Ecological Basics of Environmental Engineering

Ecological Basics of Energy and Environmental
Engineering
Presentation at the German Jordanian University
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Schenk

joachim.schenk@htwk-leipzig.de
https://fme.htwk-leipzig.de/fakultaet/personen/professuren/prof-schenk/
https://fme.htwk-leipzig.de/en/forschung/institute/institut-legut/mitglieder/
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 0 / 97

The present presentation is determined only for the internal use as a
teaching material at the German Jordanian University.
Any publications or not authorised settings in electronical nets, also in

extracts, are expressly prohibited and can under circumstances cause
juridical consequences.

Inhalt
1 The Development of the Human Population
2 Interactions between Human Being and Atmosphere
3 Interaction between Human Being and Hydrosphere
4 Interaction between Human Being and Biosphere

The Development of the Human
Population

Definitions
Birth rate (natality):

number of live births per year
Rλ = (1)
1000 individuals
Death rate (mortality):

number of deaths per year
Rµ = (2)
1000 individuals
Growth rate:
r = Rλ − Rµ (3)

Global Demographical Transmission [3]

Demographical Transmission at the Example of
Germany [4]

Demographical Transmission at the Example of China
[5]

Growth of Human Population
Increase of the world population

1820 ca. 1 billion 1987 5 billions
1930 ≈ 2 billions 1999 6 billions
1960 ≈ 3 billions 2011 7 billions
1975 4 billions 2018 7,6 billions
−→ exponential growth process

Balance equation for the development of human population
dB
=r ·B (4)
dt
Z Bt Z t
dB
=r· dt (5)
B0 B 0
Bt
ln =r ·t (6)
B0
Bt = B0 · er ·t (7)
B - number of human population

r - growth rate
t - time
Bt - number of human population at date t
B0 - number of human population at reference date

growth rates [12]:

r ≈ 1,8 %/a (1950)
r ≈ 1,9 %/a (1960)
r ≈ 2,0 %/a (1970) −→ historical peak
r ≈ 1,8 %/a (1980)
r ≈ 1,5 %/a (1990)
r ≈ 1,2 %/a (2000)
r ≈ 1,1 %/a (2017)

Prognoses for the Development of the Human
Population [2]

Prognoses for the Development of the Human
Population
DSW-Grafik
Weltbevölkerungsprojektionen für 2050
Bevölkerung in Milliarden
12
11,7 Konstantes Wachstum
10,6 Hohe Variante
10
9,1 Mittlere Variante
8
7,7 Niedrige Variante
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Jahr
Quelle: Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung; World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, Vereinte Nationen, 2005.

Population Growth in the Human History [2]

Environmental Areas [1]

Interactions between Human Being
and Atmosphere

Atmosphere

Functions of the Atmosphere
protection of living organisms from harmful or deadly radiation

(uv-radiation, 40-400 nm)
passage of the vital sunlight
protection from rapid cooling (night) respectively faster
overheating (day)
natural greenhouse effect −→ T ≈ 15 ◦ C ;
without greenhouse effect −→ T ≈ −18 ◦ C
distribution of water vapor
storage for nitrogen
reservoir for CO2 und O2
participation on the biogeochemical cycles
distribution of natural and anthropogenic emissions
protection against small meteors

Protection against UV-radiation

Mean Composition of Dry Air
component symbol content vol.%
nitrogen N2 78,08
oxygen O2 20,95
argon Ar 0,934
neon Ne 1, 8 · 10−3
helium He 0, 5 · 10−3
krypton Kr 0, 1 · 10−3
Xenon Xe 9 · 10−6
carbon dioxide CO2 0,04
methane CH4 0, 17 · 10−3
nitrous oxide N2 O 0, 03 · 10−3
carbon monoxide CO 0, 02 · 10−3
hydrogen H2 0, 05 · 10−3
ozone O3 1 · 10−6

Global Emissions in the Atmosphere in Millions t/a [11]
anthropogenic natural A/N
CO2 24 600 830 000 0,03

CH4 348 216 1,6
CO 380 50 7,6
SO2 160 10 16
NO2 80 600 0,13
NH3 4 6 000 0,0007
H2 S 3 100 0,03
CFC (freons) R-11, R-12 (1986) 0,8 - ∞

Decrease of the Ozone Layer I [2]

Decrease of the Ozone Layer II
Decrease of the ozone layer over Germany

Decrease of the Ozone Layer III

Decrease of the Ozone Layer IV

Lifetime and Ozone Depletion Potential of CFCs1 and
Bromine-containing Halons
Bezeichnung chemical atmospheric relativ ozone

Formel Lifetime deplation potenzial
freon R-11 CCl3 F 60 1,0

freon R-12 CCl2 F2 130 1,0
freon R-13 CClF3 380 1,0
freon R-14 CF4 50 000 0
freon R-114 CClF2 − CClF2 200 1,0
freon R-115 CF3 − CClBr2 400 0,6
halon 1301 CF3 Br 110 10,0
1
chlorofluorocarbons
Reaction Mechanism of Disintegration of
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12)
CCl2 F2 GGGGGA CF2 + 2Cl (8)

λ<
O3 E
GGG
GG
GG
GGGG O2 + O
GC (9)
1180 nm
Cl + O3 GGGGGA ClO + O2 (10)

ClO + O GGGGGA Cl + O2 (11)
−→ Cl atoms have the function of a catalyst

−→ destruction of many O3 molecules by one released chlorine atom

Zusammenhang zwischen FCKW- und
Chlorkonzentration in der Atmosphäre [2]

Emissions of of Nitrogen oxides (NO2 , NO, N2 O)
λ<
O3 E
GGG
GG
GG
GGGG O2 + O
GC (12)
1180 nm
NO + O3 GGGGGA NO2 + O2 (13)

NO2 + O GGGGGA NO + O2 (14)

Formation of the „Ozone Hole“ over the Antarctic

Causes for the Development of the „Ozone Hole“ over
the Antarctic
polar winter (may to august):

darkness
−→ no ozone formation
cold T < - 73◦ C
−→ emergence of a stable air vortex over the pole
−→ no external supply of fresh Ozone
−→ condensation of H2 O, NOx and ClO to ice crystals
end of august: low sunlight
−→ insufficient for ozone formation
−→ acceleration of ozone depletion by free chlorine atoms
end of december: changing weather conditions
−→ collapse of the stable air vortex
−→ ozone supply from the rest of the atmosphere

Consequences of the Decline of the Stratospheric
Ozone layer I

Ozone Layer II
−→ increase in uvb radiation (1% O3 degradation ≈ 2-3 % increase of

uvb)
increase in skin cancer
10 % O3 degradation −→ 20-30% increase of skin cancer
eye disorders
weakening of the immune system
damage to land plants, such as soy bans, potatoes, beans, corn,
peas
possible damage to the marine ecosystem by changes in the
phytoplankton

Ozone Layer III
Abbildung: UV-warning system in Patagonia (Chile)

Phasing out from the production of CFCs

Phasing out from the production of HCFCs

Development of the „Ozone Hole“ in the period of
1996-2012

Development of the „Ozone Hole“ in the period of
2006 bis 2015

Radiation Balance of the Earth


Balance of Short-Wave Radiation
incident short-wave radiation from the cosmos:

342 W/m2
Reflection
reflection through the clouds 20,1%
reflection by the atmosphere (air molecules and particles) 5,7%
reflection at the surface 4,0%
total reflection −→ average planetary albedo ≈ 30%

Albedo as a Function of the Surface Characteristics [8], [12]
surface properties albedo

sea surface (windless) 0.05 – 0,1
sea surface (stormy) 0,1 – 0,2
fresh snow 0,80 — 0,90
old snow 0,45 — 0,90
clouds 0,60 — 0,90
dessert 0,30
savanne 0,20 — 0,25
fields (uncultivated) 0,26
lawn 0,18 — 0,23
forest 0,05 — 0,18
asphalt 0,15

Absorption
Absorption
absorption by the atmosphere (H2 O, clouds, dust, O3 ) ≈ 20%
absorption by the surface of the earth ≈ 50%
total absorption of short-wave radiation ≈ 70%
=⇒ total absorption of short-wave radiation in the atmosphere and on

the surface of the earth: 239 W/m2

Global Radiation
direct and diffuse solar radiation on the surface of the earth in the
range short-wave radiation
=⇒ annual average value on the surface of the earth ≈ 170 W/m2
global radiation up to 240 W/m2 (annual average) in subtropical
deserts
global radiation in Germany 90 - 140 W/m2 (annual average)

Energy Balance of the Absorbed Global Radiation
1 infra-red radiation
transformation of the global radiation into long-wave infra-red
radiation (λ ≈ 3000-5000 nm)
−→ 5% direct radiation in the cosmos
−→ 95% absorption by H2 O, clouds, CO2 and greenhouse gases (N2 O,
CH4 , O3 , anthropogenic CFCs
reflection of a large proportion of the absorbed energy from the
atmosphere to the surface (natural greenhouse effect)
2 transition into latent (stored) energy forms
−→ evaporation processes of water
3 transition in sensitive streams of energy (enthalpy)
−→ warm sea currents

Calculation of the Net Radiation on the Surface of Earth
Q = (S + D) · (1 − ap ) − E + C (15)
(S+D) - global radiation

S - direct sunlight
D - diffuse radiation from clouds and sky
ap - planetary albedo (≈ 0,3)
E - infrared radiation of the Earth
C - retroreflection (greenhouse effect)

Carbon Cycle of the Earth

Biospheric Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis on land
total consumption of: CO2 : 110 Mrd. t C/a
built in land plants: ca. 55 Mrd. t C/a
release as: CO2 by respiration: ca. 55 Mrd. t C/a
(Oxidation of glucose to maintain the energy balance of the plant)
Photosynthesis in the sea

photosynthesis by marine plankton
−→ photosynthesis capable algae
Mineralization
biological degradation of post-mortem of organic matter in the soil
under release of CO2 54–55 Mrd. t C/a

Geochemical Carbon Cycle
Storage of carbon in the lithosphere

Storage as oil, natural gas, coal
Storage of carbon in the hydrosphere

conversion of CO2 in plant and animal matter
formation of carbonates, for example: CaCO3
deposition of the post-mortem substance and of the carbonates
as sediment
Release of carbon deposits

time period: several 100 million years
entry of carbon deposits in hot zones of the earth’s mantle
−→ release than CO2 in particular by volcanoes

Greenhouse effect and Climate Change
Causes of Climate Change
Changes in the orbit parameters of the earth

changes in the orbit parameters of the earth (shape of the elliptical
earth orbit, tilt of the axis to the orbit, change in position of the axis
of the earth) at intervals of 100 000, 40 000 and 25 000 years
−→ end of the last ice age about 10 000 years ago
−→ next ice age in about 30 000 years

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
Changes in solar activity

variations in solar activity in cycles of 8-17 years
−→ difference between the maximum and minimum of the solar
radiation ≈ 0,1% (too low for a significant climate impact)

Other causes
changes in the surface of earth (for example changes of
vegetation)
changes in the currents and stratification of the oceans
changes in biogeochemical cycles in the atmosphere, for example
by volcanoes
changes in the energy balance

Greenhouse effect and Climate Change
Greenhouse Effect
virtually unimpeded passage of incident high-energy solar

radiation in the visible range
absorption from the earth outgoing long-wave radiation by
greenhouse gases
−→ transfer of atoms and molecules in an energetically excited
state
−→ return of the atoms and molecules in the ground state by
emitting infra-red radiation
Reflection of a significant proportion of the infra-red radiation on
the surface

Greenhouse Effect

Natural Greenhouse Gases
water vapour in the atmosphere in the form of clouds and so on

stratospheric water vapour
carbon dioxide CO2 from natural emissions
stratospheric ozone O3
methane CH4 from natural emissions
laughing gas N2 O from natural emissions

Natural and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases

Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect
enhancement of the natural greenhouse effect by human-induced

changes in the concentrations of greenhouse gases
reinforcement the chemical composition of the atmosphere and
increase the atmospheric radiation absorption

Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect
2
2
Fluorinated gases are hydrogen-containing fluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ).
Natural Greenhouse Gases
water vapour in the atmosphere in the form of clouds and so on

stratospheric water vapour
carbon dioxide CO2 from natural emissions
stratospheric ozone O3
methane CH4 from natural emissions
laughing gas N2 O from natural emissions

Natural and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases

Change of the Atmospheric Concentration of CO2 in the Last 400 000 Years

Change of the Atmospheric Concentration of CO2 in the Last 1 000 years

Increase of the Atmospheric Concentration of CO2 in the Last 60 Years [6]

Increase of the Atmospheric Concentration of Methane [6]

Increase of the Atmosheric Concentration of N2 O [6]

Change of the Atmospheric Concentration of CFC [6]
3
3
details of the concentrations of CFC in ppt (parts per trillion)
Origins of the Greenhouse Gases

Predicted Lifetimes of the Main Raw Materials with Linear Consumption

Increase in the Mean Air Temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere during the Period
1000-2000

Temperature Increase 1860-1990

Temperature Increase 1980-2016

Possible Consequences of the Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect

Retreat of Glaciers on the Example of the Kilimandscharo I

Retreat of Glaciers on the Example of the Kilimandscharo II

Air Pollutants in the Atmosphere
Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations before and after the Reunification of Germany

Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations before and after the Reunification of Germany

Dust particles forms
Abbildung: Kohlenstoffstaub
Abbildung: Pilzspore [13]
[13]
Abbildung: Flugasche [13]

Classification of Dust Particles and Possible Effects on Human Health
particle size possible effects
suspended particles > 10 µm bronchitis, aggravation of

asthma symptoms
fine dust (PM 10) < 10 µm Increase the risk of heart attacks
fine dust (PM 2,5) < 2,5 µm penetration into the alveoli (air-sacs),
increase the risk of heart attacks
ultra-fine particles < 0,1 µm penetration of the lung-mucosa,

thrombosis, heart attacks

Interaction between Human Being
and Hydrosphere

Composition of the Hydrosphere
hydrosphere
XXX
Q XXX
+

Q
s
Q XX
9
z
X
ozeans inland waters ground water cryosphere

Water Volume of the Earth

Global Water Resources and Water Demand [14]
global usable freshwater supplies: ≈ 150 000 km3

annual global water requirements: ≈ 4 000 km3
percentages of use by categories:
70% agriculture
20% industrial
10% domestics

Water Demand for Food Production [15]
production of 1 kg water demand in liter
milk 790
grain 1 160
rice 1 400
pork 4 600
beef 13 500

Water Cycle of the Earth I

Water Cycle of the Earth II
Evaporation
Evapotranspiration
≈ 500 000 km3 /a
average residence time of water in the atmosphere: 8 - 10 days
Evaporation of the sea

425 000 km3 /a (85 %)
Evaporation of the mainland

73 000 km3 /a (15 %)
evaporation: evaporation from free water surfaces, wetted surfaces and floors
transpiration: evaporation as a result of biological processes (release of water
from the pores of plants)
evapotranspiration: evapotranspiration on vegetated areas

Water Cycle of the Earth III
Rainfall
Rainfall on the seas

385 000 km3 /a (78 %)
average residence time of the water in the oceans: 1700–3000 a
Rainfall on the mainland

111 000 km3 /a (22 %)
water transport sea–mainland: ≈ 40 000 km3 /a
water return flow mainland–sea: ≈ 40 000 km3 /a
Rainfall in Germany and Jordan

rainfall in Germany: ∅ ≈ 800 mm/a
rainfall in Jordan: ∅ ≈ 280 mm/a

Water Cycle of the Earth IV
Water Balance Equation
N = A + VET + (R − B) (16)
N - average annual precipitation in mm (1 mm = 1 l/m2 )

A - water level in a balanced field
VET - field evaporation
(R-B) - storage change in soil, groundwater and surface water
R - reserve (increase of water resources)
B - demand (decrease of water resources)

Shortage and Impairment of Fresh Water Resources
Consequences of excessive water withdrawal

groundwater salinization
lowering of the groundwater table
−→ surface lowering, compaction of the soil
−→ salt water intrusion in coastal areas, such as in the state of
Gujarat (Western India)
drying up of rivers and collapse of the irrigation

Anthropogenic Change of the Aral Sea
Geographical Location of the Aral Sea

Aral Sea 1960

Aral Sea 1993

Change of the Aral Sea 1960 – 2010 [12]
Quelle: Wikipedia
Aral Sea 2011 [12]

Interaction between Human Being
and Biosphere

Slash-and-burn of Rainforests

Decrease of the of the Species Diversity

Literature and Sources I
Schwedt, G.
Taschenatlas der Umweltchemie
Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York
Nentwig, W.
Humanökologie: Fakten - Argumente - Ausblicke
ISBN: 978-3-540-27207-6
Population Research Buero, 2009
Statistisches Bundesamt
chinanetz.info
Wiki Klimawandel
Odum, Eugene
Grundlagen der Ökologie

Literature and Sources II
Hartmann, L.
Ökologie und Technik
Springer-Verlag 1994
Brockhaus-Verlag, Welt-in-Zahlen.de
Statista GmbH, Hamburg
Arbeitsgemeinschaft für sparsamen und umweltfreundlichen
Energieverbrauch e.V.
Wikipedia, Internetlexikon
Dr. Martin Ebert, Umweltmineralogie, TU Darmstadt in Die Zeit,
15.12.2005
Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung

Literature and Sources III
Erik Orsenna
Die Zukunft des Wassers
Büchergilde Guttenberg
ISBN 978 3 7632 6366 0

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Ecological Basics of Energy and Environmental

Presentation at the German Jordanian University

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Schenk

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 0 / 97

Any publications or not authorised settings in electronical nets, also in

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 1 / 97

1 The Development of the Human Population

2 Interactions between Human Being and Atmosphere

3 Interaction between Human Being and Hydrosphere

4 Interaction between Human Being and Biosphere

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 1 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 2 / 97

Birth rate (natality):

Death rate (mortality):

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 3 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 4 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 5 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 6 / 97

Increase of the world population

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 7 / 97

Balance equation for the development of human population

B - number of human population

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 8 / 97

growth rates [12]:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 9 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 10 / 97

Weltbevölkerungsprojektionen für 2050

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 11 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 12 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 13 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 14 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 15 / 97

protection of living organisms from harmful or deadly radiation

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 16 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 17 / 97

component symbol content vol.%

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 18 / 97

anthropogenic natural A/N

CO2 24 600 830 000 0,03

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 19 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 20 / 97

Decrease of the ozone layer over Germany

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 22 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 23 / 97

Bezeichnung chemical atmospheric relativ ozone

freon R-11 CCl3 F 60 1,0

CCl2 F2 GGGGGA CF2 + 2Cl (8)

Cl + O3 GGGGGA ClO + O2 (10)

−→ Cl atoms have the function of a catalyst

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 25 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 26 / 97

NO + O3 GGGGGA NO2 + O2 (13)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 27 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 28 / 97

polar winter (may to august):

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 29 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 30 / 97

−→ increase in uvb radiation (1% O3 degradation ≈ 2-3 % increase of

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 31 / 97

Abbildung: UV-warning system in Patagonia (Chile)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 32 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 33 / 97

Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Schenk (HTWK Leipzig) Ecological Basics 6. März 2018 34 / 97

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