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Lec
Fourth Year Engineering College
6 Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood Civil Department 6
BEAM COLUMNS
1. INTRODUCTION
While many structural members can be treated as axially loaded columns or as beams
with only flexural loading, most beams and columns are subjected to some degree of
both bending and axial load.
Structural members that are subjected to combined axial and bending loads are called
beam–columns. Beam–columns could be part of braced frames or unbraced frames (i.e.,
moment frames).
Many columns can be treated as pure compression members with negligible error. If the
column is a one-story member and can be treated as pinned at both ends, the only
bending will result from minor accidental eccentricity of the load. For many structural
members, however, there will be a significant amount of both effects, and such
members are called beam–columns. Most columns in rigid frames are actually beam–
columns, and the effects of bending should not be ignored.
Moments in tension members are not as serious as those in compression members,
because tension tends to reduce lateral deflections while compression increases them.
Increased lateral deflections in turn results in large moments, which cause larger lateral
deflection.
2. INTERACTION FORMULAS
The beam–column design interaction equations from Chapter H of the AISC are given as
follows:
Pu
1 For 0.2
c Pn
Pu 8 M ux M uy
1.0
c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny
Pu
2 For 0.2
c Pn
Pu M ux M uy
1.0
2 c Pn b M nx b M ny
where
Pu = Factored axial compression or tension load or the required axial strength,
Note that for the case of beam–columns with axial compression loads and bending
moments, the factored moments about the x–x and y–y axes (i.e., Mux and Muy , respectively)
must include the effect of the slenderness of the compression member (i.e., the so-called P-
delta effects).
AISC Specification Chapter C, “Design for Stability,” provides three approaches for
determining the required flexural and axial compressive strength: the direct analysis
method, the effective length method, and the first-order analysis method.
1. The direct analysis method is a second-order analysis that considers both P-δ and P-Δ
effects. This approach uses amplified first-order moments and axial loads. In the direct
analysis method, member stiffnesses are reduced, and an effective length factor of K = l is
used both in the analysis and in computing the available strength from AISC Chapter 4.
2. The effective length method of analysis is covered in Appendix 7. It also requires a second-
order or approximate second-order analysis. Computation of the corresponding available
strength has been discussed in Chapter 4, “Compression Members.” As the name implies,
an effective length factor, K, must be determined. Member stiffnesses are not reduced.
3. The first-order analysis method is a simplified version of the direct analysis method that
can be used when certain conditions are satisfied. It is covered in Appendix 7. For the
available strength, an effective length factor of K = 1 is used. Member stiffnesses are not
reduced.
The direct analysis method is the preferred method. If the appropriate software is available,
a second-order analysis is the method of choice. If a second-order analysis is not available,
the moment amplification method, which is an acceptable direct analysis approach, can be
used.
To approximate these two effects, two amplification factors, B1 and B2 , are used for the
two types of moments. The amplified moment to be used in design is computed from the
loads and moments as follows:
M u B1 M nt B2 M t
Cm EA 2
B1 1.0 and Pe1 2
P
1 u KL
Pe1
r
where KL/r is the slenderness ratio about the axis of bending.
K ≤ 1.0 (a practical value of K for columns in braced frames = 1.0), and
A = Gross cross-sectional area of the beam–column.
The moment reduction coefficient, Cm , accounts for the effect of moment gradient in
the column, and is obtained as follows:
M1
Absolute ratio of bending
M2
single-curvature bending, and +ve for Single- and double- Beam–columns with
curvature bending. transverse loads.
double-curvature bending.
1 1
B2 1.0
1
Pstory
1
Pu
Pe 2story
Pe2
2 E A
Pe 2 KL / r 2 for all columns in the stroy
where
Pstory= Pu = sum of the factored load for all columns in the story under consideration.
Pe2-story = Pe 2 = sum of the buckling strength of all columns in the story under
consideration. Or
1
B2 1.0
1 oh
Pu
L H
where
oh
= Drift limit for factored loads (typical values range from 1/500 to 1/400).
L
For practical situations, the drift index, or limit, can be assumed to be 1/500 for lateral
wind loads—which is an interstory drift limit commonly used in design practice to satisfy
serviceability requirements under wind loads. Since factored gravity and lateral loads are
used in equation above, the drift limit should be modified to the factored load level.
Therefore, a drift limit of 1/(500/1.6), or 1/312, may be used at the factored load level
for moment frames subjected to wind loads. For seismic loads, the drift limits given in
Table 12.12-1 of the ASCE 7 load specification should be used.
Pu Pu 8 M ux M uy
1 For 0.2 , 1.0
c Pn c Pn 9 b M nx b M ny
The equation can be rewritten as
1 8 8
Pu M ux M uy 1.0
P 9 M
c n b nx 9 b M ny
or
p Pu b x M ux b y M uy 1.0
Pu M ux M uy
1.0
Pu
2 If 0.2 OR p Pu 0.2 ,
c Pn 2 c Pn b M nx b M ny
The equation can be rewritten as
0.5 p Pu
9
8
b x M ux b y M uy 1.0
where
1
p
c Pn
8
bx
9 b M nx
8
by
9 b M ny
Table 6-1 in Part 6 of the Manual gives values of p, bx , and by for all W shapes listed in
Part 1 of the Manual, “Dimensions and Properties,” except for those smaller than W8.,
in both LRFD and ASD format. The values of Cb ,B1 and B2 must be calculated
independently for use in the computation of Mu for LRFD).
C mx 1.0
B1x 1.018 1.0
Pu 244
1 1
Pe1x 13938
144
C my 0.6 0.4 1.0
144
2 E A 2 * 29000 * 35.3
Pe1y 5007 k
KL 2 14 * 12
2
r y 3.74
C my 1.0
B1y 1.051 1.0
P 244
1 u 1
Pe1y 5007
0.5 p Pu
9
8
b x M ux b y M uy 1.0