Daftar Isi

Grammar

1. Comparison
2. Comparative & Superlative Adj.
3. Tenses
4. Part of Speech
5. Adjective Clause
6. Noun Clause
7. Adverb Clause
8. Derivation
9. Correllative Conjunctions
10. When/While
11. Question Tag
12. Countable & Uncountable Nouns
13. Parallel Constructions
14. Linking Verbs
15. Assumption/Obligation
16. Passive Voice
17. Modals
18. Intensifiers
19. Noun Adjuncts
20. Compound Adjective
21. Participial Adjective
22. First Conditionals
23. Second Conditionals
24. Verbs of the Senses
25. Transitional Markers

Vocabulary

1. A Story
2. Short Talk
3. Essay
4. Likes/Dislikes
5. Expressing Disappointment
6. Showing Shympaty
7. Asking for An Opinion
8. Giving An Opinion
9. Agreeing/Partly Agree
10. Expression for Showing Doubts
11. Expression for Persuading
12. Inviting Someone
13. Refusing Someone
14. Accepting Someone
15. Family Restaurant & Fast Food Restaurant
16. Customers
17. Cashiers/Waiters
18. Seeing Someone Off
19. How to Prevent/Reduce
20. Expressions for Showing Concerns
21. Offering Help/Advice
22. Dwelling Places
23. Crimes
24. Asking for Explanations
25. Giving Explanations
Comparison

Unequal comparison:
more .... than
-er than
less .... than

= S + to be + adj.-er/more adj. /less adj. + than O/C

Equal comparison:
as .... as
not as .... as

= S + to be + as/not as + adj. + as + O/C

Difference / similarity:
different from ....
the same as ....

Comparative & Superlative Adjective

Adjective Comparative adj. Superlative adj.

Tall Taller than The tallest

Busy Busier than The busiest
Far Farther/further than The farthest/furthest
Handsome More handsome than The most handsome
Diligent More diligent than The most diligent
Good Better than The best
Bad Worse than The worst

-er/est : 1 syllable/2 syllables (-y)

more/most ... : ≥ 2 syllables

Comparative adjective: to compare two nouns

Superlative adjective: to compare a noun with the other nouns

Tenses

Simple present -> Habit, general truth, present fact

=> S + V1 (he, she, it = -s/-es) + (everyday, every ...)

Simple past –> What happened in the past

=> S + V2 + (last night, 2 days ago, in 2012)

Past habit -> What you like to do in the past

=> S + used to + V1

Simple future -> What will happen in the future

=> S + will + V1

Will/will be & to be going to/to be going to be

=> Will/will be = Pure/definite future
= Promise
= Instant decision

=>To be going to/to be going to be = Prediction

= Assumption
= Intention (plans)

Present continuous -> What is happening right now

=> S + is/am/are + V-ing + O/C

Past continuous -> What was happening in the past

=> S + was/were + V-ing + O/C

Future continuous -> What will be happening in the future

=> S + will be + V-ing + O/C
Part of Speech

a. Noun -> what you can see, feel, touch

1. Subject (I love you.)
2. Object (I love you.)
3. Subjective complement (You are students.)
4. Object of preposition (We live in Jakarta.)

b. Verb -> actions/what you do

c. Adjective -> to describe noun
1. To describe a noun (Sammy is naughty.)
2. To describe a pronoun (She is smart.)

Mnemonic = OpShACOM (opinion, shape, age, color, origin, material)

Example: expensive round new red Japanese plastic car (Adjective phrase)

Phrase: Group of words, has no verbs

Clause: Group of words, has a verb

d. Adverb -> to show time, place, manner

1. Explain a verb (He runs fast.)
2. Explain another adverb (He runs very fast.)
3. Explain an adjective (She is very beautiful.)
4. Explain the whole sentence (Luckily, she is alive.)

Adjective Clause -> A group of words

-> To describe a noun (antecedent)
-> To combine two sentences

ex. I like the flowers (antecedent [thing]), which you gave me yesterday (adj.
clause).

The house (antecedent [place]), where I live (adj. clause) is my parents’ house.

Pronouns:
- Who (S) / whom (O) (person/people)
- Which (things)
- Whose (possessive)
- Where (place)
- When (time)

Noun Clause -> a group of words that becomes an object

ex. I know what you did last summer.

Adverb Clause -> a group of words that describes verb

ex. I saw an accident while I was crossing the street.

Derivation -> Base word

Example:

Happy (adj) + ly = happily (adv)

Beauty (n) + ful = beautiful (adj)
Disappoint (v) + ment = disappointment (n)

ly, ful, ment, etc. = suffixes

Correllative Conjunctions

1. Not only – but also

Pamekasan is popular not only for its beautiful environment, but also its
exciting bull races.
2. Both – and
Many people both from the districts of Madura and from outside the island
come to watch the race.

When/While

When + Simple Past Tense (S + V2)

While + Past Continuous Tense (S + was/were + Ving)
ex. Aldi came while Raffi was reading a novel.
Raffi was reading a novel when Aldi came.

Question Tag

 It was fun, wasn’t it?

 I am late, aren’t I?
 She hasn’t come, has she?
 You don’t like it, do you?

Countable & Uncountable Nouns

Countable
Uncountable
Singular Plural
An apple A few pencils A little of bread
A pencil Many apples Much money
An hour A lot of papers A lot of salt
A uniform Some people Some oil
Plenty of water
A bowl of rice
Parallel Construction

Prefer: - I prefer swimming to snorkeling.

- I prefer to swim than to snorkel.
- I prefer bread to cake.

Like: I like swimming better than snorkeling.

Would rather: I would/I’d rather swim than snorkel.

Gerunds: I love
like V-ing
hate

S + prefer + Ving + to Ving

S + prefer + N + to + N
S + prefer to + V + than to + V
S + would rather + V + than + V

Linking Verbs

-> S + V + C (Adj/Adv)

Verbs of sensation: feel, touch, smell, sound, taste, act, appear, become,
continue, grow, prove, remain, seem, sit, stand, turn

Verbs of being: to be (is, am, are)

(was, were)
(be)

ex. This building looks enormous.

Assumption/Obligation
Pasti/Harus

Assumption: after gathering some informations

ex. You must be rich. (You have a brand new iPhone 5S)
You must be really smart. (You got 100 on your math test)

S + must be + adj

Obligation: advice, modals

ex. You must be polite to your friends.
You must study for the exam tomorrow.

S + must be + adj
S + must + V1
Passive Voice

Purpose: 1. When the object is more important than the subject

2. To soften a statement

Auxiliary: A helping verb

- show time
- show subject
- passive voice

Simple – present –> is (he, she, it)

-> am (I)
-> are (you, they, we)
- past -> was (he, she, it)
-> were (I, you, they, we)
- future -> be (I, you, he, she, it, they, we)

Continuous -> being

Perfect -> been

Examples:

1. Somebody is cutting the grass.

- The grass is being cut.
2. Somebody stole my ring.
- My ring was stolen.
3. Chairil Anwar wrote “Aku” in 1940s.
- “Aku” was written in 1940s by Chairil Anwar.

My breakfast is made by my mother. (+)

My breakfast isn’t made by my mother. (-)
Is your breakfast made by you? No, it isn’t. (?)
What is made by your mother? Breakfast is made by my mother. (w/h)

Active voice: S + V (-s/-es) + O

Passive voice: S + auxiliary verb + V3 + O
Modals

Must => You must study hard.

May/might => You might come here at 7pm.
Have to/has to => You have to throw the garbage to the garbage bin.
Can/could => Can you find my cellphone?
Will/would => Would you like to go with us?
Shall/should => You shouldn’t smoke.

S + modals + V1

Auxiliary Verb = Do, does, did + V1

Walk, talk = Regular verb

Example: - I didn’t do it.

- We don’t know about it.

Intensifiers

Enough = adj + enough + for someone + to infinitive

This place is quiet enough for me to study.

Too = too + adj + for someone + to infinitive

This place is too noisy for me to study.

Noun Adjuncts
Noun, is used to describe another noun

Pencil case, “pencil” describes “case”

Classroom door, “classroom” describes “door”

Compound Adjective
Adjective that has more than one word

Cute-looking clown fish, clown fish that has cute looking.

Slow-moving seahorses, sea horses that move really slowly.

Participial Adjective

Base words: confuse, annoy, interest, bore

-ed = passive => confused, annoyed, interested, bored

-ing = active => confusing, annoying, interesting, boring
First Conditional
=> possible to happen

If I study hard, I will get flying colors.

Conditional result/hasil
Kondisi/syarat

I will get flying colors if I study hard.

= If + simple present + , + simple future

= Simple future + if + simple present

Second Conditional
Impossible to happen right now

If I were you (fact: I’m not you), I wouldn’t do it.

If I were handsome (fact: I’m not handsome), ...

If + simple past (S + V2) + past future (S + would)

S + were (If I am you,)

Verbs of the Senses

1. Seen, seem, look

2. Sound
3. Feel
4. Taste
5. Smell
Transitional Markers
A Story

Beginning: -> introduce the main character

-> mention the problem
Middle: -> elaborate on the problem
-> build up the climax
Ending: -> conclude the story

Short Talk

Introduction - Introduce oneself

- Introduce topic
- Elaborate topic - Detail 1
- Detail 2

Body - Explain the details

Closing - Close the talk, sum up the talk

- Invite question

Essay

Beginning: Introduction
= Thesis statement (main idea/controlling idea)
= Introduce topic

Middle: Body
= Explain topic

Ending: Conclusion
= Sum up the essay

Starting a talk:
- Hi friends, I’d like to tell you about ...
- Today, I will talk about ...
- I’d like to share with you about ...
- Would you like to heat about ...?

Changing topics:
- Next,/Then,/After that,
- Another unique thing is ...
- There is something else, ...

Ending a talk:
- In short/to conclude, ...
- I could go on and on about ...
- That’s all for now.
- Thank you for listening. Any questions?
Likes/Dislikes

Likes: Dislikes:
- Yes, I like it. - No, I don’t like it.
- I love it. - I hate it.
- I’m crazy about it. - I can’t stand it.
- I enjoy it. - Not really.

Expressing disappointment: Showing shympaty:

- It was a complete didaster. - Sorry to hear that.
- It was awful. - That’s too bad.
- What a mess. - How awful.
- Tell me about it. (That’s too bad) - You poor thing.
- I was very disappointed. - Poor you.
- Not even close. (Was your weekend fun?)

Expressions for Asking for An Opinion:

- How do/did you like ... ?
- What do you think of/about ... ?
Expressions for Giving Opinions:
- I think ...
- We also feel that ...
- In my opinion, ...
- I’m sure that ...
- I feel that ...
- In my suggestion, ...
- How do do you feel about ... ?
Expression for Agreeing/Partly Agree:
- I agree.
- I agree wwith you, but ...
- I couldn’t agree more.
- You’re right.
- We’re not sure.

Expressions for Showing Doubts: Expression for Persuading:

- Umm... I don’t know.
- I’m not sure this is a good idea.
- I’m afraid ...
- C’mon.
- Go for it.
- I’m sure it’s going to be fun.
- It won’t be fun without you.
- We’re going to have a great time.

Inviting Someone: Refusing Someone:

- Let’s join (an event)! - Count me out.
- Care to join (an event)? - I’ll pass.
- Would you like to join (an event)? - I’m afraid I can’t.
Accepting Someone:
- Count me in. - That sounds good/great!
- OK. Sure.
Family Restaurant & Fast Food Restaurant

Family restaurant: - Waiter brings the menu to the customers.

- Eat first then pay.
- Customers give tip.

Fast food resaurant: - The customers take the order/food to their table.
- Pay first then eat.
- Customers don’t have to give any tip to the waiter/cashier.

Appetizer: Makanan pembuka

Main course: Makanan berat
Dessert: Makanan penutup

Customers:
- I’d like to order ...
- Where’s my order/food?
- What’s the best menu of the day?
- What do you recommend?
- The bill, please.
- Could you give us some minutes?
Cashiers/Waiters:
- Would you like to order menu?
- Anything else, Ma’am/Sir?
- For how many people?
- Have you reserved/booked the table?
- Here you are.
- Wait for a moment.
- Enjoy your meal.

Seeing Someone Off:

- I’ll miss you. - Same here. I’ll miss you too.
- Don’t forget us. - I won’t.
- Good bye. - Bye.
- I have to go now. - Have a nice/safe trip.
- I’ll text/call you. - You do that.
- We sould keep in touch online. - Yeah, we’ll do that.

How to Reduce/Prevent:
- Acne: Facial foam, acne gel
- Bad Breath: Mouthwash, tooth paste
- Bad body odor: Deodorant, cologne, body lotion Toiletries
- Dandruff: Anti-dandruff shampoo
- Hair fall: Anti hair-fall shampoo

Expression for Showing Concern: Offering Help/Advice:

- Are you OK/alright?
- Are you sure?
- Is there something wrong?
- Leave him alone.
- Does somehing happen to you?
- Would you like to talk about it?
- If I were you, I wouldn’t do it.
- I’m just saying ...
- You should be careful.
Dwelling Places

1. Detached house
A house which is not attached to another houses.
2. Apartment => Flat in Britain
A building that consists houses. You don’t own it.
3. Town house
Usually located in suburban area. Houses that are identical.
4. Semi-detached house => Duplex in Britain
Two houses that are attached to one another.
5. Condominium (Condo)
Like an apartment but more luxurious. Owned by the people who live there.

Crime

Stole (V2) -> steal (V1) Kidnap (V) – menculik

Thief – pencuri Kidnapper (N) – penculik
Theft – pencurian Rob (V) - merampok
Pickpocket – copet Robbery (N) – perampokan
Purse snatcher (N) – penjambret Robber (N) – perampok

Asking for Explanation: Giving Explanation:

- How come? - Because ...
- What? - It’s because ...
- Why? - The problem is that ...
- Really? - The thing is ...
- Are you sure? - It’s just that ...
- What’s wrong?
- What’s wrong with you?