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Культура Документы
G.B.Hangargi1
1
Associate Professor, Electronics and communication Enggdept, BheemannaKhandreInstitute of Technology Bhalki,
Karnataka
Abstract
Smart electrical power grids with high saturation of intermittent, non dispatchable distributed energy resources (ING), and virtual
networks with real-time rating for a new tools for automatic electrical power generation with control (A EPGC) structure. The main
drawback of the intermittency are higher use of expensive spinning reserves, usually gas-fired units, nonrenewable sources units and
thermal units because of variation of turbine valves of steam units and hydro units for load regulation system. This paper presents a
new AEPGC structure to overcome the drawback of intermittency in electrical smart power grids. The constant pressure steam (CPS),
thermal units and nuclear system of variable pressure steam (VPS) are controlled to low and high frequencies load dynamic based
responses on a one-step head in advance load target. The distribution community storage (DCS) together with load dynamic response
(DR) and aggregate DR as virtual generator (DR/VG) assets are used to control high-frequency load fluctuations. The INGs and
nuclear units are used as base loads system.
Keywords: Automatic electrical power generation control, Cyber virtual network, Intermittent, renewable, non renewable,
smart power grids system.
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reduce ACE to zero valves. Through ACE control, the load trip. Hence, for stable operation, the grid frequency must be
demands of the grid are observing every few seconds. accurately controlled. From APGC controls frequency in
response to load changes to use the opening or closing the
The second objective is met by observing the load every few turbine valves However, the primary energy source as boiler
minutes (i.e.5-10 min) and as long as the changing load system overrides the opening of turbine vales as shown in Fig. 1.
among different units for to lowest cost of the operation based However, the primary energy source (boiler) overrides the
on economic dispatch calculation (EDC). During in this opening of turbine vales if the steam pressure drops below a
period, the load demand remains constant of EDC. Fig. 2 secure limit.
shows that ACE of an ISO with a sampling of ACE to an ISO
with a sampling rate of 5 s. To implements the above objectives, all APGC software is
used on single base unity control system. For expression (1),
the desired generation at time instant k which is normally
observed every4-10s is given by
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 76
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
Fig.1 Current automatic generation control (A PGC). AVR: Automatic voltage regulator; Vref: AVR reference voltage; VM: measured
voltage; Exc: Excitation; Factual: generated power unit i; P desire: desired power output unit i.
It can be the EDC and ACE both control the task ofmatching
the area for power generation to power consumed area load,
such that the resultant of tie-line exchange and frequency of the
area are their programmed values. Both of the control functions
are handled by variation governor motors to demanding of MW
load due to the adjusting of MW generated system ( in Fig. 1).
The high selection rate of the area load provides a quite
accurate direction of the changing load demand which allows
the tie-line bias method to follow the load.
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 77
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 78
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
Fig 4 The proposed APGC control structure for electrical mart power grid.
This model can be expressed in compact form as (7) the load sequence base on the last large samples of
observations rates. Anther, one-step-ahead load model can be
the after a few observations, imprison the load dynamic
responses dazzling and identifying both high and low-
frequency fluctuation loads.
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 80
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 81
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
Where P(t), is the MW output at time instant k. Where d is a weighing vector on control actions. The
accurately dynamic generation response control is proved,
when the VPS units are controlled by the above constraints.
Equation (13) indicates, power consumed by the load and
power supplied to the system must be equal. Therefore, the
power balance enables APGC to control the system frequency
and the planned exchange of power with the nearest grids. The
control constraints require that the VPS unit to reached a
constant state at the final control stage, this will be happened in
Where T is the period of control and is the subinterval of about 2-3times of the constant of the VPS unit. This is a very
control represented by k. The energy delivered to the grid is at important if VPS unit is to be steered again to another target
the same time as presented by [15]. MW. The rest of the situation and constraints are used by
practical considerations. For example, the rate of change of the
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 82
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
state variables is constrained, which in turn limits the rate at DCS and VG systems under APGC control system in the order
which the load can be picked up or dropped. The boiler-turbine to as per as possible to minimum of the costly installation of
model developed by Astrom and Eklund [14] with a maximum gas-fired units for spinning reserves. The CPS units can also be
output of 160MWis used to demonstrate the control controlled to follow of steam or objective load with a longer
method.Fig.8 control of time cycle to keep the steam pressure within a not
dangerous limit and realize valve-point loadings. The given
proposed method of control minimum both the steady state and
dynamic cost of units. During the normal operation conditions
of the electrical power grids, the VPS and CPS units can be
used for controlled as changeable units for low frequency load
fluctuations with hydro, wind, DCS, and DR/VG as
complimentary agents for corresponding for high-frequency
load fluctuations. During the alert state, the EDC is suspended
and DCS system are dedicated to regulation. In the case of
emergency state, DR/VG systems are dedicated to stabilizing
the grid and controlling the system frequency. As penetration
of INGs increase, the DCS and VG units must be installed. The
proposed control structure mitigates the INGs’ control
problems in the smart electrical power grids. However, the
development of APGC simulation based, on this paper needs
further research. The research problems are as follows: i) A
cyber-structure power grid system that can observe the state of
power grid; ii) Online unpleasant dynamic models of boilers.
iii) A smart power grid APGC simulator for operator training
system.
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The levels of INGs in the smart grid must corresponding to
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 83
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014 | NCRIET-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 84