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1) A physical condition or a release of a hazardous material that could result from component failure and
result in human injury or death, loss or damage, or environ- mental degradation.
A. Hazard
B. Loss
C. Failure
3) Methods that use engineering judgment and experience as the bases for the analysis of probabilities
and consequences of failure.
A. Qualitative risk assessment
B. Relative risk
C. Nominal risk
4) An analysis that identifies and delineates the combinations of events, estimates the frequency of
occurrence for each combination and estimates the consequences.
A. Quantitative risk analysis
B. Qualitative risk analysis
C. Process hazard analysis
8) ……….. Depict ways in which the system failures represented in the event trees can occur.
A. Event trees
B. Fault trees
C. Logic trees
9) The comparative risk of a facility, process unit, system, equipment item or component to other
facilities
A. Relative risk
B. Absolute risk
C. No risk
11) Systematic use of information to identify sources and to estimate the risk.
A. Risk
B. Risk analysis
C. Hazard analysis
12) …………….. Provides a basis for risk evaluation, risk mitigation and risk acceptance.
A. Risk
B. Risk analysis
C. Hazard analysis
13) Process used to assign values to the probability and consequence of a risk.
A. Risk evaluation
B. Risk estimation
C. Risk identification
14) Process used to compare the estimated risk against given risk criteria to determine the significance
of the risk.
A. Risk evaluation
B. Risk estimation
C. Risk identification
16) Coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk.
A. Risk management
B. Risk evaluation
C. Risk control
20) ………… is the combination of the probability of some event occurring during a time period of
interest and the consequences, associated with the event.
A. Risk
B. Loss
C. Mitigated risk
22) A process to assess risks, to determine if risk reduction is required and to develop a plan to maintain
risks at an acceptable level.
A. Risk management
B. Risk mitigation
C. Risk control
23) When some risk identified as acceptable then one of the following is not required
A. Risk reduction
B. Risk evaluation
C. Risk mitigation
D. Risk control
24) In process plants ……… are established to detect and evaluate deterioration due to in service
operation
A. Inspection and testing programs
B. Condition monitoring programs
C. Preventive maintenance programs
D. In service inspection programs
25) When an equipment has low deterioration rates as an inspector what you decide in lieu of internal
inspection
A. On-stream inspection
B. Out of service inspection
C. External inspection
26) ………… represents the next generation of inspection approaches and interval setting, recognizing
that the ultimate goal of inspection is the safety and reliability of operating facilities.
A. Rbi
B. Pha
C. Hazop
D. Rcm
28) ……… provides a consistent methodology for assessing the optimum combination of methods and
frequencies.
A. Rbi
B. Rcm
C. Pha
D. Hazop
29) Through ……………, inspection activities are focused on higher risk items and away from lower
risk items.
A. Rbi
B. Pha
C. Rcm
D. Hazop
30) Following are not the residual risk factors for loss of containment
A. Human error
B. Natural disasters
C. Fundamental limitations of inspection method
D. Toxic fluid containment
33) Some failures have potentially serious consequences, but if the probability of the incident is low,
then
A. The risk may not warrant immediate action
B. The risk may warrant immediate action
C. The risk may warrant appropriate mitigation action
34) If the probability and consequence combination (risk) is high enough to be unacceptable, then
A. A mitigation action to predict
ct or prevent the event is recommended.
B. A mitigation action to predict or prevent the event is not recommended
C. Warrant to analyze risks involved
35) …………refers to a prescriptive methodology that has resulted from the application of risk analysis
techniques at many different types of facilities,
A. Quantitative risk assessment (qra)
B. Qualitative risk assessment
C. Semi-quantitative risk assessment
36) A rbi analysis shares many of the techniques and data requirements with a …….
A. Qra
B. Pha
C. Hazop
D. Event tree
37) If a qra has been prepared for a process unit, the …………analysis can borrow extensively from this
effort.
A. Rbi consequence
B. Rbi liklihood
C. Rbi probability
38) Hazard identification in a rbi analysis generally focuses on identifiable failure mechanisms in the
equipment (inspectable causes) but does not explicitly deal with
A. Other potential failure scenarios resulting from events such as power failures or human errors.
B. Other potential failure resulting from events such as flammable fire due to leak from equipment
C. Environmental impact caused due to toxic release
39) ……………..deals with total risk than with risk involve only with the equipment
A. Qra
B. Rbi
C. Pha
D. Fta
43) The suitability and current condition of the equipment within the current operating envelope will
determine the ………….of the equipment from one or more deterioration mechanisms.
A. Probability of failure (POF)
B. Consequence of failure
C. Total risk
D. Relative risk
44) The probability of failure, when coupled with the associated consequence of failure (COF) (see
section 11) will determine ………….associated with the equipment item,
A. Operating risk
B. Ranking
C. Residual risk
45) …………. is a risk management activity that may lead to risk reduction?
A. Inspection
B. Evaluation
C. Analysis
47) Following are some of the recognized risks which cannot be managed by inspection alone except
one
A. Equipment nearing retirement.
B. Failure mechanisms (such as brittle fracture, fatigue) where avoidance of failure primarily depends
on operating within a defined pressure/temperature envelope.
C. Consequence-dominated risks.
D. The suitability and current condition of the equipment within the current operating envelope will
determine the probability of failure (POF) of the equipment from one or more deterioration
mechanisms.
53) Reliability efforts, such as reliability centered maintenance (RCM), can be linked with RBI,
resulting in an integrated program to
A. Reduce downtime in an operating unit.
B. Reduce operating time of an unit
C. To reduce risk by mitigation activities
54) In jurisdictions that permit the application of the API inspection codes and standards
A. RBI should be an acceptable method for setting inspection plans.
B. RCM should be an acceptable method for setting the inspection plans
C. PHA
55) ……………to be established to judge acceptability of risk could be an objective of the RBI
assessment if such criteria do not exist already within the user’s company.
A. Risk criteria
B. Risk plan
C. Risk analysis
56) ………………….. is usually not the primary objective of a RBI assessment, but it is frequently a
side effect of optimization.
A. Reducing inspection costs
B. Increasing inspection costs
C. Increasing frequency of inspection programs
57) When the inspection program is optimized based on an understanding of risk, one or more of the
following cost reduction benefits may be realized. Except one
A. Ineffective, unnecessary or inappropriate inspection activities may be eliminated.
B. Effective, necessary or appropriate inspection activities may be eliminated.
C. On-line or non-invasive inspection methods may be substituted for invasive methods that require
equipment shutdown.
D. More effective infrequent inspections may be substituted for less effective frequent inspections.
58) The following are the risks identified by RBI assessment that may be man aged by actions other than
inspection. Except one
A. Modification of the process to eliminate conditions driving the risk.
B. Modification of operating procedures to avoid situations driving the risk.
C. Chemical treatment of the process to reduce deterioration rates/susceptibilities.
D. Identifying and detecting deterioration and predicting future deterioration states with advanced
inspection technique(s).
59) For qualitative RBI analysis it is important to establish a set of rules to assure consistency in
A. Categorization or classification
B. Segregation
C. Ranking
60) Generally, a qualitative analysis using broad ranges requires a …………………..from the user than
a quantitative approach.
A. Higher level of judgment, skill and understanding
B. Lower level of judgment, skill and understanding
61) The models are evaluated…………………..to provide both qualitative and quantitative insights
about the level of risk and to identify the design, site, or operational characteristics that are the most
important to risk.
A. Probabilistically
B. Statistically
C. Linearly
D. Logically
63) Potential source of errors in RBI analysis regarding data quality are the following except
a. Assumptions in equipment history
b. Outdated drawings and documentation
c. Inspector error
d. Advanced inspection methods
64) The following assumption can be made that significantly impact the calculated corrosion rate early
in the equipment life
A. If the base line thickness were not performed the nominal thickness may be used for the original
thickness
B. If original thickness not available, averaged UT thickness readings may be used
C. If the original thickness not available, maximum UT thickness readings may be used
65)………………… may result in the calculated corrosion rate appearing artificially high or low.
A. Clerical error
B. Measurement error
C. Inspector error
D. UT scanning
66) The data validation step stresses the need for a knowledgeable individual
A. To comparing data from the inspections to the expected deterioration mechanism and rates.
B. To compare the results with previous measurements on that system,
C. Similar systems at the site or within the company or published data.
D. All of the above
67) The amount and type of codes and standards used by a facility can have
A. Significant impact on RBI results
B. No impact on RBI results
C. Less significant impact on RBI results
68) Who should be consulted to define the equipment deterioration mechanisms, susceptibility and
potential failure modes?
A. A metallurgist or corrosion specialist
B. A metallurgist and corrosion specialist
C. A metallurgist only
D. Corrosion specialist only
69) __________are the primary inputs into the probability of failure evaluation.
A. The deterioration mechanisms, rates and susceptibilities
B. Loss of containment f fluid
C. Fluid toxicity and its concentration
D. Damage mechanisms and its severity
71) Who can provide useful input (such as the spectrum of process conditions, injection points etc.) to
aid materials specialists in the identification of deterioration mechanisms and rates.
A. Process specialists
B. Plant operation specialists
C. Asset integrity experts
D. Inspection engineers
75)………………curves are referred for HTHA deterioration mechanism for carbon and low ally steel
materials
A. Nelson curves
B. Ph concentration curves
C. Schmidtt curves for sulfide corrosion
76) Following are the critical variables for deterioration mechanism except
A. Material of construction
B. Process operating
C. Start up and shut down conditions
D. Insulation
78) Depending on the methodology employed in qualitative analysis, the categories may be described
with words such as
A. High, medium or low or may have numerical descriptors.
B. High, medium or low only
C. Numerical descriptors only
79) When in accurate or insufficient failure data exists on the specific equipment item for quantities
probability of failure analysis then
A. General industry, company or manufacturer failure data used
B. Process hazard analysis failure data may be used
C. Process and toxic concentration analysis may be used
82) The ability to state the rate of deterioration precisely is affected by the following except
A. By equipment complexity
B. Type of deterioration mechanism, process and metallurgical variations,
C. Inaccessibility for inspection, limitations of inspection and test methods
D. Lack of coverage of an area subject to deterioration.
E. None of the above
83) The type of failure mode that likely to occur due to pitting
A. Small hole sized leaks
B. Small holes to ruptures
C. Cracks
D. Catastrophic rupture
84) The type of failure mode that likely to occur due to ssc
A. Small holes to rupture
B. Small holes
C. Cracks
D. Only rupture
85) The type of failure mode that likely to occur due to mechanical and metallurgical deterioration
A. Small holes to ruptures
B. Cracks
C. Catastrophic ruptures
D. Leaks
86) The type of failure mode that likely to occur due thinning
A. Larger leaks or rupture
B. Only rupture
C. Metal loss
D. Cracks
87) If a very aggressive acid is carried over from a corrosion resistant part of a system into a
downstream vessel that is made of carbon steel, the result would be
A. Rapid corrosion could result in failure in a few hours or days.
B. General corrosion over a period of time could result in metal loss
C. No deterioration will take place since carbon steel is resistant to aggressive acid
88) If multiple inspections have been performed, which inspection may best reflect current operating
conditions.
A. Most recent inspection
B. Base line inspection survey
C. Process conditions
D. Corrosion survey
92) Qualitative consequence analysis of failure can be estimated separately for each unit, system,
equipment group or individual equipment item.
A. On the basis of expert knowledge and experience
B. On the basis of available data
C. On the basis of process and environmental conditions
D. No basis required since it is qualitative
94) In most consequence evaluations, a key element in deter-mining the magnitude of the consequence
is
A. The volume of fluid released.
B. Amount of surface area exposed due to toxic release
C. Physical area impacted by release
95) Following is the unit of measure of consequence that are least developed among those currently used
for RBI assessment
A. Affected area
B. Cost
C. Environmental damage
D. Safety
97) Toxic releases in RBI are only addressed when they affect
A. Personnel
B. Equipment
C. Process
100) Maintenance impact will generally be measured in monetary terms and typically includes:
A. Repairs and equipment replacement
B. Method of cleanup
C. Safety systems
101) ………………..is a powerful tool that is being used by many companies, governments and
regulatory authorities as one method in determining risk acceptance.
A. Cost-benefit analysis
B. Risk analysis
C. Cost consequence analysis
D. Risk based cost analysis
104) ……………is an important part of the data validation phase of risk assessment.
A. Sensitivity analysis
B. Risk analysis
C. Probability analysis
D. Process hazard analysis
105) The information gathering performed after the sensitivity analysis should be focused on developing
A. More certainty for the key input variables.
B. Less certainty for the key input variables
C. No certainty for the key input variables
D. None of the above
106) Too conservative assumptions made for the available or unavailable data lead to overestimating
consequences or probability of failure values will
A. Inflate the calculated risk values
B. May mislead inspection planners, management and insurers
C. Can create a lack of credibility for the user and the RBI process
D. All of the above
107) Once the risk values are developed, one way of presenting results of the risk values are by
A. Risk matrix or plot
B. Risk indicators
C. Risk ranking
D. Risk occurrence
108) When the consequence category is given a higher weightage than the probability category then the
risk matrix will be
A. Symmetrical
B. Asymmetrical
C. Logical
D. None of the above
112) A pressure vessel which is critical for operations, whose design pressure is 15 bar and its operating
pressure under normal conditions vary from 6 bar to 10bar. The vessel is in sulfuric acid process
environment. In due course of time after the vessel put into service for 10years, it subject to thinning due
to sulfuric acid corrosion and found that localized corrosion up to 7mm (nominal thickness- 10mm,
t-min-4mm). The vessel undergone RBI analysis and categorized under higher risk ranking, following
are the best suitable mitigation action to be consider
A. Equipment to be decommissioned
B. Equipment redesign
C. Reduction of operating pressure acceptable to the process followed by cost effective inspection
program with repair as indicated by the inspection results
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
113) The quality of the inspection data and the analysis or interpretation will greatly affect the
A. Level of risk mitigation
B. Level of failure
C. Level of prediction
D. None of the above
114) Following are the tools critical to achieve risk mitigation through inspection
A. Proper inspection methods
B. Proper data analysis tools
C. Both a and b
D. All of the above
115) Which plays a major role in over all risk management strategy?
A. Inspection
B. Mitigation
C. Consequence
D. Failure
116) Which inspection technique for a piping circuit would be considered to have little or no benefit if
the deterioration mechanism results in unpredictable localized corrosion
A. Spot thickness readings
B. Ultrasonic readings
C. Radiography
D. All of the above
117) In the case of localized corrosion, which inspection technique is more effective
A. Ultrasonic for thickness monitoring
B. Radiography
C. Ultrasonic flaw detection
D. None of the above
118) Which are the best cases that may cause deterioration and increase the risk of the equipment when
managing the risk with inspection activities
A. Moisture ingress to equipment leading to SCC or polythionic acid cracking.
B. Internal inspection of glass lined vessels.
C. Risk associated with shutting down and starting up
D. All of the above
119) ………………… be performed to determine what size flaws, if found in future inspections, would
require repair or equipment replacement.
A. Fitness-for-service
B. RBI analysis
C. Process hazard analysis
D. All of the above