MAT1044

Lecture 2
Vanessa Thomas
Algebraic Expressions

An algebraic expression is a
mathematical phrase that can
contain ordinary numbers,
variables (like x or y) and
operators (like add, subtract,
multiply, and divide).
Examples
a+1
3 5
4𝑥 − 5𝑦

2
3𝑥

x-a/b
Polynomial
•A monomial has just one term. For
2
example, 4x .Remember that a term
contains both the variable(s) and its
coefficient (the number in front of it.) So
the is just one term.
•A binomial has two terms. For
example: 5x2 -4x
Polynomial

•A trinomial has three terms. For

2
example: 3y +5y-2
•Any polynomial with four or more
terms is just called a polynomial. For
5 3 2
example: 2y + 7y - 5y +9y-2
 Quadratic Expression
A quadratic expression is an expression
involving a squared term,

2 2
e.g., 𝑥 + 1 or 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 5
General Form of a Quadratic
2
a𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

2
Coefficient of 𝑥 = a
Coefficient of 𝑥 = b
Constant = c
Solving a Quadratic Equation

•Must be equal to Zero (0)

2
•𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Quadratic Equations by Factorization
2
𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 12 = 0
𝑎=1
𝑏=7
𝑐 = 12
Replace 7𝑥 with two terms that
when multiplied gives 𝑎𝑐 = 1 × 12 = 12
When added gives us 𝑏 = 7
Quadratic Equations by Factorization
2
𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 12 = 0
2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 12 = 0
𝑥 𝑥+4 +3 𝑥+4 =0
𝑥+3 𝑥+4 =0
𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 4 = 0
𝑥 = −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −4
Other Examples

Solve the following:

2
6𝑥 − 7𝑥 = 3
2
2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 20 = 0
 Difference of Two Squares
WHEN THE SUM of two numbers multiplies
their difference (a + b)(a − b)
then the product is the difference of their
squares:
Examples
2
1. 𝑥 − 25 = 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 + 5
2
2.4𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 + 1
3 2
3.9𝑥 − 25𝑥 = 𝑥 9 − 25𝑥
= 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 3 + 5𝑥
Solving

2
•𝑥 −4=0

• 𝑥−2 𝑥+2 =0

•𝑥 − 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0

•𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = −2
Other Example
2
•Solve 7𝑥 − 56𝑥 = 0
7𝑥 𝑥 − 8 = 0
7𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 − 8 = 0
𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 8
Other Exampls
2
• Solve 3𝑥 = −21𝑥
2
3𝑥 + 21𝑥 = 0
3𝑥 𝑥 + 7 = 0
3𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥+7=0
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −7
Quadratic Formula
2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
 2
Example 4𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 5 = 0
11±6.403
•𝑥=
−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 8
•𝑥=
2𝑎
17.403 4.597
•𝑥= or 𝑥 =
8 8
−(−11)± (−11)2 −4(4)(5)
•𝑥=
2(4) • 𝑥 = 2.18 𝑜𝑟 0.57

11± 121−80
•𝑥=
8

11± 41
•𝑥=
8
Other Examples

Solve the following:

2
3𝑥 + 5𝑥 = 7
2
4𝑥 − 9𝑥 − 3 = 0
Polynomial Worksheet 1h
𝑥+2 𝑥
=
𝑥 2𝑥 − 5
Recall
Polynomials
So when we want to know the
remainder after dividing by x-c we
don't need to do any division:
Just calculate f(c).
 Example 1
Find the remainder using Remainder theorem when
the polynomial 3x³-2x²+6x-7 is divided by (x-2)

By this theorem(remainder)the remainder is f(2). So

let us find the value of f(2)
f(2) = 3(2)³-2(2)²+6(2)-7
= 3(8)-2(4)+6(2)-7
= 24-8+12-7
= 21 The remainder is 21.
Example 2

When px 3
– 5x + 1 is divided by x – 2
the remainder is 23. What is p?
 Example 1
Which of the following is a factor of
3 2
2x - x - 21x + 18 ?
(a) 𝑥 − 1 (b) 𝑥 − 2 (c) 𝑥 − 3 (d) 𝑥 − 4
 Example 2
Which of the following is a factor of
6x 3 +
5x2 - 2x - 1 ?
(a) 𝑥 − 1 (b) 2𝑥 − 1 (c) 3𝑥 − 1 (d) 4𝑥 − 1
 Example 3
If x - 2 is a factor of
kx 4- 11x 3 + kx2 + 13x + 2,
What is the value of k?
Long Division – Example 1
3 2
Divide 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 11𝑥 − 6 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 + 1
Quotient
Divisor
Dividend

Remainder
Long Division – Example 2
3 2
3𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 2 ÷ 𝑥 − 1
Long Division – Example 3
Long Division – Example 4
Synthetic Division – Example 1
Synthetic Division – Example 2
Polynomial worksheet 5b – Factorize completely

3 2
x - 3x + 4
Source
• http://home.avvanta.com/~math/def2.cgi?t=expression
• http://www.softschools.com/math/algebra/topics/classifying_polynomials/
• https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/degree-expression.html
• https://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/10876/07-QuadraticEquations.pdf
• https://cdn.kutasoftware.com/Worksheets/Alg1/Quadratic%20Formula.pdf
• https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/polynomials-remainder-factor.html
• https://www.wyzant.com/resources/lessons/math/algebra/remainder_theorem
• https://www.exampaper.com.sg/tuition-notes/a-maths-tips/sergeant-lois-mid-year-boot-camp-
2008-finding-your-roots-with-remainder-factor-theorems
• http://slideplayer.com/slide/8871374/
• http://www.onlinemath4all.com/Remainder-theorem.html
• http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/remainder-theorem.html