Shri Cloth Market Vaishnav Bal Mandir G.

H. S. School.

Session:- 2019-20
Chemestry project
Topic:- Dying Of Fabrics
Submitted by:- Mahak tiwari
Submitted to:- Mrs. Amita bhatt
Principal:-mrs. Abha johri
INDEX
➢
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to pricipal mrs.
Abha johri for her encouragement and for all the facilities that she
provided for this project work. I sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by
taking me into her fold for which I shall remain indebted to her.
I extend my heartily thanks to mrs. Amita bhatt, chemestry teacher who
guided me to the successful completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sence of gratitude for her invaluable
guidance, constant encouragement, constructive comments, sympathetic
attitude and immense motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all
stages of this project work.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mahak tiwari of std. 12th ‘AB’ has prepared the
project entitled “Dying of fabrics”. The project is the result of her own
efforts and endeavours. The project os found worthy of acceptance as
final project report for the subject chemistry. She has prepared the
project under my guidance.

Internal External Principal

Signature Signature Signature
 DECLARATION
I Mahak tiwari of std. 12th ‘AB’ hereby declare that
the project work entitled “Dying of fabrics” submitted
to mrs. Amita bhatt is prepared by me. All the matter
and contents presented are result of my personal
efforts.

Signature
DYING OF FABRICS
 INTRODUCTION
Dyes used for fabrics such as cotton, wool and silk are
complexorganic molecules that contains what is known as a
chromophore group, that is, they contain some type of conjugated
alternating double and single bonds in a part of the molecule.
These molecules can absorb certain wavelengths of visible light
and reflect the remaining light and, thus, gave a fabric its colour

Not only do the dyes have polar or ionic groups, but fabrics such
as cotton and wool also contains polar groups such as -OH
(Hydroxyl) and -NH (Amide) which help the dye to attach to the
fabric.
Sometimes the chemical bonds forms between the dye and
the fabric molecules which holds the two together.
Another process involved the use of a mordant , which
serves as a sort of intermediary that bonds the dye and the
fabric. If the dye molecules are firmly attached to the
fabric, the colour will be “fast”, that is, it does not run
when wet or washed, after the initial rinsing of excess dye.

This experiment will deal with four types of dying

processes, direct Dying, mordant Dying, developed Dying
and vat Dying.
 HISTORY
Dying of textils has been practisd for thousands of yearswith
the first written record of use og dyestuf dated 2600BC in
China. All dyes were natural substances obtained from plants,
animals or mineral sources. In 1856, William Henry perkin,
while searching for the cure for malaria,discovered the first
synthetic dye, mauve. The mauve was brilliant fuchsia colour
but faded easily. Since that time a large number of synthetic
dyes have been manufactured and their resistance to running
and fading has been eliminated. Almost all garments
purchased today are dyes with synthetic dyes.
 DYES
A dye is coloured substance that chemically bonds with the substrate to which it is
being applied and add or change the colour of the substrate. Most dyes are
organic in nature. i.e. , they contain carbon in their structure.

Dyes are classified into two types :-

1. Natural dyes. 2. Synthetic dyes.

NATURAL DYES:-
The word natural dye covers all dyes derived from natural
sources like plants, animals and minerals. Natural dyes are
mostly non substantive and must be applies on textils with tje
help of mordants, usually a metallic salt which have an
affinity for both fibre and colouring matter. Transition metal
ions usually have strong co-ordinating power and/or capable
of forming week to medium attraction/interaction forces and
thus can act as bridging material to create substantivity of
natural dyes and colourants when textil material being
impragnated with such metallic salts (i.e. mordanted) is
subjected to dying with different natural dyes
Usually having some mordantable groups facilitating
fixation of such dyes/colourants
.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL
DYES:-

ADVANTAGES:-

1. The shades produced by natural dyes are usually

soft, lustrous and soothing to human eye.
2. Natural dyestuff can produce a large number of
colours by mix and match method. A small variations
in dying techniques or use of different mordants with
same dye (polygenetic type natural dye) can shift the
colours to a wide range or create some new colours
which is not easily possible with synthetic dyes.

3. Natural dyestuffs produce rare colour ideas and

are automatically hormonizing.
4. In some cases like harda, Indigo etc., the waste in the
process becomes the ideal fertilisers for use in agricultural
feilds. Therefore, no disposal problem in this organic waste.

5. Application of natural dyes have potential to earn carbon

credit by reducing consumption of fossil fuel based synthetic
dyes.

6. Unlike non renewable raw materials for synthetic dyes, the

natural dyes are easily renewable, being agro renewable/
vegetable based and at the same time biodegradable.
Types of dyes:-
DIRECT DYES :- These are the molecules that adhere to the
fabric molecules without help from the other chemicals.

Ex. Malachite green.

MORDANT DYES :- These are the dyes that do not adhere to the
fabric directly. These need a chemical intermediate, known as a
mordant, to attach themselves to the fabric.

DEVELOPED DYES:- These are those where the dye-forming

chemical reaction is carried out on the fabric. This process is
commonly done with diazo dyes which are characterised by
containing a -N=N- double bond structure in the molecule .

Ex. Para red (bright red).

VAT DYES:- These are insoluble in their coloured form. They
are reduced by another chemical and converted to a soluble
form. The reduced dye is applied to the fabric, and then
exposed to the air which oxidises the dye to its coloured form.

Ex. Indigo.
 R Y
T O
I G A
S T E CT
V E O J
IN PR
OBJECTIVE:-
To dye wool and cotton clothes with malachite
green

REQUIREMENTS:-
500ml beakers, tripod stands, wire gauze, glass
rod, spatula, wool cloth, cotton cloth.

Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartarematic and

malachite green.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Prepration of sodium carbonate solution-take
about 0.5g of solid Na2CO3 and dessolve it in
250ml of water.
2. Prepration of tartaremetic solution-take
about 0.2g of tartarematic and dissolve in
100ml of water by stirring with the help of a
glass rod.
3. Preparation of tannic acid solution-take 100ml
of water and add about 1g of tannic acid to it.
Heat the solution.
4. Prepration of dye solution-take about 0.1g of
malachite green dye and add to it400ml of
water. On warming a clear solution of the dye
results.

5. Dying of wool- Take about 200ml of dye

solution and dip the woollen cloath in it to be
dyed. Boil the solution for 2 minutes. After that
remove the cloth and wash it with hot water 3-4
times, squeeze and keep it for drying.
6. Dying of cotton- Cotton
doesn't absorb malachite green
readily. So it requires the use of
mordant. For dying a cotton
cloth, dip it in NA2CO3 solution
for about 10 minutes and then
rinse with water. Then put the
water in hot tannic acid solution
for about 5 minutes. Now take
out the cloth from tannic acid
solution and keep it in
tartaremetic solution for about 5
Now place the cloth
in boiling solution
of the dye for about
2 minutes. Remove
and wash the dyed
cloth throughly
with water, squeeze
and keep it for
drying.
OBSERVATIONS:-

1. The
colour
of the
wool
cloth
dyed
directl
y by
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

❏ WWW. Google.com
❏ Practical chemestry by laxmi publications
❏ Wikipedia
❏ WWW. Britannica.com
❏ Dying booklet_pdf.
❏ WWW. Researchgate.net