ECE - Technical Interview Questions and Answers by Nareddula Rajeev Reddy

ECE – Technical Interview Questions and Answers by Nareddula Rajeev Reddy
Basic Level
1. What is Electronic?
The study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of electrons
or other electrically charged particles.
2. What is communication?
Communication means transferring a signal from the transmitter which passes through a
medium then the output is obtained at the receiver. (or)communication says as
transferring of message from one place to another place called communication.
3. Different types of communications? Explain.

Analog and digital communication.
As a technology, analog is the process of taking an audio or video signal (the human
voice) and translating it into electronic pulses. Digital on the other hand is breaking the
signal into a binary format where the audio or video data is represented by a series of
"1"s and "0"s.
Digital signals are immune to noise, quality of transmission and reception is good,
components used in digital communication can be produced with high precision and
power consumption is also very less when compared with analog signals.
4. What is sampling?
The process of obtaining a set of samples from a continuous function of time x(t) is
referred to as sampling.
5. State sampling theorem.

It states that, while taking the samples of a continuous signal, it has to be taken care
that the sampling rate is equal to or greater than twice the cut off frequency and the
minimum sampling rate is known as the Nyquist rate.
6. What is cut-off frequency?

The frequency at which the response is -3dB with respect to the maximum response.
7. What is pass band?

Passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can pass through a filter
without being attenuated.
8. What is stop band?

A stopband is a band of frequencies, between specified limits, in which a circuit, such as
a filter or telephone circuit, does not let signals through, or the attenuation is above the
required stopband attenuation level.
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9. Explain RF?
Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz
to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals
used to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibration
rate that most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in
electrical circuits or electromagnetic radiation.
10. What is modulation? And where it is utilized?

Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic of a periodic wave with an
external signals.
Radio communication superimposes this information bearing signal onto a carrier signal.
These high frequency carrier signals can be transmitted over the air easily and are
capable of travelling long distances.
The characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) of the carrier signal are varied in
accordance with the information bearing signal.
Modulation is utilized to send an information bearing signal over long distances.
11. What is demodulation?

Demodulation is the act of removing the modulation from an analog signal to get the
original baseband signal back. Demodulating is necessary because the receiver system
receives a modulated signal with specific characteristics and it needs to turn it to base-
band.
12. Name the modulation techniques.

For Analog modulation--AM, SSB, FM, PM and SM
Digital modulation--OOK, FSK, ASK, Psk, QAM, MSK, CPM, PPM, TCM, OFDM
13. Explain AM and FM.

AM-Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation where the amplitude of the carrier
signal is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal.
FM-Frequency modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier
signal is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal.
14. Where do we use AM and FM?

AM is used for video signals for example TV. Ranges from 535 to 1705 kHz.
FM is used for audio signals for example Radio. Ranges from 88 to 108 MHz.
15. What is a base station?

Base station is a radio receiver/transmitter that serves as the hub of the local wireless
network, and may also be the gateway between a wired network and the wireless
network.

16. How many satellites are required to cover the earth?

3 satellites are required to cover the entire earth, which is placed at 120 degree to each
other. The life span of the satellite is about 15 years.
17. What is a repeater?

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher
level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal
can cover longer distances without degradation.
18. What is an Amplifier?

An electronic device or electrical circuit that is used to boost (amplify) the power, voltage
or current of an applied signal.
19. Example for negative feedback and positive feedback?

Example for – ve feedback is ---Amplifiers And for +ve feedback is – Oscillators
20. What is Oscillator?

An oscillator is a circuit that creates a waveform output from a direct current input. The
two main types of oscillator are harmonic and relaxation. The harmonic oscillators have
smooth curved waveforms, while relaxation oscillators have waveforms with sharp
changes.
21. What is an Integrated Circuit?

An integrated circuit (IC), also called a microchip, is an electronic circuit etched onto a
silicon chip. Their main advantages are low cost, low power, high performance, and very
small size.
22. What is crosstalk?

Crosstalk is a form of interference caused by signals in nearby conductors. The most
common example is hearing an unwanted conversation on the telephone. Crosstalk can
also occur in radios, televisions, networking equipment, and even electric guitars.
23. What is resistor?

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by
producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in
accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR.

25. What is inductor?

An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in electrical circuits for its property of
inductance. An inductor can take many forms.
26. What is conductor?

A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound, etc. Copper is
a good conductor of electricity.
27. What is a semi conductor?

A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical conductivity in between that of a
conductor and that of an insulator(An Insulator is a material that resists the flow of
electric current. It is an object intended to support or separate electrical conductors
without passing current through itself); it can vary over that wide range either
permanently or dynamically.
28. What is diode?

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal device. Diodes have two active electrodes
between which the signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional
current property.
29. What is transistor?

In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch
electronic signals. The transistor is the fundamental building block of computers, and all
other modern electronic devices. Some transistors are packaged individually but most
are found in integrated circuits
30. What is op-amp?

An operational amplifier, often called an op-amp , is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic
voltage amplifier with differential inputs[1] and, usually, a single output. Typically the
output of the op-amp is controlled either by negative feedback, which largely determines
the magnitude of its output voltage gain, or by positive feedback, which facilitates
regenerative gain and oscillation.
31. What is a feedback?

Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output signal of a system is
passed (fed back) to the input. This is often used to control the dynamic behaviour of
the system.
32. Advantages of negative feedback over positive feedback.

Much attention has been given by researchers to negative feedback processes, because
negative feedback processes lead systems towards equilibrium states. Positive feedback
reinforces a given tendency of a system and can lead a system away from equilibrium
states, possibly causing quite unexpected results.
33. What is Barkhausen criteria?

Barkhausen criteria, without which you will not know which conditions, are to be satisfied
for oscillations.
“ Oscillations will not be sustained if, at the oscillator frequency, the magnitude of the
product of the
transfer gain of the amplifier and the magnitude of the feedback factor of the feedback
network ( the magnitude of the loop gain ) are less than unity” .
The condition of unity loop gain -A? = 1 is called the Barkhausen criterion. This condition
implies that
A?= 1and that the phase of - A? is zero.
34. What is CDMA, TDMA, FDMA?

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by various
radio communication technologies. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a
special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple
users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division
multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access
(FDMA) divides it by frequency.
An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to
communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking
(time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different
directions (spatial division). In CDMA, they would speak different languages. People
speaking the same language can understand each other, but not other people. Similarly,
in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same
channel, but only users associated with a particular code can understand each other.
35. explain different types of feedback

Types of feedback:
Negative feedback: This tends to reduce output (but in amplifiers, stabilizes and
linearizes operation). Negative feedback feeds part of a system's output, inverted, into
the system's input; generally with the result that fluctuations are attenuated.
Positive feedback: This tends to increase output. Positive feedback, sometimes referred
to as "cumulative causation", is a feedback loop system in which the system responds to
perturbation (A perturbation means a system, is an alteration of function, induced by
external or internal mechanisms) in the same direction as the perturbation. In contrast,
a system that responds to the perturbation in the opposite direction is called a negative
feedback system.
Bipolar feedback: which can either increase or decrease output.
36. What are the main divisions of power system?

The generating system,transmission system,and distribution system

37. What is Instrumentation Amplifier (IA) and what are all the advantages?
An instrumentation amplifier is a differential op-amp circuit providing high input
impedances with ease of gain adjustment by varying a single resistor.
38. What is meant by impedance diagram.

The equivalent circuit of all the components of the power system are drawn and they are
interconnected is called impedance diagram.
39. What is the need for load flow study.

The load flow study of a power system is essential to decide the best operation existing
system and for planning the future expansion of the system. It is also essential for
designing the power system.
40. What is the need for base values?

The components of power system may operate at different voltage and power levels. It
will be convenient for analysis of power system if the voltage, power, current ratings of
the components of the power system is expressed with referance to a common value
called base value.

Intermediate level
1.What is Electronics?
The study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of electrons
or other electrically charged particles.
2.What is meant by D-FF?

D-flip flop stands for Delay flip-flop, it delays input by one clock pulse
3.What are the functions of Base Station System (BSS)?

Functions of BSS are as follows:
3. Radio path control.

4. BTS and TC control.
5. Connection establishment with MS-NSS.
6. Mobility management, speech transcending.
7. Connection of statistical data.
4.Define the terms.

1.Resistor: A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of
electrical current in an electronic circuit.
2.Capacitor : A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the
form of an electrostatic field.
3.Diode: A diode is a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow
of current in one direction only.
4.Transistor: A transistor is a semiconductor device that regulates current or voltage flow
and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals.
5.What is the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops?

Latches are monostable and flip-flops are bistable
6.What is wireless communication concept ?

Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that
are not connected by any physical medium.Wireless communications can be via:
1. Radio communication.
2. Microwave communication.
3. Light, Visible and Infrared communication.
7.What are the parts of Network Management System (NMS)?

Following are the parts of network management system:
 OMC: Operation and maintenance center – Computerized monitoring center.

 NMC: Network Management Center – Centralized control of a network is done here.
 OSS: Operation and support system – Used for supporting activities performed in an OMC and/or NMC.


8.What is a signal?
A signal is an electric current or electromagnetic field used to convey data from one
place to another.
9.What is a multiplexer?
It is used to multiplex data from different sources normally used in TDM
10.What do you mean by frequency reuse ?

Each cellular Base Station is allocated a group of radio channels to be used. These
radio channels can be used by another base station which is at a suitable distance away
from it.
11.What are applications of DSP?

Some selected applications or digital signal processing that are often encountered in
daily life are listed as follows:
 Telecommunication: Echo cancellation in telephone networks.

 Military Radar signal processing
 Consumer electronics Digital Audio/TV
 Instrumentation and control
 Image processing image representation, image compression
 Speech processing speech analysis methods are used in automatic speech recognition
 Medicine Medical diagnostic instrumentation such as computerized tomography (CT)
 Seismology DSP techniques are employed in geophysical exploration for oil and gas.
 Signal Filtering Removal of unwanted background noise.

12.What is sampling?
The process of obtaining a set of samples from a continuous function of time x(t) is
referred to as sampling.
13.What is Race-around problem? How can you rectify it?

Race around condition occurs in a JK flip-flop when both the inputs are set to ‘1’, it can
be rectified using edge-triggered flip-flop or using master-slave flip-flops
14.What do you mean by Handoff ?

When a mobile moves into a different cell while a conversation is in progress, the Mobile
Switching Center automatically transfers the call to a new channel belonging to the new
Base Station.
Types of handoff:-
Hard Handoff
Soft Handoff
15.Explain radio environment in building.

 Building penetration: Building penetration depends on the material used for construction and architecture
used. This varies building to building and is based on building construction.

 Building Height Effect: The signal strength is always higher at top floor and generally floor gain height is
about 2.7dB/floor which is not dependent on building construction.
 Building Floor Reception: The signal isolation between floors in a multi floor building is on the average
about 20dB. Within a floor of 150 * 150 feet, the propagation loss due to interior walls, depending on the
wall materials is about 20 dB between the strong and the weak areas.

16.State sampling theorem.
It states that, while taking the samples of a continuous signal, it has to be taken care that
the sampling rate is equal to or greater than twice the cut off frequencyand the minimum
sampling rate is known as the Nyquist rate.
17.How can you convert an JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?

Connect J to D and K to not(D)
18.What do you mean by Network and Switching Subsystem ?

It controls hand offs between cells in different BSSs, authenticates users , validates and
maintains their accounts.It is mainly supported by four databases:-
1. Home Location Register.
2. Visitor Location Register.
3. Authentication Center.
4. Equipment Identity Register.
19.What are the various types of numbers for network identity?

Various types of number for network identity are as follows:
 MSISDN (Mobile station ISDN) Number: It is international mobile subscriber number which is normally
called mobile number. It is unique worldwide.
 MSRN (Mobile Subscriber Routing Number) : MSRN is used during mobile terminate trunk call to
provide location of mobile subscriber.
 HON (Hand Over Number) : HON is used for providing information required to transfer call from one
B?SC to another BSC or to another MSC.
 ISMI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity Number) : Purpose of ISMI is for location update and
authentication.
 TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) : TMSI is used instead of IMSI to improve security
efficiency of network.
 IMEI : International Mobile Equipment Identity.
20.What is cut-off frequency?

The frequency at which the response is -3dB with respect to the maximum response.
21. What do you mean by zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown?

zener breakdown takes place when very high voltage is applied to the diode this results
in very high reverse current, as voltage is further increased minority carriers gain further
momentum and strike atoms releases more carriers, which results in further increase in

temp. It becomes vicious cycle and leads to avalanche breakdown or on other words
“thermal runaway”.
22. What are the different types of transmission impairment ?

When the received signal is not as same as the transmitted signal then it is known as
Transmission impairment. Three different types of transmission impairment are:-
1. Attenuation.
2. Noise.
3. Delay Distortion.
23.What are GPRS services?

GPRS services are defined to fall in one of the two categories:
 PTP (Point to point)

 PTM (Point to Multi point)
Some of the GPRS services are not likely to be provided by network operators during
early deployment of GPRS due in part to the phased development of standard. Market
demand is another factor affecting the decision of operators regarding which services to
offer first.
24.What is pass band?

Passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can pass through
a filter without being attenuated
25.What are the different types of filters?

analog filters n digital filters not sure what u meant
26.Explain the steps involved in demodulating a signal.

Once the signal is coded, modulated and then sent, the receiver must demodulate the
signal. This is usually done in two steps: Spectrum spreading (e.g., direct sequence or
frequency hopping) modulation is removed.The remaining information bearing signal is
demodulated by multiplying with a local reference identical in structure and synchronized
with received signal.
27.What is the principle of microwave?

Microwave essentially means very short wave. The microwave frequency spectrum is
usually taken to extend from 1GHZ to 30GHZ. The main reason why we have to go in for
microwave frequency for communication is that lower frequency band are congested and
demand for point to point communication continue to increase. The propagation of the
microwave takes place in spacewave in v
28.What is impulse response?

Response given by a digital system when impulse signal is applied to it. Used to find out
stability of system
29.How can a Pseudo Random Noise Code be usable?

To be usable for direct sequence spreading, a PN code must meet the following
conditions:
 Sequence must be built from 2 leveled numbers.

 The codes must have sharp auto correlation peak to enable code synchronization.
 Codes must have a low cross-correlation value, the lower it is, more are the number of users which can be
allowed in the system.
 The codes should be “balanced” i.e. the difference between ones and zeros in code may only be one.

30.What is the principle of microwave?
Microwave essentially means very short wave. The microwave frequency spectrum is
usually taken to extend from 1GHZ to 30GHZ. The main reason why we have to go in for
microwave frequency for communication is that lower frequency band are congested and
demand for point to point communication continue to increase. The propagation of the
microwave takes place in spacewave in view of high gain and directivity in the form of a
bean and is similar to that of light.
31.What do you mean by half-duplex and full-duplex communication? Explain briefly.

Half-duplex: either sender or receiver can use the channel at one time eg walky-talky
and full-duplex: sender or receiver or both can use the channel at one time eg
telephone)

Advanced Level
1. What are different categories of antenna and give an example of each?

Different categories of antenna are as follows :
1. Wire Antennas - Short Dipole Antenna

2. Microstrip Antennas - Rectangular Microstrip (Patch) Antennas
3. Reflector Antennas - Corner Reflector
4. Travelling Wave Antennas - Helical Antennas
5. Aperture Antennas - Slot Antenna
6. Other Antennas - NFC Antennas
2. What is handover and what are its types?

Handover in mobile communication refers to the process of transferring a call from one network cell to
another without breaking the call.
There are two types of handover which are as follows :
Hard Handoff : hard handoff is the process in which the cell connection is disconnected from the
previous cell before it is made with the new one.
Soft Handoff : It is the process in which a new connection is established first before disconnecting the
old one. It is thus more efficient and smart.
3. What is ionospheric bending?

When a radio wave travels into the ionospheric layer it experiences refraction due to difference in
density. The density of ionospheric layer is rarer than the layer below which causes the radio wave to
be bent away from the normal. Also the radio wave experiences a force from the ions in the
ionospheric layer. If incident at the correct angle the radio wave is completely reflected back to the
inner atmosphere due to total internal reflection. This phenomenon is called ionospheric reflection and
is used in mobile communication for radio wave propagation also known as ionospheric bending of
radio waves.
4. What is CDMA?
CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access which uses digital format. In CDMA systems several
transmissions via the radio interface take place simultaneously on the same frequency bandwidth.
User data is combined at the transmitter’s side with a code, then transmitted. On air, all transmission
get mixed. At the receiver's side the same code is used as in the transmitter’s side. The code helps
the receiver to filter the user information of the transmitter from incoming mixture of all transmissions
on the same frequency band and same time.
5. Explain the concept of frequency re-use.

The whole of the geographical area is divided into hexagonal shape geometrical area called cell and
each cell having its own transceiver. Each BTS (cell site) allocated different band of frequency or
different channel. Each BTS antenna is designed in such a way that i cover cell area in which it is
placed with frequency allotted without interfering other cell signals. The design process of selecting
and allocating channel groups for all of the cellular base station within system is called frequency
reuse.
6. Explain Bluetooth.

Bluetooth is designed to be a personal area network, where participating entities are mobile and
require sporadic communication with others. It is omni directional i.e. it does not have line of sight
limitation like infra red does. Ericsson started the work on Bluetooth and named it after the Danish
king Harold Biuetooth. Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz area of spectrum and provides a range of
10 metres. It offers transfer speeds of around 720 Kbps
7. What are GPRS services?

GPRS services are defined to fall in one of the two categories :
- PTP ( Point to point)

- PTM ( Point to Multipoint)
Some of the GPRS services are not likely to be provided by network operators during early
deployment of GPRS due in part to the phased development of standard. Market demand is another
factor affecting the decision of operators regarding which services to offer first.
8. What are the advantages of CDMA?

Advantages of CDMa are as follows :
1. Frequency diversity : Transmission is spread out over a large bandwidth due to that less affected
by noise. If bandwidth is increased S/N ratio increases, which means noise will be reduced.
2. Multiplication Resistance : Chipping codes used for CDMA not only exhibit low correlation but also
low autocorrelation. Hence a version of the signal that is delayed by more than one chip interval does
not interfere with dominant signal as in other multipath environments.
3. Privacy : Due to spread spectrum is obtained by the use of noise like signals, where each user has
a unique code, so privacy is inherent.
4. Graceful Degradation. In CDMA, more users access the system simultaneously as compared to
FDMa, TDMA.
9. What are the advantages of spread spectrum?

SPread spectrum has the following advantages :
1. No crosstalk interference.
2. Better voice quality/data integrity and less static noise.
3. Lowered susceptibility to multipath fading.
4. Inherent security.
5. Co-existence.
6. Longer operating distances.
7. Hard to detect.
8. Hard to intercept or demodulate.
9. Harder to jam than narrow bands.
10. Use of ranging and radar.
10. Explain the steps involved in demodulating a signal.

Once the signal is coded, modulated and then sent, the receiver must demodulate the signal. This is
usually done in two steps :
1. Spectrum spreading (e.g., direct sequence or frequency hopping) modulation is removed.
2. The remaining information bearing signal is demodulated by multiplying with a local reference
identical in structure and synchronised with received signal.
11. How can a Pseudo Random Noise COde be usable?

To be usable for direct sequence spreading, a PN code must meet the following conditions :
1. Sequence must be built from 2 levelled numbers.

2. The codes must have sharp autocorrelation peak to enable code synchronization.
3. Codes must have a low cross-correlation value, the lower it is, more are the number of users which
can be allowed in the system.
4. The codes should be “balanced” i.e. the difference between ones and zeros in code may only be 1.
12. What are the drawbacks of walsh codes?

Walsh codes have the following drawbacks :
1. The codes do not have a single, narrow autocorrelation peak.

2. The spreading is not over the whole bandwidth; instead the energy is spread over a number of
discrete frequency components.
3. Although the full sequence cross correlation is identically zero, this does not hold for a partial
sequence cross correlation function. Thus advantage of using orthogonal codes is lost.
4. Orthogonality is also affected by channel properties like multi path.
13. Explain radio environment in building.

Building penetration : Building penetration depends on the material used for construction and
architecture used. This varies building to building and is based on building construction.
Building Height Effect : The signal strength is always higher at top floor and generally floor gain height
is about 2.7dB/floor which is not dependent on building construction.
Building Floor Reception : The signal isolation between floors in a multi floor building is on the
average about 20dB. Within a floor of 150 * 150 feet, the propagation loss due to interior walls,
depending on the wall materials is about 20 dB between the strong and the weak areas.
14. List some advantages of GSM.

Here are some advantages of GSM :
1. GSM is mature, this maturity means a more stable network with robust features.
2. Less signal deterioration inside buildings.
3. Ability to use repeaters.
4. Talk time is generally higher in GSM phones due to pulse nature of transmission.
5. The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handset at will.
6. GSM covers virtually all parts of world so international roaming is not a problem.
15. What are the various types of numbers for network identity?
Various types of number for network identity are as follows :
1. MSISDN ( Mobile station ISDN) Number : It is international mobile subscriber number which is
normally called mobile number. It is unique worldwide.
2. MSRN ( Mobile Subscriber Routing Number) : MSRN is used during mobile terminate trunk call to
provide location of mobile subscriber.
3. HON ( Hand Over Number ) : HON is used for providing information required to transfer call from
one B?SC to another BSC or to another MSC.
4. ISMI ( International Mobile Subscriber Identity Number) : Purpose of ISMI is for location update and
authentication.
5. TMSI ( Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity ) : TMSI is used instead of IMSI to improve security
efficiency of network.
6. IMEI : International Mobile Equipment Identity.
16. What are the functions of Base Station System ( BSS)?

Functions of BSS are as follows :

1. Radio path control.
2. BTS and TC control.
3. Connection establishment with MS-NSS.
4. Mobility management, speech transcoding.
5. Connection of statistical data.
17. What are the parts of Network Management System ( NMS )?

Following are the parts of network management system :
1. OMC : Operation and maintenance center - Computerized monitoring center.
2. NMC : Network Management Center - Centralized control of a network is done here.
3. OSS : Operation and support system - Used for supporting activities performed in an OMC and/or
NMC.
18. What are applications of DSP?

Some selected applications or digital signal processing that are often encountered in daily life are
listed as follows:
1. Telecommunication: Echo cancellation in telephone networks.
2. Military Radar signal processing
3. Consumer electronics Digital Audio/TV
4. Instrumentation and control
5. Image processing image representation, image compression
6. Speech processing speech analysis methods are used in automatic speech recognition
7. Medicine Medical diagnostic instrumentation such as computerised tomography (CT)
8. Seismology DSP techniques are employed in geophysical exploration for oil and gas.
9. Signal Filtering Removal of unwanted background noise.
19. What is analog-to-digital conversion of signals?

A discrete-time signal is defined by specifying its value only at discrete times, called sampling
instants. When the sampled values are quantised and encoded, a digital signal is obtained. A digital
signal is obtained from the analog signal by using an analog-to-digital converter. This entire process is
referred to as the conversion of signals from analog to digital form.
20. What are the properties of ROC for z-Transform?

Properties of the ROC for the z-Transform :
1. X(z) converges uniformly if and only if the ROC of the z-transform X(z) of the sequence includes
the unit circle. The ROC of X(z) consists of a ring in the z-plane centered about the origin. That is, the
ROC of the z-transform of x(n) has values of z for which x(n) r-n is absolutely summable.
2. The ROC does not contain any poles.
3. When x(n) is of finite duration then the ROC is the entire z-plane, except possibly z=0 and/or
z=infinity.
4. If x(n) is a right sided sequence, the ROC will not include infinity.
5. If x(n) is a left sided sequence, the ROC will not include z=0. However if x(n)=0 for all n>0, the ROC
will include z=0.
6. If x(n) is two sided and if the circle |z| = r0 is in the ROC, then the ROC will consist of a ring in the
z-plane that includes the circle |z|=r0.
7. If X(z) is rational, then the ROC extends to infinity, i.e. the ROC is bounded by poles.
8. If x(n) is causal, then the ROC includes z=infinity.
9. If x(n) is anti- causal, trhen the ROC includes z=0.

ECE - Technical Interview Questions and Answers by Nareddula Rajeev Reddy

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ECE - Technical Interview Questions and Answers by Nareddula Rajeev Reddy

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ECE – Technical Interview Questions and Answers by Nareddula Rajeev Reddy

3. Different types of communications? Explain.

5. State sampling theorem.

6. What is cut-off frequency?

7. What is pass band?

8. What is stop band?

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10. What is modulation? And where it is utilized?

11. What is demodulation?

12. Name the modulation techniques.

13. Explain AM and FM.

14. Where do we use AM and FM?

15. What is a base station?

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16. How many satellites are required to cover the earth?

17. What is a repeater?

18. What is an Amplifier?

19. Example for negative feedback and positive feedback?

20. What is Oscillator?

21. What is an Integrated Circuit?

22. What is crosstalk?

23. What is resistor?

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25. What is inductor?

26. What is conductor?

27. What is a semi conductor?

28. What is diode?

29. What is transistor?

30. What is op-amp?

31. What is a feedback?

32. Advantages of negative feedback over positive feedback.

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33. What is Barkhausen criteria?

34. What is CDMA, TDMA, FDMA?

35. explain different types of feedback

36. What are the main divisions of power system?

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38. What is meant by impedance diagram.

39. What is the need for load flow study.

40. What is the need for base values?

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2.What is meant by D-FF?

3.What are the functions of Base Station System (BSS)?

3. Radio path control.

4.Define the terms.

5.What is the basic difference between Latches and Flip flops?

6.What is wireless communication concept ?

7.What are the parts of Network Management System (NMS)?

 OMC: Operation and maintenance center – Computerized monitoring center.

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10.What do you mean by frequency reuse ?

11.What are applications of DSP?

 Telecommunication: Echo cancellation in telephone networks.

13.What is Race-around problem? How can you rectify it?

14.What do you mean by Handoff ?

15.Explain radio environment in building.

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17.How can you convert an JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?

18.What do you mean by Network and Switching Subsystem ?

19.What are the various types of numbers for network identity?

20.What is cut-off frequency?

21. What do you mean by zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown?

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