Introduction to Pneumatics

Pneumatics Symbols
Air generation and distribution

Table 1: Symbols use in energy conversion and preparation

ITEM SYMBOL MEANING

Compressor

Pressure Source
SUPPLY
Pneumatic Pressure Source

Air Reservoir

Filter : separation and filtration of

particles

Filter and separator (automatic)

SERVICE
EQUIPMENT
Lubricator

Pressure regulator

Air Service Unit : Filter,

Regulator, Gauge, Lubricator
COMBINED
SYMBOLS
Simplified air service unit with
lubricator
Input Elements

Directional control valves

Table 2: Directional Control Valve Symbol Development

Explanation Of Symbol Symbol Development

Valve switching positions are represented as squares

The number of squares shows how many switching

positions the valve has
Line indicate flow paths, arrows shows the direction
of flow

Shut off positions are identified in the boxes by lines

drawn at right angles

The connections ( inlet and outlet ports ) are shown

by lines on the outside of the box

Table 3: Directional Control Valve, Ports and Positions (ways)

SYMBOL EXPLANATION

2/2 - way directional control valve, normally open

3/2 – way directional control valve normally closed

3/2 – way directional control valve, normally open

4/2 – way directional control valve

Flow from 1 to 2 and from 4 to 3

5/2 – way directional control valve

Flow from 1 to 2 and 4 to 5
 5/3 – way directional control valve
Mid position closed

Figure 1: Methods of Actuation

Flow Control Valve

Table 4: Flow Control Valves

SYMBOL EXPLANATION

Flow control valve, adjustable

One-way flow control valve

Pressure control valves

Table 5: Pressure Valve

SYMBOL EXPLANATION

Sequence valve-in line

Adjustable pressure regulating

valve, relieving type

Auxiliary Symbols

Table 6: Auxiliary Symbol

SYMBOL EXPLANATION
0 Bar

Pressure gauge

Silencer

Exhaust
 Plug

0 Bar

Visual indicator

Processing Elements

Table 7: Non-return valves and derivatives

SYMBOL EXPLANATION

Check valve

Shuttle valve

AND Valve

Quick exhaust valve

Actuator (Output)

Table 8: Actuators
SYMBOL EXPLANATION

Single acting cylinder with spring return

Double acting cylinder

Double acting cylinder with double ended

piston rod
 Double acting 2 cushion cylinder

Air motor rotation in one direction

Rotary actuator

Development of single actuator circuit

Example 1: Direct control of a single-acting cylinder

A single acting cylinder of 25mm diameter is to advance a component when a push button is
pressed. As long as the push button is activated the cylinder is to remain in the clamped position. If
the push button released, the clamp is to retract.

Figure 2: Positional Sketch

Figure 3: Circuit
Diagram
Example 2: Indirect control of a double acting cylinder

A double acting cylinder is to extend when a push button is operated. Upon release of the push
button the cylinder is to retract.

Figure 4: Circuit Diagram

Example 3: The logic AND function

The piston rod of a double acting cylinder is to advance when both push button of the 3/2 way valve
is actuated. If either of these is released, then the cylinder is to return to the initial position.

Figure 5: Circuit Diagram

Example 4: The logic OR function

A double-acting cylinder is to advance if one of two push buttons is operated. If the push button is
then released, the cylinder is to retract.

Figure 6: Circuit Diagram

Example 5: Memory circuit and speed control of a cylinder

The piston rod of a double acting cylinder is to advance when a 3/2 way push button valve is
actuated manually. The cylinder is to remain advanced until a second valve is actuated. The signal of
the second valve can only take effect after the first valve has been released . The cylinder is to then
return to the initial position. Then cylinder is to remain in the initial position until a new start signal is
given. The speed of the cylinder is to be adjustable in both directions.
 Figure 7: Circuit Diagram

Combinational valves

The combined functions of various elements can produce a new function. The new component can
be constructed by the combination of individual elements or manufactured in a combined
configuration to reduce size and complexity. An example is the timer which is the combination of a
one way flow control valve, a reservoir and a 3/2 way directional control valve.

Figure 8: Time delay valve

Example 1: The timer delay valve

A double-acting cylinder is used to press together glued component. Upon operation of a push
button, the clamping cylinder extends. Once the fully advanced position is reached, the cylinder is to
remain a time of T= 6 seconds and then immediately retract to the initial position. The cylinder
retraction is to be adjustable. A new start cycle is only possible after the cylinder has fully retracted.

Figure 9: Circuit Diagram

Development of multiple actuators circuits

In case of multiple cylinder circuits, a clear definition of the problem is important. The
representation of the desired motion of all actuators described using the displacement-step
diagram. The special condition for the start of the sequence must also be defined.

Example 1: Coordinated motion

Two cylinders are used to transfer parts from a magazine onto a chute. When a push button is
pressed, the first cylinder extends, pushing part from the magazine and positions it in preparation
for transfer by the second cylinder onto the out feed chute. Once the part is transfer, the first
cylinder retracts, followed by the second. Confirmation of all extended and retracted positions are
required.
Figure 10: Displacement Step Diagram

Figure 11: Circuit Diagram