Effects Of poor synchronization of two

AC Generators or Alternators
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Poor synchronization creates damage to the

equipment and power system network. So it needs
to be done with perfect matching of frequency,
phase and magnitude. The following statements
explain the effects of improper matching of each
parameter while synchronizing

Effects of poor frequency matching

In a generator, the rotor rotates with the help of
prime mover (turbine- steam, hydraulic, gas etc)
produces the rotating magnetic field which will cut
by the stator winding and induces the EMF.
Therefore the frequency of the induced EMF or
voltage is proportional to the speed of the rotor.
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i.e N= 120 F/P

Where N = Speed of the generator
P = Poles of the generator
F = frequency of the generator
So to control the frequency of the generated voltage,
the speed can be varied.
Effects of poor synchronization

Consider the generator has to be connected to

power system network (Group of generators) i.e. the
group of generators are running at same frequency
to avoid the mismatch and one more generator has
to be connected to this group. The rotating force of
group of generators will be large compared to the
single generator rotating force. So after the
generator is connected to the power system network
the speed or frequency of the generator is governed
by the power systems network i.e. the power system
network push the incoming generator in to its
synchronized rotating condition.
So prior to closing the circuit breaker if the rotor
speed or the frequency of induced voltage deviates
from the power system network frequency i.e. if
they are not closely matched, the power system with
high rotational force pulls the generator in to it due
to the improper frequency matching. Due to this
pulling, a sudden acceleration or deceleration
effects will imposed on the rotor and thus the prime
mover rotating toque. This transient in rotating
torque of the prime mover increases the rotating
mass forces on the shaft which may damages the
shaft body and rotor over a life period.
In addition to this due to this high torque there may
sudden increase in current flowing through the
generator and generator transformer winding which
may create serious damage to the winding. So the
windings have to be designed to with stand these
types of forces. There will be oscillations in the
power generation and scope of operation of power
system protection also. In a summarized way the
poor frequency matching may result the following
effects in the power system.
1. High Acceleration or deceleration in the prime
mover which increases the transient torque and
creates damage to the rotor.
2. High transient current may flow in the
windings
3. Power system oscillations due to the transient
effect
4. Possible power system protection operation
which creates power system outage.
If only two generators have to be connected the
generator with high power and rotational force tries
to pull the other one if any improper matching
occurs. This may create a serious damage to the
both generators.

Effects of the improper phase matching in

Syncronization
The phase and frequency are closely related in the
power system i.e. the phase can be controlled by the
rotor angle with the stator which can be controlled
by the rotor rotation. Even if the frequencies of two
power sources are matching together the phase
angle should be matched to avoid the damage to the
power source. If the two phase angles are not in
match then there will be a difference in rotor angle
and stator flux angle as shown in figure.
This difference causes a high transient torque when
it synchronized to the grid power supply due to pull
in force of large power system. Even more damage
to the rotor mass and generator windings compared
to frequency difference.
In addition to this when the unit is synchronized
with improper phase angle match with the power
system network, there will be high resultant
transient voltage at an instant which may damage
the insulation of the equipment. In summarized way
poor phase matching during synchronization causes
the following effects in power system.
1. High transient toque with high current which
damages the windings of the generator.
2. High instant voltage which may damage the
insulation of equipment
3. Power system protection operation.

Effects of improper Voltage magnitude

matching in Syncronization
Magnitude is the terminal is the one of the
matching parameter during synchronization. The
magnitude can be varied by varying the excitation of
the generator. Low magnitude means low excitation
high magnitude means high excitation. This
magnitude difference two power system should be
in safe limits for a perfect synchronization. If the
incoming voltage is higher compared to running
voltage then there will be high reactive flow from
the generator which can damage the generator shaft
and high mechanical forces on stator winding. If the
incoming voltage magnitude is lower that implicates
weak excitation field. Once the machine
synchronized due to this less excitation there will
high reverse current from stator to rotor which
produces a double rotor current in the rotor
windings. If this currents are high then there will
serious damage to the windings. There is possibility
of slip protection operation during this condition
which may interrupt the power generation. In a
summarized way effect of poor voltage magnitude
matching during synchronization are as follows:
1. Due to high incoming voltage magnitude, high
reactive power will flow through the generator
which gives high mechanical shock to the stator
and rotor shaft.
2. Due to low incoming voltage magnitude results
in weak magnetic flux which may cause reverse
current and slip protection of the generator.