ADINA Dynamic Analysis

Lay Tan
ADINA R & D
2016-03-09

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 1

 Topics

• Introduction
• Time Integration
• Implicit Analysis
• Explicit Analysis
• Implicit vs Explicit
• Implicit - Bathe Method
• Analysis Switch
• Energy Calculations

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 2

 Introduction

• Static or Dynamic Analysis?

• Linear Equations of Equilibrium
  CU
MU   KU  R
Inertia  External 
Forces Damping  Elastic  Applied 
Forces Forces Forces

• Static if inertia and damping forces are small and

can be neglected (i.e., applied load is resisted
mainly by material stiffness)
• Time duration of event an important consideration

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 3

 Time Integration

• Direct time integration for dynamic analysis

• Obtain solution at time t+∆t assuming the
displacements, velocities and accelerations are
known at time t (starting with t=0)
• Explicit: consider equilibrium at time t
  C t U
M tU   K tU  tR
• Implicit: consider equilibrium at time t+∆t
M t  t U
  C t  t U
 K t  t
U  t  t R

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 4

 Explicit Analysis

• Central Difference Method (CDM) - default

 1 M  1 C  t  t U  t R   K  2 M  t U  1 M  1 C t t U
 2     2 
 t 2 t   t 2
  t 2 t 

• Noh-Bathe Method - for each ∆t step, two

substeps p∆t and (1-p)∆t are used, p  (0,1)

M t pt U
  t pt R  t pt F  C (t U
  a0 t U
 )
M t  t U
  t  t R  t  t F  C (t pt U
  a3 t pt U
 )

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 5

 Explicit Analysis

• Conditionally stable, small time step size below

the critical time step size must be used
• Effective only if lumped mass matrix (diagonal) is
used so that each step solution is very fast
• CDM - damping matrix C is on left hand side, only
mass proportional Rayleigh damping can be
used, C = αM
• Noh-Bathe - Rayleigh damping matrix can be
stiffness and mass proportional, C = αM + βK, but
practically, C = αM is used
© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 6
 Explicit Analysis - Some Key Restrictions

• Second-order elements available but not

recommended
• Elements not available - potential-based fluid,
pipe, general, user-supplied, layered and 8-node
shell, porous media
• Materials not available - Mroz-bilinear, all creep,
Cam-clay, Mohr-Coulomb, Curve-description,
hyperfoam, DF-concrete, potential-based fluid,
viscoelastic, SMA, Anand, piezoelectric, three-
network, user-coded
• Analysis options not available - cyclic symmetry,
general constraints, mesh glueing, TMC, FSI

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 7

 Implicit Analysis

• Newmark Method
t  t t  t
ˆ
K U ˆ
R
ˆ  K  a 0M  a1C
K
t  t
R  R  M (a0 U  a 2 U  a3 U)  C(a1 U  a 4 U  a5 U
    )
t t t t t t
ˆ

• Bathe Method (default) - for each ∆t step, two

substeps at t+γ∆t and t+∆t, γ (0,1)

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 8

 Implicit Analysis

• Unconditionally stable in linear dynamic analysis

• Involves assembly of global matrix and solution of
system of equations
• Involves equilibrium iteration for solution at each
time step for nonlinear analysis
• Time step size selected for accuracy
• Newmark method can become unstable in large
displacement analysis whereas Bathe method
(default) is much more stable and has better
convergence in contact analysis also
© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 9
 Implicit vs Explicit

Implicit Explicit
Large time step size Very small time step size governed by 
stability
High computional effort per solution  Very low computational effort per 
time step solution time step
Large memory required Much less memory required
Equilibrium satisfied in nonlinear  More difficult to assess quality of 
iterations; confidence in solution solution
Parallel processing scalable up to 8 cores  Much more scalable in DMP
in SMP
All elements and materials available Only selected elements and materials
Second‐order can be used Second‐order elements not 
recommended; incorrect inertia forces

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 10

 Implicit vs Explicit

Implicit Explicit
Incompatible modes can be used with  Incompatible modes significantly 
slight increase in solution time increases cost of computation
u/p formulation can be used effectively  Incompressible material greatly reduces 
for incompressible material the critical time step size
Time step size based on characteristics  Time step size typically controlled by 
of the problem smallest element
For problems where the solution time is  For problems where the solution time is 
considerable longer than the time taken  comparable to time taken for a stress 
for a stress wave to propagate through  wave to propagate through the 
the structure. Examples: static analysis,  structure. Examples: wave propagation, 
crush analysis, earthquake response high speed impact
Solution may fail to converge in  Analysis may fail due to diverging 
equilibrium iterations solution

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 11

 Implicit - Bathe Method

• Time step size selected based solely on the physics of the

problem, not on numerical stability considerations

1 1 1

20 t t

• t  1
20  f max
1
, fmax=maximum frequency of interest

• Wave propagation problems - CFL=1 most effective

c  t h c = wave speed
CFL  t 
,                          or h  c  t
h c h = element size

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 12

 Analysis Switch

• Certain classes of problems, e.g., drop tests,

metal forming, etc., both implicit and explicit
analysis may be comparable in performance
• In general, use implicit analysis
• If implicit analysis fails to converge, use explicit
analysis and compare results at last implicit
converged step
• May also try restart from implicit to explicit
analysis

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 13

 Analysis Switch

• Switch analysis type when static or implicit

analysis fails to converge
• Switch analysis types at specified times
• AUI menu:
Control → Analysis Switch
• Option to switch
back analysis
• Option to perform
Frequency Analysis

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 14

 Rayleigh Damping

• Assume damping is mass and stiffness

proportional - C = αM + βK
• α and β can be determined by damping ratio at
two frequencies
• Mass proportional - damps low frequency modes
• Stiffness proportional
 
- high frequency modes    i

2
i
2

Damping
i

ratio

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 15

 Rayleigh Damping

• αM - resists rigid body motion

• βK - resists distortional motion
• Model physical damping or stabilize model
• Physical damping - use both mass and stiffness
proportional damping
• Stabilize model - rigid body or instability
• Explicit analysis - CDM (only C=αM), Noh-Bathe
(βK damping reduces critical time step size)
• Energy view shows amount of energy dissipated
due to damping
© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 16
 Energy View

• Monitors energy variations through solution

• AUI menu: Control→Energy View (.egy)...
• Energy view during
analysis or later through
information stored in
.egy file
• Strain energy
currently for 2D and 3D
solid elements

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 17

 Energy View

• Energy View tab in Solver UI

• Standalone: Start→Programs→ADINA System 9.2
→ADINA Structures Energy Graph
• Post-Processing
menu:
Graph→Energy View
• Damping energy
for stabilization
should be small

© ADINA R&D Inc. 2016 18