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1. Compared to modern reptiles, modern mammals have ________ offspring with _________
parental care:
a. fewer; less
b. fewer; more
c. more; less
d. more; more
7. The diversity seen in behavior among closely related species is most likely due to ecological
pressures. Similar behaviors seen in distantly related species is likely due to convergence.
Which of the following research approaches utilizes these concepts as its foundation?
a. comparative method
b. blind study
c. double-blind study
d. observation and testing
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10. All non-human primates are quadrupeds:
a. true
b. false
11. The fact that many Prosimians are nocturnal disproves the conclusion that “primates are a
mammalian order that has shifted from an olfactory lifestyle to a visual lifestyle”.
a. true
b. false
12. Which of the following is NOT a homologous trait among humans and other primates?
a. large brain in relation to body compared with other mammals
b. well-developed vision
c. grasping hands
d. almost no sexual dimorphism in body size
13. In primate dentition, the left side of a jaw is identical to the right side. This is called
a. bilateral symmetry.
b. homologous dentition.
c. positive correlation.
d. pleiotrophy.
15. In a classic study Pierre Charles Dominique discovered that lorises and galagos shared their
habitat by foraging at different heights within the forest canopy and understory.
a. true
b. false
16. Pair-bonded groups and active defence of territories are typical of the
a. great apes.
b. Old World monkeys.
c. lesser apes.
d. lorises.
18. Compared with the haplorrhines, which of the following is true of the strepsirrhines?
a. They retain many ancestral characters.
b. They are typically quite large in body size.
c. They have evolved numerous adaptations that suit their diurnal lifestyle.
d. They have more fully developed traits related to increased complexity of behavior.
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20. A detailed study of predation on the Tai Forest primates, buy Susanne Shultz, revealed which
of the following facts?
a. There is one species of cat predator (leopard); no primate was observed to hunt and eat
another primate species.
b. Leopards, chimps, and birds choose their prey randomly.
c. Mangabeys and pottos are heavily preyed upon by leopards, and chimpanzees prefer
black and white colobus monkeys.
d. Mangabeys and pottos are heavily preyed upon by eagles, and chimpanzees prefer red
colobus monkeys.
21. Monkeys:
a. tend to swing from branch to branch
b. travel by vertical clinging and leaping
c. move mostly on the ground
d. run and leap along branches
23. The most likely way New World Monkeys arrived in South and Central America was :
a. by rafting from Africa across the Atlantic ocean
b. by migrating over a narrow land-bridge from North America
c. by evolving from marmoset and tamarin prosimians in that area
d. through introduction by Columbus
24. The New World Monkeys have nostrils that face downwards.
a. true
b. false
25. Which of the following has the smallest effect on the health of wild primate populations?
a. infanticide by other primates
b. palm oil production
c. forest cutting for lumber
d. large-scale agricultural projects
26. Primates play a very important role in the rain forest ecosystem:
a. they can be used as a tourist attraction
b. they provide bush tucker
c. they act to renovate and diversify the forest by spreading the seeds of the fruit they eat
d. all of the above (a) (b) and (c)
28. I have claw-like-nails on all fingers and toes except for my big toe which has a flat nail. My
hands and feet act as crampons allowing me to cling to the bark of trees while gouging it for the
gum that lies beneath. Who am I?
a. a red ruff lemur
b. a marmoset or a tamarin
c. a capuchin
d. a Bolivian squirrel monkey
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29. In the study of primates, a “time budget” is
a. the amount of time that passes for each major developmental phase (infant, juvenile, and
adult periods) in the life cycle of a primate.
b. the amount of time a primate can spend on a given activity before it needs to feed again.
c. the amount of time spent directly observing each primate during the course of field
research.
d. an accounting of how much time the members of a given species tend to spend on each of
several key activities.
30. The owl monkey could have been diurnal once because it:
a. it can catch flying insects with ease
b. it has some colour vision
c. it was forced into becoming nocturnal
d. it has not developed sonar detection
33. In evolutionary biology, cost and benefit refer to the impact of behaviors on the animal’s
a. overall health.
b. genetic fitness.
c. foraging success.
d. social relationships.
34. Because behavioral strategies are thought to be the product of natural selection, they should
increase
a. genetic fitness.
b. the cost-to-benefit ratio.
c. adaptations.
d. trade-offs.
35. In primates, females usually provide far more parental investment than males. Why?
a. Primates are mammals, and in mammals, females lactate and males do not.
b. Primate males have other responsibilities, including defending territories, so females must
always provide most parental investment.
c. Primates require a great deal of parental investment, and females are genetically better at
providing parental investment.
d. Sexual selection is unable to operate on female mammals.
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38. Which is true for female Pan troglodytes, the common chimpanzee?
a. they are bigger than males
b. they emigrate after reaching maturity
c. they band together when searching for food
d. they hunting just like lionesses do the hunting for lions
41. Gibbons:
a. show marked sexual dimorphism
b. go through a disruptive adolescent phase similar to humans
c. are noted for twinning
d. all of the above - (a) (b) & (c)
42. The consensus today is that males determine the form that primate social systems take.
a. True
b. False
44. When one female lives in a reproductive unit with multiple males, we say the social system is:
a. polygamous
b. polygynous
c. monogamous
d. polyandrous
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48. Chimpanzees
a. knuckle walk
b. brachiate
c. live in equatorial Africa
d. all of the above (a) (b) and (c)
50. The destruction of tropical rain forests is the single biggest factor endangering Primates today.
a. true
b. false
54. In female philopatric species, _______ forms the core of the social group.
a. females
b. males
c. a polyandrous family
d. a polygynandrous grouping
57. Females may choose to mate with dominant males because dominant males:
a. are often healthier
b. force themselves on the females
c. always form harems
d. are so rare
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58. The study of nonhuman primates to access information about human evolution is limited by:
a. the fact that we are not really primates ourselves
b. the small number of nonhuman primate species living
c. the huge variety and number of living nonhuman primate species
d. the relative lack of similarity between primates and ourselves
61. Chimpanzees and Bonobos are closely related, however, looking at their behavior you
would think they were from different planets. Describe below five (5) behavioural differences
between Chimpanzees and Bonobos (5 marks)
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62. The Tree Kangaroo looks a lot like a primate, however, it is unrelated (it is actually a
marsupial). Please describe below a primate that looks similar to a Tree Kangaroo, one shared
characteristic between that Primate and a Tree Kangaroo and explain why the Tree Kangaroo
and some Primates look similar even though they do not have a recent common ancestor.
What is the name given to that type of evolution? (5 marks)
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63. Explain why the primates from Madagascar are so different from the primates found in
mainland Africa. Describe the underlying evolutionary process that ensured the primates of
Madagascar became different and stayed different. (5 marks)
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64. Many non-human primates are threatened with extinction. Choose one endangered
primate and state its taxonomic classification in detail, describe its habitat, explain why it is
threatened and one society or organisation that is supporting that primate’s fight to avoid
extinction. Please also include that society’s website, referenced according to the ECU’s
referencing guide. (5 marks)
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65. Throughout our lectures and controversies, the issue of cooperation and morality has come
up repeatedly. The issue is whether primates other than humans have a level of emotional
understanding and cooperation, possibly even some form of morality. Please provide two
examples of cooperation, emotion or morality from our content (5 marks)
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66. Spider Monkeys and Gibbons share several characteristics in common, however, they are
not closely related. Please explain clearly 5 characteristics that Spider Monkeys and Gibbons
either share or are different in. (5 marks)
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67. A characteristic of primates is that they have single offspring. Almost all species of
Callitrichidae have twins. However, humans general find it difficult to raise twins. Explain how is it
that Callitrichidae are able to successfully raise twins. (5 marks)
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68. Humans have spread all over the planet and populate all continents except for Antarctica.
However, there is less genetic variation among humans than there is in the chimpanzees of
western Africa. Explain what has led to humans having such low genetic variation. (5 marks)
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