variables
5.9.1: Frequency distribution of 24 hour recall
100 77.6 87.1 87.9

Percentages
80 55.1
60 36.8 breakfast
40
20 lunch
0
dinner
midmorning
evening snack
24 hour recall
Figure no 28. Frequency distribution of 24 hour recall
Out of 272 girls, 87.9% were having dinner, 87.1% were having lunch, 77.6% were having
breakfast, 55.1% were having evening snack and 36.8% were having midmorning snacks.
5.9.2: Association between BMI and physically active
BMI physically active you are Total p-value
Sedentary Lightly Moderately Very active

lifestyle active active
Normal 22 51 55 21 149 .094
Overweight 16 33 28 4 81
Underweight 4 6 10 6 26
Obese 6 3 6 1 16
Total 48 93 99 32 272
Table no 23. Association between BMI and physically active
In table no 23 ,out of 272 girls 99 were who are moderately active, in which 55 girls were those
whose body mass index (BMI) were normal,28 were overweight,10 were under weight and 6
were obese. There was also no significant association in between BMI and physically active (p-
value >0.05).
59
CHPATER 6
DISCUSSION
Hostel is basically the place where the students live and have develop different habits like
different eating patterns, physical activity, and they also know how to live away from their home
independently. Current study was also on hostel girl’s lifestyle but we mainly focus on the
nutritional status of university going hostel girls to know how they manage their eating time,
physical activity, with their hectic study routine. In present study we found that the mean age of
the girls was 21.46±1.643, mean height was 160.30±7.420 and the mean weight was
59.48±10.423. Same results were found in study by Krishna J et al., 2016 revealed that average
weight was 40.09 ± 7.26 kg .Mean height was 150.02 ± 8.09 cm.70One more study was
conducted by Fazli GR et al.,2019 according to which the mean height was 170.33 cm ,mean
weight was 61.26 kg.71Analysis of the current study shows that, out of 272 female students, 26
students were underweight, 134 were normal, 75 were overweight and 15 were obese according
to their Body mass index. Same study was conducted by Roy S et al,2016 whose results revealed
that out of 2765 female students,1515 females were normal,364 were overweight and only 143
were obese.72Another study by Gupta D et al,2017 shown the results that out of 100. 60% of
respondents were underweight, 38% of the respondents had normal BMI and 2% respondents
were overweight. Obesity was not found among the respondents.73One more study conducted by
Fazli GR et al.,2019 shows that out of 100 females,50 were underweight,35 were normal and 15
were obese according to their BMI.71Another study by Wehigaldeniya WG et al.,2017 showed
that out of 449 females,75 students were underweight,348 had normal weight and 26 females had
overweight.74 In the present study out of 272 female students, 32 students had good living
experience in hostel.64 students had bad , 168 students had normal and only 8 students had very
bad experience of living in hostel. The same type of study was conducted by Ali A et al., 2017
whose results unveil that out of 90 female students, 12 females complaints that they were
suffering from loose motion from last few days, 7 females complaints that the surrounding were
effecting their breathing system badly and more than 45 students suggested that there should be
air passing system available in hostel washrooms. So overall they had bad experience of living in
hostel.75
60
Healthcare facilities are very important for girls in hostels, in the present study out of 272
students, 89 students had no facilities available in their hostels, 86 students had some of them, 30
students had all facilities and 67 students had very few facilities available in their hostels. The
same study was conducted by Bichi AM et al., 2018. When the result came, it was shown that
due to more people living in a single small room the facilities available were not enough for
them or it become hard to take benefits from the available resources.24Another study was
conducted by ToyinSawyerr P et al.,2013 whose results shows that out of 250 respondents ,
66.6% (166.5) respondents were not satisfied with the facilities.76Another study conducted by
Alshurideh M et al.,2014. The results showed that out of 500 students almost all the students
medical service center location and medical services' prices, doctors' experience, medical clinic
temperature and cleanliness, and treatment by employees but were dissatisfied with appointment
waiting times.77
The condition of hostel washrooms, kitchens and bathrooms should be very clean so that the
more clean the environment the less the chance of getting diseases. In the present study out of
272 girls, 72 girls had hygienic water sanitation condition, 97 had unhygienic water sanitation
condition, 91 girls had poor sanitation condition and 12 girls had no water sanitation system at
their hostels. The same study was conducted by Okpala PU et al., 2014 whose results showed
that out of 200 female students, all of them felt that the sanitary condition of their hostels was
poor because most of the basic elements of environmental health were inadequate, such as safe
water and basic sanitation.78The intake of all nutrients are very important to avoid deficiency
causing problems, in present like other nutrients dairy products consumption is very low and
cause calcium and vitamin d deficiency causing problems like bones and muscles weakness as in
the study out of 272 girls 93 were consuming dairy products once in a week,64 were consuming
a daily basis,61 were consuming 2-4 times a week and 54 were never consuming dairy products.
A study done by Ghajari H et al.,2016 showed that 57.1 % students were consuming dairy
products, where as 28 were having poor intake of calcium intake.50.6 were having little
knowledge of calcium intake and 27.4 were having good consumption of calcium.79
Fast food/junk food intake is very common problem in hostels specially in girls hostel in our
study we found that out of 272 girls 118 were eating two times a week,57 three times a week,51
4 times and 46 were eating 5 times a week. Most of them were spend 300 rs daily on fast food,
they prefer pizza mostly in fast food items. A study was conducted by Shree V et al., 2018
61
showed that 58 students were taking junk food items in replacement of dinner.32 students were
taking it in evening and 26 were eating it in replacement of lunch.68 students like to drink fizzy
drinks. Almost 91 students consume junk food for more than two times a week. Pizza was seen
to be the item liked by almost every student.33
Hostel living girls are mostly less physical active having no gym, no stairs usage, no walk have
sedentary life style in our study out of 272 girls 48 were having sedentary life style, 93 were
lightly active, 99 were moderately active and 32 were very active. A study done by Ranasinghe
C,et al.,2016,showed that 48.9 percent were having no physical active,only15.9 were having
more physically activity and the remaining having sedentary life style.42
Hostel girls also face GI issues like constipation, diarrhea and heat burns like conditions these
all cause IBS in patients, in our study out 272 girls,88 have no effect of ibs in their life,121 felt
not much difference,52 felt quite a lot of difference while 11 felt their life completely changed
after IBS.A study done by Afridi H, et al., 2017 showed the result that out of her 604 candidates
the resultant 223 were having IBS issues and 84 were having irritable bowel syndrome and
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).47Hostel girls also having menstruation and hair growth
issues with eight gain which may lead to poly cystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS).In present study
out of 272 girls 69 observe irregularity in menstrual cycle,122 felt no irregularity,69 felt some
problem sometimes while 12 didn’t notice any change. There is study done by George NS et al.,
2014 which showed that Out of 233 examples 28 had mellow pain, 77 had moderate agony and
41 had extreme torment during monthly cycle. Tiredness 110, back torment 106 and crabbiness
97, were the most widely recognized side effects related with painful periods.80
Hostel girls also develop the habit of smoking, drug addiction, ciggrates etc due to the bad
company they have in the present study out of 272 girls168 were not seen smoking, 62 were seen
smoking,32 were those who used it sometimes and 10 were seen smoking many times. A study
done by Mustafa A et al., 2017 in his study he showed that in hostels the smokers were mostly
the medical students in his study 65% were those who start smoking due to their bad
company,58% were smokers in hostels due to no restrictions, and 29% were start smoking from
their beginning.81
Stress and depression are the conditions which occurs mostly in hostel girls it has many reasons
behind it like family pressure, studies or financial issues due to which they had habit of stressed
eating. In present study out 272 girls 58 were having stress conditions many times, 156 were
62
having it sometimes,40 were never having it and 18 were having it all the time. A study done by
Saxena A et al., 2017,in this 78 %of the girls were stressed and they start eating high caloric
foods likes burgers,pasta,pizzasetc and 17% were those who were in stress in due to which they
have been suffered from hair falling and have pale colors become anemic.82Most of the
hostilities have no eating time tables they skip breakfast, lunch or dinner in present study out of
272 girls 60 were skip breakfast,35 were skip lunch and 32 skip dinner they eat mostly out of
time which in result cause health issues and nutritional problems. A study done by Khanna S et
al., 2017 in which the focus of study was skipping breakfast more common in females, 60.3 girls
skipped breakfast as compared to boys and this may lead them to mental distress.83
63
CHAPTER 7
7.1: CONCLUSION(S)
The study concluded that most of the girls were suffering from disease conditions like Anemia,
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Constipation, Diarrhea and Food allergies. Most of them were
also suffering from deficiencies of Vitamin A, D and Calcium. Girls were also suffering from
Depression. Most of the girls were in the condition of overweight as well as underweight.
64
7.2: RECOMMENDATION(S)
 Girls may have to know more about nutrition so they may take care more
about their health.
 Nutrition education class may organize by the hostel so the girls have
opportunity to have nutrition education.
 Girls may start to eat healthy and become physically active to avoid having
any nutrition related deficiencies.
 Avoid eating fast food more and made a timetable for their meals to stop
skipping breakfast.
65
7.3: LIMITATION(S)
66
CHAPTER 8
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65. El Ansari W, Suominen S, Berg-Beckhoff G. Mood and food at the University of Turku
in Finland: nutritional correlates of perceived stress are most pronounced among
overweight students. International journal of public health. 2015 Sep 1;60(6):707-16.
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66. Deb S, Strodl E, Sun J. Academic stress, parental pressure, anxiety and mental health
among Indian high school students. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral
Sciences. 2015;5(1):26-34.
67. Roberge DM. Food allergies abroad: an exploration of the experiences individuals with
food allergies face while studying abroad,2017.
diseases in a poor country. Environmental health and preventive medicine. 2016 Jul
1;21(4):224-30.
69. Fadzly NI, Kee WS. meal taking behavior and its associated factors among medical
students in a public university in Malaysia. International Journal of Public Health and
Clinical Sciences. 2018 Dec 17;5(6):204-14.
70. Krishna J, Mishra CP. Anthropometrically determined under nutrition in urban adolescent
girls of Varanasi. Int J Prev Public Health Sci. 2016 May;2:25-30.
71. Fazli GR, Sahibzada S, Poyesh AJ. Health and Nutritional Status: Students Residing at
Kunduz University Hostels (boys and girls). Health. 2019 Mar;4(2).
72. Roy S, Barman S, Mondal N, Sen J. Prevalence of stunting and thinness among
adolescent girls belonging to the Rajbanshi Population of West Bengal, India. Journal of
Nepal Paediatric Society. 2016 Dec 31;36(2):147-55.
73. Gupta D, Singh⃰ DR. Food Habits with Special Reference to Antioxidants Consumption
Patterns among Adolescent Girls.2017
74. Wehigaldeniya WG, Oshani PA, Kumara IM. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI)
and academic performance (AP) of university students in Sri Lanka: with special
reference to the University of Kelaniya. Int J Sci Res Publications. 2017;7(2):217-9.
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Regarding Housing Characteristics and Its Evaluation,2017
76. ToyinSawyerr P, Yusof NA. Student satisfaction with hostel facilities in Nigerian
polytechnics. Journal of Facilities Management. 2013 Sep 23;11(4):306-22.
77. Alshurideh M. The Factors Predicting Students' Satisfaction with Universities' Healthcare
Clinics' Services: A Case-Study from the Jordanian Higher Education Sector. Dirasat:
Administrative Sciences. 2014 Jul;161(1524):1-36.
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78. Okpala PU, Iheanacho PN, Okoronkwo I, Stephens R. Students‘perception of
environmental sanitation in female hostel-A study of a Nigerian university. West African
Journal of Nursing. 2014 May 1;25(1).
79. Ghajari H, Ghaderi N, Valizadeh R, Shakerinezhad G, Haghighizadeh MH. Knowledge,
attitude and nutritional behavior of female high school students about consumption of
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Pediatrics. 2016;4(11):3837-46.
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characteristics and symptoms experienced during menstruation. Nitte University Journal
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Habit of Cigarette Smoking among Doctors. Annals of King Edward Medical University.
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84. Cited on 15 September 2019 http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-
prevention/nutrition/a-healthy-lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi.
74
CHAPTER 9
9.1: ANNEXURES
9.2: CONSENT FORM
CONSENT FORM IN ENGLISH
This study has been conducted to assess the nutritional status of university going hostelite
girls in Lahore.
You are invited to participate in a research study conducted byTayyabaShabbir, Rijah
Khan, MahamSaleem, MishalLiaquat. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the
“Nutritional status of the university hostelite girls”.
Risks and Discomforts
There are no known risks associated with this research.
Potential Benefits
Awareness and health education will be provided to the girls.
Protection of Confidentiality
We will do everything we can to protect your privacy. Your identity will not be revealed in any
publication resulting from this study.
Voluntary Participation
Your participation in this research study is voluntary. You may choose not to participate and you
may withdraw your consent to participate any time. You will not be penalized in any way should
you decide not you participate or to withdraw from this study.
CONSENT
I have read this consent form and have been given the opportunity to ask questions.
I give my consent to participate in this study.
Participant’s Signature __________________ Date: ____________________

A copy of this consent form should be given to the participant.
75
‫نامہ شمولیت کی دعوت دیتا ‪/‬دیتی ہوں‬ ‫تحقیق میں شرکت کا دعوت‬
‫عنوان‪ :‬غزاءیت کی حثیت کی تشخیص کر نا انلڑکیوں کی جو یونیورسٹی میں پڑھتی اور ہاسٹل میں رہتی ہ‬
‫نقصانات اور تکلیف‪ :‬اس تحقیق سے کسی قسم کے نقصان یا تکلیف کا اندیشہ نہیں ہے ۔‬
‫ممکنہ فوائد‪ :‬آپکو ایک اہم تحقیق میں حصہ لینے کا موقعہ دیا جاۓ گا۔‬
‫رازداری کا تحفظ‪ :‬ہم آپ کی معلومات کے تحفظ کے لیے وہ سب کچہ کریں گے جو ہم کر سکتے ہیں۔ تحقیق کے‬
‫متعلق اکٹہی کیی گیی تمام معلومات کو انتہا ئی خفیہ رکھا جاے گا۔ ڈیٹا انٹری اور تجزیے کے دوران آپ کے متعلق وہ‬
‫تمام معلومات جن سے آپ کی شناخت ہو سکتی ہو کو ختم کر دیا جاے گا۔ اس تحقیق کے نتیجے میں شائع ہونے والی‬
‫کسی بھی اشاعت میں آپ کی شناخت کو ظاہر نہیں کیا جاے گا۔‬
‫رضاکارانہ شمولیت‪ :‬اس تحقیقی مطالعہ میں آپ کی شرکت رضاکارانہ ہے۔ آپ کو شرکت نہ کرنے‬
‫اور کسی بھی وقت پغیر وجہ بتانے اس تحقیق میں شمولیت کو چھوڑنے کا اختیار ہے۔ شرکت نہ‬
‫کرنے یا اس م یں شمولیت کو چھوڑنے کی صورت میں آپ کے خ الف کوئی کاروایی نہیں کی جاے گی‬
‫درجذیل معلومات تحقیق میں شامل ہونے والوں کے لیے پڑھیں اور ان کا جواب دیے گیے خانوں میں درج کریں۔‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫میں نے معلوماتی شیٹ جو کہ تحقیق کی وضاحت کر رہی ہے کو سمجھ لیا ہےاورمجھے تحققیق کے سواالت‬
‫کرنے کا موقع دیا گیا تھا۔‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫میں سمجھ گیا‪/‬گیی ہوں کہ میری شرکت رضاکارانہ ہے اور یہ کہ میں کسی بھی وقت اپنا ارادہ بدل سکتا‪/‬سکتی ہوں اور‬
‫تحقیق سے دستبردار ہو سکتا‪/‬سکتی‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫می ں سمجھ گیا‪/‬گیی ہوں کہ میرے جوابات خفیہ رکھے جاءیں کے۔ میں محقیقیین کو اس بات کی اجازت دیتا‪/‬دیتی ہوں‬
‫کے وہ جوابات کو جانچ سکیں۔‬
‫میں سممجھ گیا‪/‬گی ہوں کے معلومات میرے نام کے بجاے نمبر کی صورت میں محفوط کی جائیں گی۔ تا کہ میں نتائج ‪‬‬
‫کی اشاعت کے دوران کسی بھی طرح سے شناخت نہ کیا جا سکوں۔ میں اس بات سے رضامند ہوں کے جو معلومات‬
‫مجھ سے لی جائہیں گی وہ تحقیق میں استعمال ہوں گی۔‬
‫میں اوپر بتایی گی تحقیق میں شامل ہونے کے لیے رضامند ہوں اور محقیقین کو اپنا پتہ تبدیل ہونے کی صورت میں ‪‬‬
‫مطلع کروں گا‪/‬گی۔‬
‫رضا مندی‪:‬میں نے یہ اجازت نامہ پڑھا ہے اور مجھے سوال پوچھنے کا موقع دیا گیا ہے۔ میں اس‬
‫سٹڈی میں شرکت کے راضی ہوں۔‬
‫تاریخ‬ ‫دستخط____________________‬ ‫شرکت کنندہ کا نام __________________‬

‫___________‬
‫اجازت لینے والے کا نام ________________ دستخط ____________________تاریخ‬
‫____________‬
‫اس اجازت نامہ کی ایک نقل آپکو دی جانی چاہے۔‬
‫‪76‬‬
9.3: MASTER TABLE/ SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
77
9.4: PROFORMA/QUESTIONNAIRE
Candidate Name: ___________________
Age: ___________________________
Gender: ________________________
Height: ________________________
Weight: ________________________
BMI: ________________________
Family History: _________________________________________________________
Medical History:________________________________________________________
Education: ________________________
Socio Economic Status: __________________
Encircle the answer which match your choice
1. From how much time you live in hostel?
a) 1month b) 6months c) 1year d) 5years
2. How is your experience living in hostel?
a) Good b) bad c) normal d) very good
3. How is the environment of your hostel?
a) Free b) restricted c) congested d) poor
4. Is your hostel have Health care facilities?
a)none b)have some c)have all d)very few
5. How many times your room has been cleaned?
78
a)daily b) once a week c)twice a week d)once in month
6. How is the condition of your water sanitation in your hostel?
a) hygienic b)unhygienic c)poor sanitation d)none
7. What is the condition of your hostel washroom and kitchen?
a) very poor b)good c)very good d)normal
8. How is the taste of your hostel mess food?
a) tasteless b)oily c)spicy d)normal
9. How many times you eat from your mess?
a) daily b)once a week c)twice a week d)never
10. How many times you eat from your mess daily?
a) one time b)two times c) three time d)never
11. How many servings of grains you eat on daily basis?
a) 4-5 b)3-4 c)6-11 d)2-3
12. How many servings of meat you eat on daily basis?
a) 1-2 b)0 c)2-3 d)4
13. Your consumption of fruits serving on daily basis?
a) 2-3 b)3-4 c)1 d)0
14. Your consumption of vegetable serving on daily basis?
a) 1-2 b)2-3 c)0 d)1
15. How many times do you consume dairy products?
a) once a week b)daily c) 2-4 times a week d)Never
79
16. How many times do you eat fast food per week?
a) Two times b)Three times c)Four times d)Five times
17. Do you like fast food? If yes, what kind of fast food?
a) Burger b) Pizza c) Sandwich d) Fried Chicken.
18. How many times do you eat junk foods in a week?
a) Everyday b)3-4 times b)not at all d)every alternate day
19. At what time you usually like to eat fast food?
a) Breakfast. b)Lunch. c)Evening Snack. d)Dinner
20. Do you think fast food is good for your health as it is dehydrated and nutrients less food?
a) Yes b)No c)It depends upon quality d)I don’t care.
21. What do you prefer to eat apart from hostel mess food?
a) Junk foods b)Homemade food c)Stick to hostel food d)Nothing
22. In the past year, do you think fast food quality improved?
a) Yes b) No c)It depends upon the money you spend. d)Only at some places.
23. How much money do you spend on eating fast food a day?
a) 100 Rs. b) 200 Rs. c) 250 Rs. d) 300 Rs.
24. What do you think why students living in hostels mostly prefer fast food?
a) Because of their fussy timetable. b) They like to eat different tastes. c)They don’t
know how to cook d)It has become their habit.
25. What do you think that fast food lack?
a) Nutrients b)Water content. c)Balanced calories. d)All of above.
26. Do you have any stomach issue after eating Nan or roti?
80
a) no b)yes c)sometimes d)many times
27. What kind of allergic conditions you have been faced after eating naan or roti?
a) redness of skin b)itching on body c)nausea d)dryness on skin
28. Do you have any food allergy? If yes then from which food?
a) wheat b)peanuts c)milk d)never
29. How many times you eat lentils in a week?
a) 1 time b) 2 times c)I don’t like lentils d) 3 times
30. Which kind of snack you prefer when you don’t like mess? If you don’t have money to
spend?
a) Prefer eating fruit b)eating nuts c) have some yogurt d)nothing
31. How physically active you are?
a) sedentary lifestyle b)lightly active c)Moderately active d)Very active
32. How many times do you work out/walk in a week?
a) 2 times a week b)3-5 times a week c)Not a single time d)Almost everyday
33. Are you having a walk daily? If yes then for how much time?
a) 10 mins b)15 mints c)45 mints d) never
34. How many times you used stairs daily?
a) one b)two c)many times d)never
35. If you have stairs and lift then what will you used most?
a) only lift b)only stairs c)most of the times stairs d)both equally
36. Do you participate in your sports games?
a) yes b)sometimes c)no d)lazy in it

81
37. Are you doing gym? If yes then how many times in a week?
a) daily b)once in a week d)twice in a week d)five times in week
38. What thing you do first after eating?
a) lying on bed b)walk for 15 mints c)stting d)slepet
39. What you think about your weight after seeing your appearance?
a) over weight b)underweight c)obese d)normal
40. How many times you eat sweet dishes in a week?
a) daily because I love sweets b)only once c)every third day d)twice a week
41. Do you have Bp issues? If yes then is it hypo or hyper?
a) no b)yes I have hypertension issue c)I have both d)sometimes
42. Have you gained weight in past few time?
a) Yes b)No c)Haven’t checked my weight d)I’ve lost weight
43. How many times do you drink beverages per week?
a) 1time b)2-3 c)3-4 d)Never
44. Did you observe any irregularity in your menstural cycle?
a) yes,mymenstrual cycle is irregular b)No, it’s normal c)Sometimes irregular d)I didn’t
notice
45. Did you notice excessive hair growth (hairsuitism) on your face?
a) Yes b)No c)May Be d)may not be
46. Do you face constipation?
a) yes b)no c)sometimes d)Every alternate day
47. Do you have indigestion/Diarrhea issue?

82
a) Yes b)No c)Quite often d)Seldom
48. Do you feel heat burn after eating spicy and oily food?
a) yes b)many times c)sometimes d)no
49. Do you have digestion problem before coming hostel?
a) no b)yes c)I have but little d)some times before
50. How satisfied are you with your bowel habits?
a) Very happy b)Quite happy c) Unhappy d) Very unhappy
51. How severe is your stomach pain after eating food?
a) No Pain b) Not very severe c)Quite severe d)Severe
52. If currently in pain, how severe is your abdominal pain?
a) No Pain b) Not very severe c)Quite severe d) Severe
53. How much does your IBS affect or interfere with your life in general?
a) Not at all b)Not much c) Quite a lot d)Completely
54. What do you think, which disorder is most caused by eating fast food?
a) Obesity b) Heart Diseases. c) a and d. d)Gastro-intestinal diseases.
55. What do you think that fast food lack?
a) Nutrients b) Water content. c) Balanced calories. d) All of above.
56. Have you ever had your Hb levels assessed?
a) yes b)No c)quite along time d)I don’t know
57. Do you have pale skin,paleeyes,darkcircles,fatigued,headachesetc?
a) yes b)No c)I don’t know d)May be
83
58. Whats your caffeine intake?liketea,coffee or chocolates?
a) Twice a day b)sometimes c) 3-4 times a day d)Never
59. How many times you have sunbath or soak sunlight?
a) Everyday for 10 min b)Never c)Almost after 2-3 times a week d)Sometimes
60. Do you feel fatigued, bone pain, muscle weakness, difficulty in losing weight?
a) Yes b)No c)Sometimes d)few of these symptoms
61. Do you have dry skin, dry hair eye sight issues, acne breakouts, lesser energy?
a) Yes b)No c)Few of these symptoms d)Never noticed
62. Have you see someone smoking in hostel?
a) no b)yes c)sometimes d)many times
63. Do your roommates smoke in front of you? if yes then what is your reaction?
a) liked it b)angry with her c)complain to warden d)enjoy smoking with her
62. Have you ever try cigerate? If yes do you like it?
a) no b)yes c)its irritating d)it smells good
63. Do you take any pain killer? If yes then which one?
a) panadol b) disprin c) ponston d) none
64. Are any of your friend or hostel mate is drug addicted?
a) yes b) no c)some d)only hostelmates
65.Have you ever tried any kind of drugs/
a) no b)yes c)not at all d)tried once but don’t like it
66. What do think drug is good for our health?if no then why?
84
a) it cause many serious health issues b) it takes out our focus from our studies c)it is
the cause of death d)no idea
67. Do you have any issues with your roommates?
a) yes b)no c)sometimes d)away from this
68. Have you suffer from stress condition? If yes then how many times?
a) many times b)some times c)never d) all the time
69. Do you have any kind of family pressure?If yes then which kind of pressure it is?
a) financial issues b)study pressure c) unhealthy eating habits d)force to do what we

don’t want
70. What you mostly do when you are stressed?
a) start eating d)sleeping c)angry with others d)silent
71. What you eat more when you are stressed?
a) chocolates d)chips c)fast-food d)nothing
72. Are you having a walk daily? If yes then for how much time?
a) 10 mins b)15 mints c)45 mints d) never
85
24hr Recall
Meal of the day Food item Description Quantity Exchange
86
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Six copies on good quality paper (minimum 80 g) be submitted.
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The text must be typewritten in acceptable type face and the original typescript (or
copy of equal quality) must normally be submitted as the first copy. The second and
subsequent copies may be produced by means of other acceptable copying methods.
 LAYOUT OF SCRIPT
Typescript should appear on one side only, lines; at least one-and-a-half spaced.
Footnotes, quotations, references and photographic captions may be single spaced.
Where appropriate, these should contain lists giving the locations of figures and
illustrations.
87
 FONT SIZE
Title Page 18-22

Headings / subheadings 14-20
Text 10-12
Footnotes 8-10
Footnotes be given on the same page where reference is quoted
 TYPE STYLE
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At least 1¼ -1½ inches (3.17-3.81cm) on the left-hand side, 3/4 - 1 inch (2 -2.54cm) at
the top and bottom of the page, and about ½ - 0.75 inches (1.27 - 1.90cm) at the outer
edge. The best position for the page number is at top-centre or top right ½ inch (1.27
cm) below the edge. Pages containing figures and illustration should be suitable
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FOLLOWING IS THE PREFERABLE LAYOUT OF THE THESIS
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o Introduction (including literature review) or
 Introduction
 Review of Literature
88
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May comprised of one chapter or a number of chapters depending upon the subject
matter/ requirements
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All thesis must contain a title page giving the title of the thesis, the author's name, the
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 LENGTH OF THESIS
Whilst the regulations do not contain a clause relating to the maximum length of
theses, it is expected that work presented for the degree of PhD should normally
between 40,000 - 120,000 words of text. Candidates wishing to greatly exceed these
sizes should discuss the matter with their supervisors
 PUBLISH WORK
Published work from the theses be included as appendix (Reprints/ proof / preprint).
 BINDING
89
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permanent form or in a temporary (hard binding will be provided after defense of the
thesis) form approved by the Advanced Studies and Research Board; where printed
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the thesis, or bound in such manner as Binderies may advise. Front cover should give
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il./M.Sc
Abstract 250- 350 words 250- 350 250-

words 350
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90
tion pages
Literatu 20-30 pages 20-50 30-60

re pages pages
review
Material 5-8 pages 5—10 5-20

& pages pages
Method
Results Must cover all objectives
Discussi 2-4 pages 3-6 pages 8-20

on pages
conclusi 100-200 words 100-300 100-

on word 300
words
91

Nutritional Status of University Girls

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ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN

UNIVERSITY HOSTELITE GIRLS IN

TAYYABA SHABBIR (DDNS-02143109), MISHAL LIAQAT

In the Partial Fulfillment for the Award of

Co-Supervisor: HAFSA KAMRAN

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF DIET AND NUTRITIONAL

We Tayyaba Shabbir (DDNS02143109), Mishal Liaquat (DDNS02143103),Rijah

Tayyaba Shabbir Mishal Liaquat Rijah Khan

Ms. Maria Aslam

Dr. Shahid Bashir

Dean Faculty of Allied Health Sciences

Prof. Dr. Syed Amir Gilani

Supervisor Name: Maria Aslam

Co-Supervisor Name: Hafsa Kamran

Biostatistician Name Ms. Sadia Khan

Qualification: M.Sc. Biostatistics

The Research project entitled “ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS

Plagiarism Evaluation Report

To, Allah and then to our parents.

Abbreviations Full form

A cross-sectional investigation done by Kural M et al in 2015, information was gathered among

This study was conducted by Roberge DM et al.,2017 to investigate sustenance sensitivities in

To assess the nutritional status of university going Hostelite girls in Lahore.

4.2: Settings: University of Lahore hostels.

4.3: Study Duration: 4 months

4.6: Sample Selection:

4.6.1: Inclusion Criteria: All females living in hostels

4.6.2: Exclusion Criteria: 1.Day Scholars

2. Non cooperative individuals

4.7: Equipment(s): Questionnaire

1. Demographic data was taken from the participants

2. Questions were asked from the individuals directly of hostels.

Data analysis and

5.1.1: Mean of anthropometric measures of hostel girls

Sr no Mean±SD Minimum Maximum

Figure no 1: Frequency distribution of body mass index (BMI)

5.1.4: Frequency distribution of girls studying

Figure no 2: Frequency distribution of girls studying

5.1.5: Frequency distribution of girl’s socio economic status

Figure no 3. Frequency distribution of Girls socioeconomic status

5.2: Girls hostel experience

Sr no Time Period Frequency Percentage

Figure no 4. Frequency distribution of hostel living time of girls

5.2.3: Frequency Distribution of Living experience of girls in hostel

5.2.4: Frequency distribution of hostel environment conditions

Figure no 5.Frequency distribution of hostel environment conditions

5.2.5: Frequency Distribution of Room cleaning

Sr no Room cleaning Frequency Percentage

Figure no 6. Frequency distribution of hostel health care facilities

5.2.7: Frequency Distribution of condition of hostel washroom and kitchen

Sr no Condition of Frequency Percentage

40 26.5 35.7 33.5

Figure no 7. Frequency distribution of hostel water sanitation conditions

5.3.1: Frequency Distribution of hostel mess food’s taste

Sr no Taste of hostel Frequency Percentage

5.3.2: Frequency distribution of eating time from hostel mess daily

Figure no 8. Frequency distribution of eating time from hostel mess daily

Sr no Number of times Frequency Percentage

5.3.4: Frequency distribution of food preferences apart from mess food

Figure no 9. Frequency distribution of food preferences apart from mess food

5.4:Frequency distribution of fast food consumption and sweet dishes beverages

Figure no 10. Frequency distribution of junk food consumption per week

Participant’s Signature Date: __

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