Reducing Adverb Clauses - Cause

1. Because Jim doesn’t like to drive, he always flies between Denver and Vail.

A. ? Because not liking to drive, Jim always...

B. ? Not liking to drive, Jim always...

C. ? Jim not liking to drive, he always...

D. ? NO - cannot be reduced

2. Wendy is walking with crutches because she broke her leg skiing last weekend.

A. ? Having broken her leg skiing last weekend, Wendy is...

B. ? Breaking her leg skiing last weekend, she is...

C. ? Wendy is walking on crutches because breaking her leg skiing last weekend.

D. ? NO - cannot be reduced

3. Because Sam didn’t want to worry his elderly mother, he didn’t tell her his son was in the hospital.

A. ? Wanting to not worry his mother, Sam didn't...

B. ? Not wanting to worry his elderly mother, Sam didn't...

C. ? Not wanting to worry Sam's elderly mother, he didn't...

D. ? NO - cannot be reduced

4. Since Rick is forgetful, he always writes Post-It notes to himself on the bathroom mirror.

A. ? Is forgetful, Rick always writes...

B. ? Since being forgetful, Rick always writes...

C. ? Being forgetful, Rick always writes...

D. ? NO - cannot be reduced

5. Because carbon fiber is very strong and light, it is being used on most new jet airplanes.

A. ? Very strong and light, carbon fiber is being used...

B. ? Being very strong and light, carbon fiber is being used...

C. ? Because very strong and light, carbon fiber is being used...

D. ? NO - cannot be reduced

6. Because I burped loudly during the dinner with my wife’s parents last month, they haven’t invited us back.

A. ? Burping loudly during the dinner with my wife's parents last month, they haven't...

B. ? Having burped loudly during the dinner with my wife's parents last month, they haven't...

C. ? Because burping loudly during the dinner with my wife's parents last month, they haven't...
 D. ? NO - cannot be reduced

7. Because Gail was concentrating on writing her new novel, she lost track of time and worked all through the
night.

A. ? Concentrating on writing her new novel, Gail lost...

B. ? Having concentrated on writing her new novel, Gail lost...

C. ? Concentrating on writing Gail's new novel, she lost...

D. ? NO - cannot be reduced

8. Because little kids don’t have adult responsibilities, they sometimes think adults are no fun.

A. ? Little kids not having adult responsibilities, they sometimes...

B. ? Not having adult responsibilities, little kids sometimes...

C. ? Having not adult responsibilities, little kids sometimes...

D. ? NO - cannot be reduced

9. Since Dr. Ross is a medical doctor and a lawyer, he receives lots of job offers from both medical companies and
law firms.

A. ? Since being a medical doctor and a lawyer, Dr. Ross receives...

B. ? Having been a medical doctor and a lawyer, Dr. Ross receives...

C. ? Being a medical doctor and a lawyer, Dr. Ross receives...

D. ? NO - cannot be reduced

10. Because Kenichi crashed his car last month, his sister has to drive him everywhere he goes.

A. ? Because crashing his car last month, Kenichi's sister...

B. ? Crashing Kenichi's car last month, his sister...

C. ? NO - cannot be reduced

11. Since the team’s new quarterback is so short, he can’t see over the lineman during football games and can’t
complete many of his passes.

A. ? Since being so short, the Oakland Raiders’ new quarterback can't see...

B. ? Being so short, the Oakland Raiders’ new quarterback can't see...

C. ? Because being so short, the Oakland Raiders’ new quarterback can't see...

D. ? NO - cannot be reduced

12. Because I lost my wallet, I had to spend the last two weeks replacing my license and all my credit cards.

A. ? Having lost my wallet, I had to spend...

B. ? Losing my wallet, I had to spend...

C. ? Because losing my wallet, I had to spend...

D. ? NO - cannot be reduced