such as adjacent utilities or structures.

The survey should be performed in an area

sufficient in size to show equipment set-up and storage locations.
Information to be gathered during the survey should include, but not be limited to,
the following:
• Existing grade elevation data referenced to a public datum if practical;
• Surface features such as roadways, sidewalks, utility poles, overhead power
lines, fire hy-drants,
• Ledge or rock outcrops;
• Boring/test pit locations;
• Waterways;
• Potentially delineated wetlands;
• Culverts;
• Visible subsurface utility landmarks such as manholes or valve boxes; and
• Structures such as buildings, towers, or bridges adjacent to the proposed
drilled path.
Waterway crossings also require a hydrographic survey. The hydrographic survey
should include tidal ranges and edges of waterways. It should be conducted along
the proposed drill path and in-clude data as appropriate upstream and downstream of
the path.
Construction control points shall be established sufficiently far away from the
work so as not to be affected by ground movement caused by the construction
operations. Such control points shall be checked regularly against permanent bench
marks to ensure the accuracy of the HDD construc-tion is not compromised by ground
movement.
6.8.2 SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION
Once the surface survey data have been obtained, evaluation of subsurface features
can be initi-ated. Subsurface feature concerns that may affect HDD design and
therefore should be investi-gated include the presence of existing utilities,
adjacent structure foundations or other manmade
Obstructions, and geotechnical and hazardous materials conditions along the
proposed HDD alignment.
6.8.3 Geotechnical Investigation
The contractor will carry out geotechnical investigation of the HDD route.
A second phase of subsurface investigation for HDD projects is the determination of
soil conditions. Once the proposed routing has been identified, a geotechnical
investigation should be performed. The geotechnical investigation should be
tailored to suit the complexity of the installation being de-signed. A general
geologic review involves examining existing geological data to determine what
conditions might be encountered in the vicinity of the installation. Existing data
may be available from construction project records in the area of the HDD
(buildings, piers, bridges,).
A typical geotechnical survey consists of taking exploratory borings to collect
soil samples for clas-sification and laboratory analysis.
The number, location, and depth of exploratory borings should be determined taking
into account site-specific conditions such as the general geology of the area,
availability of access, availability of existing data, cost, etc. Borings should be
located off of the drilled path centerline to reduce the

Pigging and gauging activities shall be submitted as part the Contractors pressure
testing procedure.
7.6.17.2 At the completion of the carrier pipe pull, the carrier pipes are to be
pigged and flushed clean. A number of cleaning passes may be required until clean
water remains in the carrier pipes. Pig selection shall be relevant to the pipeline
material and confirmed with a pig supplier and/or manufacturer. Cleaning acceptance
criteria shall be ≤10mm dust penetration with a low density foam pig for a maximum
length of 2km. For sections exceeding 2km an agreed value between Unitywater and
the Contractor is to be established.
7.6.17.3 Cleaning pigs shall be numbered, logged, condition noted and comments
surrounding debris removed. Any pigging near residents or the general public shall
be controlled to ensure material exiting the pipeline is controlled and does not
impact the surrounding area. Silencers shall be used when appropriate.
7.6.17.4 When pigging with compressed air, gauges shall be used at both ends with
constant communication between launching and receiving ends. No tools shall be used
on the pipeline until both ends of the pipeline have confirmed the gauges read
0kPa.
7.6.17.5 The gauging pig is to be sized to the internal diameter of each carrier
pipe according to the project specific specification. The Contractor is to complete
this work and use a fit for purpose cleaning pig and gauging pig. The gauge plate
shall be a minimum 3mm thick, 95% of the internal diameter, segmented and shall be
free of defects once received. Location of the gauge plate on the gauging pig is to
be at the Contractors discretion. Gauge plate material shall not be able to damage
the parent material of the pipeline.
7.6.18 Alignment Tolerances
7.6.18.1 The HDD bore path must follow the approved designed alignment and conform
to the allowable tolerances depicted in Table 12 below unless otherwise detailed in
the Project Specific Specification.
7.6.18.2 The alignment shall be constructed on the project specific centre lines
and agreed to by the Superintendent’s Representative and Principal.
Table 12

i. The Contractor shall be responsible for the design and construction of all
aspects of the HDD works including any temporary works and temporary supporting
structures. All de-sign assumptions regarding subsurface conditions, equipment
requirements, groundwater and other factors are the responsibility of the
Contractor and shall be fully documented.
ii. Based on the alignment shown in the Principal Drawings, the Contractor shall
design and size the excavated profile to accommodate all temporary and permanent
works.
iii. A design vertical and horizontal profile shall be submitted to the
Superintendent’s
Representative for review prior to commencement of work.
iv. The Contractor shall not proceed with any work until the Contractor’s RPE
certified design has been accepted by the Superintendent’s Representative.
Acceptance of the Contrac-tor’s design by the Superintendent’s Representative in no
way diminishes the responsibility of the Contractor for the design.
v. The HDD crossing shall be designed in accordance with this Specification and
the refer-enced documents by a person suitably qualified and having experience with
the design considerations required for this type of work. The profile design shall
take into account the following:
• Temporary works associated with the HDD construction;

The Contractor shall notify the Company of any conflict between this specification,
the Codes and Standards and any other specification included as part of the Project
documen-tation.
This specification and the guidelines set forth do not relieve the Contractor, its
Sub- Con-tractors and Vendors of the responsibility to provide a finished product
capable of perform-ing its intended service.
Any exception to this specification and referenced documentation shall be raised by
the Contractor and approved by the Company in writing, following the applicable
procedure for concession requests as defined in the Quality Management Procedures
of the Project.
During further stages of the project (detailed design) Contractor is obliged to
verify calcula-tions, the design and dimensions of all equipment using its own
calculations based on pro-cess, design, safety and warranty data given in the
tender documentation. The detailed de-sign must be agreed upon with the Company.
HDD crossings are often undertaken to minimize the adverse environmental
effects at watercourse crossings. Nevertheless, an HDD does not guarantee that all
adverse environmental effects will be prevented. Common adverse effects are the
result of:
• inadvertent returns of drilling fluids into the aquatic, terrestrial or
social/cultural environments; and, to a lesser extent,
• disturbance of soils, vegetation, wildlife and social/cultural elements arising
from either construction of drill sites, exit areas, access roads and temporary
vehicle crossings, or the HDD activity.
Further details on the environmental effects of inadvertent releases can be found
in many documents, including:
• Horizontal Directional Drilling Best Management Practices Manual, Topical
Report. Gas Research Institute. May, 2002; and
• Quantifying the Effects of Sediment Release on Fish and Fish Habitats,
Anderson, P.G., B.R. Taylor and G. Balch. 1995. Prepared for the Department
of Fisheries and Oceans.
7.1 Aquatic

Tension
Tension on the pull section results from three primary sources: (1) frictional
drag between the pipe and the wall of the hole, (2) fl uidic drag from
viscous drilling fl uid surrounding the pipe, and (3) the effective (submerged)
weight of the pipe as it is pulled through the hole. In addition
to these forces that act within the drilled hole, frictional drag from the
portion of the pull section remaining on the surface (typically supported
on rollers) also contributes to the tensile load on the pipe.
Additional loads that the horizontal drilling rig must overcome during
pull back result from the length of the drill string in the hole and the
reaming assembly that precedes the pull section. These loads don ’ t act on
the pull section and therefore have no effect on pipe stresses. Nonetheless,
if a direct correlation with the overall rig force is desired, loads resulting
from the reaming assembly and drill string must be estimated and added
to the tensile force acting on the pull section.
Calculation of the tensile load required to install a pipeline by HDD
is complicated due to the fact that the geometry of the drilled path must
be considered along with properties of the pipe being installed, subsurface
materials, and drilling fl uid. Assumptions and simplifi cations
are typically required. A theoretical pulling load may be calculated by
hand or with the aid of one of several commercially available software
packages.
Regardless of the method used to calculate an HDD pulling load, the
design engineer should be aware that numerous variables affect pulling
loads, many of which depend upon site-specifi c conditions and individual
contractor practices. These include prereaming diameter, hole stability,
removal of cuttings, soil and rock properties, drilling fl uid properties,
drilled path geometry, and the effectiveness of buoyancy control measures.
Such variables cannot easily be accounted for in a theoretical
calculation method designed for use over a broad range of applications.
For this reason, theoretical calculations are of limited benefi t unless
combined with engineering judgment derived from experience in HDD
construction.
The fi rst step in calculating a pulling load is to analyze the drilled path.
This analysis can be based on the designed drilled path, a “worst-case”
drilled path, or “as-built” pilot-hole data, if available. Bearing in mind
that most pilot holes are drilled longer, deeper, and to tighter radii than
designed, a conservative approach in the absence of as-built pilot-hole
data is to evaluate a worst-case drilled path that accounts for potential
deviations from the design. This worst-case path should be determined
based on allowable tolerances for pilot-hole length, elevation, and curve
radius as defi ned in the contract documents. The design engineer should
be aware that deviations in these parameters are typical and are often due

At least one (1) reading per drill rod is required during the drilling of the pilot
hole, registering inclination, heading, length, depth and the orientation of the
bent sub. This information shall be recorded on the steering log and be available
for inspection of the superintendent as and when required.
7.7.2.3 The Contractor shall ensure proper calibration of all equipment before
commencing directional drilling operation and provide proof of calibration
documentation to the Superintendent’s Representative
For steel piping operating above –20F, alloy steel studs ASTM
A193 Grade B7, with ASTM A194 Class 2H semi-finished heavy
hex nuts shall be used except for sulphide stress cracking service
where stud bolts shall be ASTM A193 Grade B7M. For steel piping
operating below –20F, ie: blowdown service, ASTM A320, Gr L7
studs, with ASTM A194, Gr 7 semi-finished hex nuts shall be used,
except for sulfide stress cracking services where stud bolts shall be
ASTM A320, Gr L7M.
(2) Bolting threads and lengths shall conform to the dimensions listed
in the appropriate national or industry flange standard. Headed
bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not be used without prior PTT
approval.
For steel piping operating above –20F, alloy steel studs ASTM
A193 Grade B7, with ASTM A194 Class 2H semi-finished heavy
hex nuts shall be used except for sulphide stress cracking service
where stud bolts shall be ASTM A193 Grade B7M. For steel piping
operating below –20F, ie: blowdown service, ASTM A320, Gr L7
studs, with ASTM A194, Gr 7 semi-finished hex nuts shall be used,
except for sulfide stress cracking services where stud bolts shall be
ASTM A320, Gr L7M.
(2) Bolting threads and lengths shall conform to the dimensions listed
in the appropriate national or industry flange standard. Headed
bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not be used without prior PTT
approval.
(3) All bolts and nuts shall be coated with PTFE, or equivalent
material.
(4) For Austenitic bolting materials shall be in accordance with piping
material classification data sheets.
1.4.6 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors shall be used as required by project Specifications.
1.5 Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems
1.5.1 General
This
(3) All bolts and nuts shall be coated with PTFE, or equivalent
material.
(4) For Austenitic bolting materials shall be in accordance with piping
material classification data sheets.
1.4.6 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors shall be used as required by project Specifications.
1.5 Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems
1.5.1 General
This

Hole Conditioning
7.6.11.1 Conditioning of the borehole will be conducted when the reaming has been
completed. This operation is to remove any excess cuttings still left within the
hole and to improve the condition and stability of the borehole and the borehole
walls.
7.6.11.2 Conditioning reaming tools are to be in good working order and appropriate
to the ground conditions indicated.
7.6.12 Pipe Pullback

The finish required by B16.5 for steel raised-face flanges is also to

be used for non-steel metallic flanges, for steel male and female
flanges, that is 125 to 250 micro inches. For steel tongue and
grove flanges gasket face finish shall be 32-63 micro inches.
(5) For NPS 26” and larger, ASME B16.47 SERIES A flanges shall be
used. Use SERIES B flanges only when needed to mate with
equipment flanges. When attached to pipe with a yield strength
greater than 248.4 MPa (36000 psi), the hub thickness requires
prior PTT approval.
(6) Except for galvanized piping threaded flanges shall not be used
without prior PTT approval and then only in steel NPS 2 and
smaller.
(7) The bore of weld neck flanges to be used in severe cyclic
conditions, ie: reciprocating pumps and compressors, or in services
with high corrosion rates shall have the same ID as the attached
piping. If the ID is not the same, the flange shall be taper bored
conditions may bear on the abandonment decision-making process.
The development and implementation of an abandonment plan consists of at least the
following seven steps:
(1) review prevailing regulatory requirements applicable to the abandonment
project; (2) compile all relevant information on the pipeline system, including
easement agreements; (3) analyze by segment taking into account the factors
addressed in Section 3 of this paper, including present and future land use; (4)
develop the abandonment plan in consultation with stakeholders (such as landowners,
government authorities, and other directly affected parties), incorporating the
information compiled in the above steps; (5) secure regulatory and landowner
approvals as required for the pipeline abandonment and site reclamation; (6)
implement the abandonment plan, the scope of which should include post-abandonment
responsibilities (addressed in Section 4); and (7) secure final regulatory release.

A proponent undertaking an abandonment plan should follow these six steps,

recognizing that site-specific conditions may require additional steps in the
development of the plan.
Please refer to the next page for a flowchart of the abandonment planning process
and to Appendix B for a detailed abandonment checklist.
Page
the removal of equipment or buildings or other structures or appurtenances; # the
conducting of investigations to determine the presence of substances; # the
decontamination of buildings or other structures or other appurtenances, or land or
water; # the stabilization, contouring, maintenance conditioning, or
reconstruction of the land surface; or # any other procedure, operation, or
requirement specified in the regulations
(as defined in the Alberta Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act)
Removal The pipeline is completely removed from the rightof-way.
Roach Excess soil placed over the ditch line to compensate for soil settlement.
Road or Railway Crossing
The crossing by a pipeline of a highway, road, street, or railway.
Sight Block
A mechanism to restrict the visual impact of a pipeline right-of-way.
Soil The naturally occurring, unconsolidated mineral or organic material at least
10 centimetres thick that occurs at the earth's surface and is capable of
supporting plants. It includes disturbance of the surface by human activities such
as cultivation and logging but not displaced materials such as mine spoils.
Spoil Soil materials other than topsoil excavated from the trench. In most cases,
the excavated soil is suitable for return to the pipeline trench, and allows for
recontouring of the right-of-way.
Subsoil Although a common term it cannot be defined accurately. It may be the B
horizon of a soil with a distinct profile. It can also be defined as the zone below
the plowed soil in which roots normally grow.
Surface Water
Water in a watercourse and water at a depth of not more than 15 metres beneath the
surface of the ground.
Suspension The cessation of normal operation of a pipeline pursuant to its licensed
use. The pipeline need not be rendered permanently incapable of its licensed use,
but must be left in a safe and stable state during this period of suspension, as
prescribed by the applicable regulations and guidelines. See also "deactivation".

The SDV valve will be provided at the station inlet and outlet. In case of an
emergency event the SDV valves will cut off the gas supply from the suppliers and
to the pipelines.
The compressor station will be designed for locally manned, fully automatic,
permanent operation from Station Control Room with remote monitoring of the station
from the Central Control Room.
9.2 Pig Receiver
Pig Receivers will be provided at all pipelines entering the compressor station.
The pig receiver is described in section 10.8.
9.3 Filter Separator Skid
The filter separators, as described in section 10.1, shall be provided at Obigbo
Compressor Station at each gas supply source.
The filter separator design and operating conditions are: Parameter Value QIT
Source Obigbo Node Source Cawthorne and Alakiri Source Okono/Okpoho
Design Pressure
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
Design Temperature
7.6.12.1 At the completion of the hole opening and the hole conditioning, the
Contractor will commence the casing/carrier pipe pullback. The pipe pullback is a
critical operation and the following must be controlled by the Contractor:
involve a combination of pipe removal and abandonment-in-place along the length of
the pipeline. A key factor influencing the choice between the two options is
present and future land use.
It is further noted that the abandonment techniques presented are confined to those
possible using currently available technology. While developments in pipeline
removal and abandonment technologies were evaluated, no major improvements to the
methods currently in use were discovered. However, as pipeline abandonments become
more prevalent, improved abandonment methods will likely be developed.
1.5 Objective
The objective of this discussion paper is to assist the user in the development of
a pipeline abandonment plan, a framework for which is provided in Section 2 of this
paper. More particularly, the paper is meant to assist parties in making an
informed decision between abandoning in place or through removal. Section 3
outlines the general technical and environmental issues that should be considered
when abandoning a pipeline, while Section 4 elaborates on post-abandonment
responsibilities. Site-specific issues should be addressed on a case-by-case basis.

The objective of creating an abandonment plan is to ensure that identified issues

have been addressed and that the pipeline is abandoned in a way that provides a
forum for meaningful stakeholder input and ensures that public safety and
environmental stability are maintained.
1.6 Regulatory Requirements
The NEB is responsible for regulating interprovincial and international pipeline
systems in Canada, while the individual provinces are responsible for regulating
intraprovincial pipeline systems. Within each province, gathering, transmission,
and distribution pipelines may be regulated by different agencies. For example, in
Alberta the EUB regulates gathering and transmission lines as well as higher-
pressure distribution lines (greater than 700 kPa), while lower-pressure
distribution lines are regulated by Alberta Transportation and Utilities. AEP,
through the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (EPEA), regulates
conservation and reclamation activities for all three categories of pipelines.
In addition to the primary regulators, there may be other governmental agencies
within each of the respective jurisdictions that may have an interest in the
abandonment and reclamation of a pipeline. These other agencies may include local
governments, especially in populated areas where pipeline abandonment may impact
upon land uses.
In Alberta, the EUB sets the requirements for the abandonment of gathering and
transmission lines. In addition to meeting the EUB's abandonment requirements, the
pipeline right-of-way must be reclaimed to AEP standards. Reclamation certificates
are issued by inspectors designated under EPEA. For removal projects that are
classified as Class I projects,1 the operator is required to obtain an approval
under EPEA from AEP to ensure that proper conservation and reclamation occurs. For
smaller projects, AEP's Environmental Protection Guidelines for Pipelines are to be
followed during construction.
____________________ 1 A Class I pipeline is defined by the Activities Designation
Regulation (AR 110/93)

Dennis Bratton Adolf Bruneski Paul Vasseur Jim Anderson Fred Kuipers
Alberta Environmental Protection Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development
(Farmers Advocate) National Energy Board Pembina Corporation
AEP C&R CAPP CEPA EPEA EUB
H2S
km mm NEB O.D. PCB ROW
Alberta Environmental Protection Conservation and Reclamation Canadian Association
of Petroleum Producers Canadian Energy Pipeline Association Environmental
Protection and Enhancement Act (Alberta) Alberta Energy and Utilities Board
(formerly the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board) hydrogensulphide
kilometre millimetre National Energy Board outside diameter polychlorinated
biphenyl right-of-way
Abandonment Refers to the permanent removal from service of the pipeline. A section
of pipeline can be abandoned in place or removed. In theformer case, it is assumed
that cathodic protection of the pipeline is discontinued and that no other measures
are taken to maintain the structural integrity of the abandoned pipeline (other
than the potential use of solid fill material at roadway and railway crossing sites
or other locations sensitive to ground subsidence).
Associated Apparatus
All apparatus associated with a pipeline system, both above and below the ground
surface, including pipeline risers, valve assemblies, signage, pig traps, culverts,
tanks, and sumps.
Cathodic Protection
A technique to prevent the corrosion of a metal surface by making the surface the
cathode of an electrochemical cell.
Corrosion The deterioration of metal as a result of an electrochemical reaction
with its environment.
Deactivation Refers to the temporary removal from service of thepipeline. In the
context of this paper, it is assumed that corrosion control measures are
maintained.
Decontamination The removal or neutralization of chemical substances or hazardous
material from a facility or site to prevent, minimize, or mitigate any current or
future adverse environmental effects.
Decommissioning One of the steps of pipeline abandonment, generally involving the
physical removal of all above-ground appurtenances.
Discontinued See "deactivation".
Erosion The process of wearing away the earth's surface through the action of wind
and water.
Groundwater All water under the surface of the ground.
Land Surface Reclamation
The stabilization, contouring, maintenance, conditioning, or reconstruction of the
surface of the land to a state that permanently renders the land with a capability
that existed just prior to the commencement of abandonment activities, and as close
as circumstances permit to that which existed prior to pipeline installation.
Negative Salvage
The net cost of abandoning a pipeline through removal, calculated as the cost of
removal less salvage revenue generated from the sale of the removed material for
scrap or use by others.
Orphaned Pipelines and associated facilities for which the licensee and successors
are insolvent or nonexistent.
Owner /Operator
The individual, partnership, corporation, public agency, or other entity that owns
and/or operates the pipeline system.
Pipe Cleaning
The removal of all substances (solid, liquid, or gaseous) and build-ups within the
pipeline to a predetermined level.
Pipeline All metallic onshore pipelines within the scope of the CSA Z662-94 "Oil
and Gas Pipeline Systems" standard, including associated appurtenances such as
valve assemblies, drip pots, cathodic protection beds, signage, and headers, but
not including station facilities such as pump or compressor stations.
Pipeline System
The combination of pipelines, stations, and other facilities required for the
measurement, processing, storage, and transportation of oil, gas, or other
hydrocarbon fluid.
Reclamation Any one of the following: