Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Lee Quinn
7WJ - HPSW
Page 1 of 76
Iatrogenesis
Iatrogenesis.................................................................................................................................................1
Iatrogenesis Bad F/L....................................................................................................................................2
Iatrogenesis Bad F/L....................................................................................................................................4
Iatrogenesis Bad F/L....................................................................................................................................7
Iatrogenesis Bad F/L..................................................................................................................................10
Alternatives to Hospitals – Individual Treatment......................................................................................11
Alternatives to Hospitals – Internet ..........................................................................................................13
Alternatives to Hospitals – Internet ..........................................................................................................16
Alternatives to Hospitals – Internet ..........................................................................................................18
Alternatives to Hospitals – Telecommunications .....................................................................................21
Alternatives to Hospitals – Health Buddy .................................................................................................23
Alternatives to Hospitals – Environment ..................................................................................................24
Communications Link................................................................................................................................26
AT: People Don’t Use Alternatives............................................................................................................27
AT: Alternatives Fail..................................................................................................................................28
Hospitals Don’t Solve Psychological Problems..........................................................................................29
Superbug Turn...........................................................................................................................................30
Superbug Turn...........................................................................................................................................32
Ext. Iatrogenesis Superbugs.................................................................................................................35
Ext. Iatrogenesis Superbugs.................................................................................................................38
Ext. Iatrogenesis Superbugs.................................................................................................................40
Ext. Iatrogenesis Superbugs.................................................................................................................43
Staph Turn.................................................................................................................................................45
Illich Link...................................................................................................................................................48
Illich Impacts.............................................................................................................................................50
Illich Impacts.............................................................................................................................................52
Illich Impacts.............................................................................................................................................54
Illich Impact Defense.................................................................................................................................55
Capitalism Links........................................................................................................................................57
Capitalism Links........................................................................................................................................59
Western Medicine Bad...............................................................................................................................60
Western Medicine Bad...............................................................................................................................62
2AC Iatrogenesis.......................................................................................................................................63
Ext. 3: Tech Advances...............................................................................................................................66
Economy Solves Your Impacts..................................................................................................................67
Bioterrorism Turn......................................................................................................................................68
Disease Turn..............................................................................................................................................71
Hegemony Turn.........................................................................................................................................73
Economy Turn...........................................................................................................................................75
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Iatrogenesis
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Iatrogenesis Bad F/L
Turn – Iatrogenesis is America’s 3rd largest cause of death in
America- our studies are backed by the most esteemed
medical journal in the world.
Kulak, 2006 (Daryl Kulak, Author of Health Insurance Off the Grid, a book
that explains how to save thousands on health insurance using the new
Health Savings Account (HSA), “The Number 3 Killer In America is
Iastrogenesis”, http://ezinearticles.com/?id=124398, January 6)
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Death by doctor includes several types of problems:
* unnecessary surgery, resulting in death
* medication errors and other types of errors
* fatal drug reactions
* infections from hospitals
Essentially, each of these causes was separated from the cases where the
patient would have died anyway. For instance, if someone was
dying of a heart attack and a medication was applied that
quickened the patient's death, it's not fair to say the medication
was the killer. That would be like saying someone who fell off a cliff
died of a heart attack that they suffered mid-way down.
But hospitals are dangerous places. The primary reason for people dying
unnecessarily in a hospital is the pharmaceutical drug. This is a strange thing to
hear. We know that drugs have saved many lives, and we tend to hold the drugs in
great esteem. But there is a flipside. Many of the most commonly prescribed
drugs are also terrible killers, due to bad patient reactions and the
possibility of human error in administering the drugs.
Pharmaceutical drugs are immensely powerful, in a good way and a bad way. Take the right drug at
the right time and it will help your illness in a dramatic way. Take the wrong drug at the
wrong time and it will kill you on the spot.
I've said we have great respect for pharmaceutical drugs. Maybe our problem is that we don't respect
These powerful, dangerous pills should really be something we
them enough!
handle gingerly, almost like a bomb. How many bombs killed 80,000
people since 1999? Vioxx did. It seems to me that our best solution is to find health
practitioners who treat drugs with as much respect as they deserve. A practitioner who uses
pharmaceutical drugs as a last, best resort, who tries everything else possible before they prescribe
these powerful, dangerous substances.
Some people think that doctors like this don't exist. I used to think so too. But once I looked a little
harder, I found lots of them. In fact, I believe there is a revolution going on. Doctors are switching to a
better, safer path for their patients, and they are tired of being “the number 3 killer.” Wouldn't that
grate on your nerves too?
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Iatrogenesis Bad F/L
Turn- Iatrogenesis is one of the leading killers in America-
prefer our evidence its based on the most conclusive
studies.
Gristani, 2006 (Ronald Gristani, Practicing Doctor with degree’s from New
York University and Pennsylvania University, “Iatrogenic Disease: The 3rd
Most Fatal Disease in the USA”,
http://www.yourmedicaldetective.com/public/335.cfm, 2006)
Iatrogenic Disease is defined as a disease that is caused by medical treatment. Read major headlines
around the globe on this serious disease. How Prepared are You to Not Become a National Statistic? If
a Jumbo Jet crashed and killed 280 people everyday... 365 days a year... year after year... would you be
concerned about flying?? Would you question the Federal Aviation Administration? Would you demand
answers?? Think about it! Close to 100,000 people dying every year from plane crashes? Sounds
Ridiculous??!!
Well think again. What if you were told that over 100,000 people are killed
and over 2 million people maimed and disabled every year...year
after year from modern medicine...would you believe it??
Well these may be my words...but read the following articles from the most respected
medical journals and institutions (Journal of the American Medical
Association, Harvard University, Centers for Disease Control, British
medical journal The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine and national
news (New York Times, Washington Post, CNN, US World Report) and you
be the judge.
Writing in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Dr. Starfield has documented the
tragedy of the traditional medical paradigm in the following statistics:
* The term iatrogenic is defined as "induced in a patient by a physician's activity, manner, or therapy.
Used especially to pertain to a complication of treatment." Furthermore, these estimates of death due
to error are lower than those in a recent Institutes of Medicine report.
If the higher estimates are used, the deaths due to iatrogenic causes
would range from 230,000 to 284,000.
Even at the lower estimate of 225,000 deaths per year, this constitutes the
third leading cause of death in the U.S.
Dr. Starfield offers several caveats in the interpretations of these numbers:
First, most of the data are derived from studies in hospitalized patients.
Second, these estimates are for deaths only and do not include the many negative effects that are
associated with disability or discomfort.
Third, the estimates of death due to error are lower than those in the IOM report. If the higher
estimates are used, the deaths due to iatrogenic causes would range from 230,000 to 284,000.
In any case, 225,000 deaths per year constitutes the third leading cause of death in the United States,
after deaths from heart disease and cancer.
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Even if these figures are overestimated, there is a wide margin between
these numbers of deaths and the next leading cause of death
(cerebro-vascular disease).
Another analysis concluded that between 4% and 18% of consecutive patients experience negative
effects in outpatient settings, with:
# 116 million extra physician visits# 77 million extra prescriptions# 17 million emergency department
visits# 8 million hospitalizations# 3 million long-term admissions# 199,000 additional deaths# $77
billion in extra costsThe high cost of the health care system is considered to be a deficit, but it seems
to be tolerated under the assumption that better health results from more expensive care.
However, evidence from a few studies indicates that as many as 20% to
30% of patients receive inappropriate care.
An estimated 44,000 to 98,000 among these patients die each year as a
result of medical errors.
This might be tolerable if it resulted in better health, but does it?
Out of 13 countries in a recent comparison, the United States ranks an average of 12th (second from
the bottom) for 16 available health indicators.
More specifically, the ranking of the U.S. on several indicators was:
# 13th (last) for low-birth-weight percentages# 13th for neonatal mortality and infant mortality
overall# 11th for post-neonatal mortality# 13th for years of potential life lost (excluding external
causes)# 11th for life expectancy, at 1 year for females, 12th for males# 10th for life expectancy, at
15 years for females, 12th for males# 10th for life expectancy, at 40 years for females, 9th for males#
7th for life expectancy, at 65 years for females, 7th for males# 3rd for life expectancy, at 80 years for
females, 3rd for malesThe poor performance of the U.S. was recently confirmed by a World Health
Organization study which used different data and ranked the United States as 15th among 25
industrialized countries.
It has been known that drugs are the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S.
This makes it clear that the more frightening number is that doctors are the third leading
cause of death in this country, killing nearly a quarter million people a
year.
These statistics are further confused because most medical coding only describes the cause of organ
failure and does not identify iatrogenic causes at all.
Lucian Leape, a Harvard University professor who conducted the most
comprehensive study of medical errors in the United States, has
estimated that one million patients nationwide are injured by
errors during hospital treatment each year and that 120,000 die as
a result.
In their study, Leape and his colleagues examined patient records at hospitals throughout the state of
New York. Their 1991 report found that one of every 200 patients admitted to a hospital died as a
result of a hospital error.
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That number of deaths is the equivalent of what would occur if a jumbo jet
crashed every day; it is three times the 43,000 people killed each
year in U.S. automobile accidents.
"It's by far the number one problem" in health care, said Leape, an adjunct
professor of health policy at the Harvard School of Public Health.
Researchers such as Leape say that not only are medical errors not reported to the public, but those
reported to hospital authorities represent roughly 5 to 10 percent of the number of actual medical
mistakes at a typical hospital. "The bottom line is we have a system that is terribly out of control," said
Robert Brook, a professor of medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles. "It's really a joke
to worry about the occasional plane that goes down when we have thousands of people who are killed
in hospitals every year." Brook's recognition of the extent of hospital errors is shared by many of
medicine's leaders.
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Iatrogenesis Bad F/L
Turn- Iatrogenic infections kill 90,000 people a year
Gristani, 2006 (Ronald Gristani, Practicing Doctor with degree’s from New
York University and Pennsylvania University, “Iatrogenic Disease: The 3rd
Most Fatal Disease in the USA”,
http://www.yourmedicaldetective.com/public/335.cfm, 2006)
For years, the American Medical Association, hospitals, medical magazines and various other health
care groups have been beating the drums for more gun laws.
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And some of us have pointed out their chutzpah, since -- according to the
official figures, the National Center for Health Statistics, more than
twice as many are killed every year in medical accidents than in
gun accidents.
Yesterday, an independent report from the Institute of Medicine, an arm of
the National Academy of Sciences, said the number of deaths from
medical mistakes every year may total 98,000 -- about three times
the number of deaths due to accidents, homicides and suicides
with firearms.
The study says medical mistakes may cost the nation as much as $29
billion a year and may be the fifth highest cause of death -- behind
heart disease, cancer, stroke and lung obstructive lung diseases.
That 98,000 total is over twice as many as die in auto crashes each year.
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and use has been greatly exaggerated. As Mendelsohn has put it: "Unfortunately
doctors have seeded the entire population with these powerful drugs.
Every year from 8 to 10 million Americans go to the doctor when they have
a cold. About 95% of them come away with a prescription - half of which
are for antibiotics ... The doctor, once the agent of cure, has become the
agent of disease. By going too far and diffusing the power of the extreme on the mean,
Modern Medicine has weakened and corrupted even the management of
extreme cases. The miracle I and other doctors were once proud to take port in has become a
miracle of mayhem" While there has during the past decade been a growing awareness of the
limitations of drug therapy, the extent of the use and abuse of drugs in conventional medicine is still
staggering. As a consequence of negative reactions to drugs, more than a million people
every year, or 3-5% of hospital admissions, are treated for drug complications. It is
also reported that 30% of these patients will experience a second drug reaction during the course of
their hospital stay. The cost of health care associated with drug toxicity in the United States is
estimated at US$3 billion yearly, and reflects the fact that 1/7th of all hospital days are required to
attend to patients suffering drug reactions (3).
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Iatrogenesis Bad F/L
Medical Drug misuses kills more than illegal drugs
Laura, 1991 (Dr. Ronald S. Laura, Professor in Education, University of
Newcastle & P.E.R.C. Fellow in Health Education, Harvard University,
“Medical Intervention Hit or Myth?”, http://www.whale.to/v/laura.html,
1991)
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Alternatives to Hospitals – Individual
Treatment
Less medical care is better - individual treatments solve your
impacts
Kulak, 2006 (Daryl Kulak, Author of Health Insurance Off the Grid, a book
that explains how to save thousands on health insurance using the new
Health Savings Account (HSA), “The Number 3 Killer In America is
Iastrogenesis”, http://ezinearticles.com/?id=124398, January 6)
I think you should seek out "alternative-tolerant" doctors who will use the
safest, cheapest, effective remedies first, and only then move you
on to the expensive, dangerous pharmaceutical drugs.
Safe, cheap solutions might be exercises, herbs, vitamins, acupuncture,
bodywork, dietary changes or other types of healing.
I know this may sound a bit odd to some of you, but please consider the alternative. Using
pharmaceutical drugs as a “first resort” got us where we are today. With
so many problems in the existing system, aren't we obligated to search for
a better way for our own health and the health of our families?
I'd like to ask you to consider switching to one of these doctors as your primary physician. I realize it
might be a longer drive or perhaps cost a little more per visit. But can you afford to be a statistic? Can
you afford to die at the hands of the number 3 killer in America?
The only way we'll reduce the number of deaths by doctor is to change the
way we use doctors. Send the medical system a signal that you
want better, less dangerous care, and that you want to live!
Daryl Kulak is the author of Doctors of the Future, a book containing eleven profiles of Central Ohio
doctors who use alternative medicine in their daily life with patients.
He is also the author of Health Insurance Off the Grid, a guide to help you afford the holistic lifestyle.
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Individual treatment solves better than medicalization.
Gristani, 2006 (Ronald Gristani, Practicing Doctor with degree’s from New
York University and Pennsylvania University, “Iatrogenic Disease: The 3rd
Most Fatal Disease in the USA”,
http://www.yourmedicaldetective.com/public/335.cfm, 2006)
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Alternatives to Hospitals – Internet
Current websites exist and provides extensive information to
treat ailments
Reisinger, 2009 (Don Reisinger, Writer for CNet News, “Find answers to
your medical questions with these five sites”,
http://news.cnet.com/webware/?keyword=WebMD, February 18, 2009)
I am, sadly, well-acquainted with medical research sites. (I broke my back years ago, and am still
dealing with the recovery.) But while everyone knows WebMD and probably uses the site to find out
about medical conditions, you might be surprised to know there are a slew of sites that offer similar
service, providing outstanding medical information. I've found these sites to be good resources.
While some sites deliver articles of medical information, HealthiNation uses
videos to inform you about what a condition is all about.
Overall, HealthiNation is designed quite well and its easy to search for videos. The site doesn't boast
articles like those you'll find on sites like WebMD, but its videos are extremely informative and I found
that when I searched for simple issues like "back pain," the clips were just as useful as when I searched
for more complex topics like diabetes. HealthiNation's videos are split into general health, men's
health, women's health, and "true life stories," which detail how one person faced medical conditions in
their lives. Each section features information that's worth perusing through, regardless of the topic.
The videos on HealthiNation were outstanding. Each is clearly defined and
once you fire them up, you'll be presented with a wealth of knowledge by
health care professionals. But because HealthiNation relies on videos, the scope of its
medical coverage isn't nearly as great as I would have liked and it only covers general topics. A specific
condition, such as spondylolysis, isn't included on the site, though it is on competing services, like
WebMD. Realizing that, it's best to use HealthiNation when you want information on general health
topics.
Although Livestrong, which is co-founded by bicyclist Lance Armstrong, is touted as a "lifestyle" site
that helps you achieve greater health and fitness, it's also a great resource for health research. The
first thing that will strike you about Livestrong is its almost unbearable design. It's yellow, black, and
cluttered. It's a mess.
That said, the site is rich in features and its search tool is outstanding. Instead of
trying to find information on the home page, immediately enter your query into the search box and
you'll be brought to a results page featuring information on a wide array of topics. From
back
pain to diabetes, the site not only features videos like HealthNation, which
are narrated by health care professionals, but it also boasts informative
articles on all the topics. I was impressed by how much information the site actually has on
any given topic.
But much like HealthiNation, Livestrong doesn't support obscure ailments and I was a little
disappointed that in the entire discussion on back pain, the site failed to address individual issues that
might affect different areas of the spine. Regardless, Livestrong is a unique destination that makes
using it every day worthwhile if you want to be healthier.
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The Medpedia Project is a joint effort on the part of Harvard Medical
School, Stanford School of Medicine, Berkeley School of Public
Health, and other global health organizations that hope the site will
change "how the world will assemble, maintain, critique and access
medical knowledge." It delivers.
The site features a repository of up-to-date medical information,
contributed and maintained by health professionals from around
the world. The site also boasts a professional network and directory
for visitors to find health professionals and organizations, a
communities of interest section where medical experts and
patients can share conditions and treatments, and a growing
knowledge base featuring information on health issues ranging
from back pain to diabetes.
I was generally impressed by the level of detail Medpedia offered. The site's knowledge base is a wiki
that allows you to search for specific ailments or ask general questions that might already have been
answered by the community of doctors. At first glance, the idea that a health site is a Wiki may turn
some off, but to ensure all the information on the site is accurate, Medpedia only allows physicians and
those with a Ph.D. to edit the articles, and only once their credentials are certified. That cuts down on
the number of erroneous bits of information that crop up on the site and, in my opinion, makes the site
more reliable than a resource like Wikipedia, which anyone can modify. When I entered "back pain"
into the site's search field, I was brought to a results page that not only featured a Wiki containing
general information about the ailment and links to other, related Medpedia Wikis, but also a series of
answers provided by doctors to questions asked by the site's users. And although some weren't directly
targeted at my query, I could have easily asked my own set of questions, which would have been
answered directly by a medical professional. I should note, though, that Medpedia is still in beta and
was launched Tuesday. Because of that, the site doesn't offer every conceivable health topic and a few
obscure conditions are still missing. But more Wiki pages are being added each day and the community
of doctors and patients is growing. It might not be WebMD yet, but it's off to a good start. Read more
on Medpedia.
WebMD is the leader in the health research space and it boasts more
features and options than any other site in this roundup. WebMD is
simply the best health research tool on the market.
My biggest complaint with WebMD has nothing to do with its information and everything to do with its
design: it's ugly. I was happy to see that the site features a prominent search box at the top of the
page, but its home page is cluttered with blogs, articles, and other information that I ignore because
there's simply too much information packed into a small page. The real value of WebMD is seen in its
search. From something simple like "back pain" to something complex like "spondylolysis," the site has
it all. I was impressed by the wealth of information WebMD provides and its simple articles actually
provided me with more information that the videos on HealthiNation or the articles on Livestrong. It
was outstanding. Beyond its information service, WebMD's drug finder is an outstanding
tool that helps you learn all about a particular prescription medicine you're
using. It comes in handy when you need to find out if you're experiencing
sickness or a side effect from a medication and it's an ideal tool when you
want to determine if a generic brand of a particular drug is suitable in
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place of the name brand. It's easily one of my favorite tools and one that shouldn't be
overlooked when you're using WebMD. WebMD is a great service that will provide you with all the
health information you're looking for in as little time as possible. And although its design is downright
awful and it should be addressed, its articles make up for that lackluster design and make it the best
health research service in this roundup.
Wellsphere is a nice health research site that aims at making you healthier
through education. It works--the site's articles deliver basic information like symptoms and
treatment, and its prevention information is the best on the market.
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Alternatives to Hospitals – Internet
Internet access is removing the need for health care- cost,
accessibility, and ease
Herrick, 2009 (Devon Herrick, Journalist for Health Care News, “Web
Replaces Doctors as Patients’ Top Health Information Source”,
http://healthcare.ncpa.org/commentaries/web-replaces-doctors-as-patients-
top-health-information-source, January 1 2009)
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People often search for information about prescription drugs, according to
the surveys, seeking more information about prescription therapies
or ways to save money on drugs. Rxaminer.com, a Web-based tool
developed by Joseph Rogers and operated by DestinationRx, helps
patients identify lower-cost drugs that might serve as good
substitutes for the ones they currently take.
“Comparing and shopping for prescription drugs is one of the easiest and
most-effective actions consumers can take to save on their health
care costs,” said Toby Rogers, vice president for DestinationRx.
The Web site also creates a report of lower-cost alternatives,
making it easy to discuss them with one’s physician.
Always Available
Another possible reason Americans are surfing the Web for health content
may be because they have a hard time getting their doctors on the phone.
To answer the simplest questions, patients often must schedule an office visit well in advance, take
time off from work, and queue in a crowded waiting room. That may be changing, the surveys show.
Gregory Couto, founder of the telemedicine firm AmeriDoc, says the future of medical consultations will
increasingly involve combining information technology with the ability to interact with a physician.
“Providing tools for patients to quickly connect with doctors reduces
unnecessary trips to the doctor’s office; improves access to health care
services for uninsured, underinsured, and rural Americans; and
fundamentally changes health care services from reactive care to more
proactive, preventive care,” Couto said.
AmeriDoc members can consult with a physician by way of telephone, but they also can follow up with
a physician online through a secure, Web-based interface, Couto notes. In addition, “We feel that follow
up email is critical,” Couto said.
The surveys confirm the Internet has already changed the way most
patients get information on diseases and conditions, and Couto
says it may soon change the way patients routinely interact with
physicians.
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Alternatives to Hospitals – Internet
The internet is stopping the need to visit hospitals
Perth, 2009 (The West Australian (Perth), Australian Newspaper, “www
medicine;
Experts predict the internet and digital technology are set to stretch the reach of medical care and
could help fill the gap left as fewer GPs pay home visits”, lexis, April 29, 2009)
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Dr Crounse said the internet had enabled public health authorities in the
US to get a jump-start on potential disease outbreaks by
monitoring the number and types of patients presenting to hospital
emergency departments.
"We can get real-time 'dashboards' of flu outbreaks and acute epidemics,"
he said.
Also, analysis of data from online patient and doctor networks about rare conditions was uncovering
less well-known treatments or side-effects of treatments that had helped to save lives. `For GPs,
someone could be seen for a fever and then send their vital signs over the internet so the doctor could
assess progress.'
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Alternatives to Hospitals –
Telecommunications
Email and telephone communications stop the necessity of
health care visits.
Greenfield Health, 2001 (Greenfield Health, Medical Information Website,
“E-Mail and Telephone Contact Replaces Most Patient Visits in Primary Care
Practice, Leads to More Engaged Patients and Time Savings for
Physicians”, http://www.innovations.ahrq.gov/content.aspx?id=1785, 2001)
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Alternatives to Hospitals – Health Buddy
Hospital requirements decreasing now- health buddy
WLKY, 2009 (WLKY, Newspaper Website, “Health Buddy Could Reduce
Hospital Visits Computer Could Keep Patients At Home, Costs Down”,
http://www.wlky.com/health/19211475/detail.html, 2009)
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Alternatives to Hospitals – Environment
Improving human environment problems solves diseases
spread – there is only a risk of a drug resistant disease
from medical service- malaria and syphillis prove.
Laura, 1991 (Dr. Ronald S. Laura, Professor in Education, University of
Newcastle & P.E.R.C. Fellow in Health Education, Harvard University,
“Medical Intervention Hit or Myth?”, http://www.whale.to/v/laura.html,
1991)
The first major challenge to the integrity of conventional medicine came in 1959 when Rene Dubos
urged in his book Mirage of Health that the technological innovations of modem
medicine, including the development of antibiotics, had far less to do with
the improved health of the community than it might at first appear (1).
Amassing an impressive array of statistics in support of his claim, Dubos argued that the most
significant changes in the health of the population derived from social,
economic, and nutritional advances. Environmental factors not clinical
factors, were applauded as the determinants of the improved state of
general public health. Better housing, for example, meant less overcrowding,
thereby reducing the facility with which infectious disease was previously
spread. Similarly, the provision of safe drinking water in conjunction with
the treatment of sewerage dealt a forceful blow to infectious disease.
Other environmental factors such as improved sanitary conditions and the
effective disposal of garbage also had a beneficial impact upon the
virulence and incidence of infectious disease. Heralded by some writers as the single
most important factor in the decline of infectious disease, better nutrition has been
acclaimed to assist host-resistance, as well as host recovery (3). Indeed, by
the time the etiology of infectious disease was sufficiently understood to
develop and to administer vaccines, diseases such as cholera, typhoid
fever, and dysentery had already been robbed of their virulence. In his
presidential address in 1971 to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, R.R. Porter
confirmed that between 1860 and 1965 almost 90% of the total decline in mortality among children up
to fifteen suffering from diptheria, scarlet fever, measles and whooping cough had occurred prior to the
introduction of antibiotics and immunisation on a systematic basis (3). The virulence of tuberculosis
had also declined markedly prior to the introduction of antibiotics. In 1812 the death rate from
tuberculosis in New York was estimated to be higher than 700 per 10,000. When Koch first isolated and
succeeded in culturing the bacillus in 1882, the death rate had dropped to 370 per 10,000. By the time
the first sanatorium was opened in 1910 the rate had further declined to 180 per 10,000, until shortly
after World War it had slipped from second to eleventh place with a rate of 48 per 10,000. Still
before antibiotics were used routinely, tuberculosis had flourished and
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dwindled outside the control of medical science (4). This is not to say that drug
treatment has been entirely incidental in the decline of certain infectious disease. Syphilis and malaria
On the other hand, malaria has reappeared
were both quickly cured by chemotherapy.
despite the continued use of antimalarial drugs, largely because the use of
pesticides was eventually superseded by the evolution of pesticide-
resistant mosquitoes. Syphilis strains resistant to penicillin have also
returned to remind medical science that the inter-link between mores and
medicine are of fundamental importance in understanding disease
patterns.
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Communications Link
Communication barriers create accidents.
Gristani, 2006 (Ronald Gristani, Practicing Doctor with degree’s from New
York University and Pennsylvania University, “Iatrogenic Disease: The 3rd
Most Fatal Disease in the USA”,
http://www.yourmedicaldetective.com/public/335.cfm, 2006)
When asked what may have caused their doctors to make such errors,
patients cited carelessness, stress, faulty training and bad communication.
Three out of four believe the best solution to the problem would be to bar
health care workers with bad track records.
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AT: People Don’t Use Alternatives
61% of Americans use the internet to research health
Pew, 2008 (Pew Internet, “61% of adults in the U.S. gather health
information online.”, http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/8-The-
Social-Life-of-Health-Information/02-A-Shifting-Landscape/2-61-of-adults-in-
the-US-gather-health-information-online.aspx?r=1, 2008)
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AT: Alternatives Fail
Their indictment of natural medicine is misguided- both
allopathic and traditional medicine contain anecdotes of
failures
Wilkonson et al, 1999 (D. Wilkinson, South Australian Center for Rural and
Remote Health, L. Gcabashe, South African Medical Research Council, and
M. Lurie, South African Medical Research Counsil, “Traditional healers as
tuberculosis treatment supervisors: precedent and potential”, Lexis, 1999)
Another common theme in the literature is that traditional healers are (obviously) indigenous, and
that ‘western’ healers are ‘imposed’. This distinction is often used to imply that traditional healers
are therefore inherently ‘better’ than doctors, but there is little— If any—data to support this
contention.8,9 However, at times this view is used as a counterbalance to the belief that because
doctors have formal and recognised training they are inevitably ‘better’ than traditional healers. A
more critical perspective notes that doctors are frequently unable to cure their patients, and often
This theme of accusation and counter-
fail to care for them adequately.8
accusation around the relative safety and effectiveness of the two
models of care is common, especially in older literature. Linked to this
are frequent reports of apparently highly toxic effects of traditional
remedies;10 this is a particularly difficult area of study, with substantial
anecdote, and it is difficult to disentangle symptoms of primary illness
from symptoms of toxicity of traditional therapy. More recently, and particularly
well documented in South Africa, a more constructive view has emerged, with detailed analysis
concluding with several positive recommendations about how to bridge the gap between healers
and conventional medicine.8 A report from the Centre for Health Policy in South Africa11 also
recommended formal recognition by the government for traditional healers along the lines used for
other health professionals, and parliament is currently considering how this can be achieved. In
South Africa, some medical insurance schemes reimburse their members’ use of healers, and the
National AIDS Programme is engaged with traditional healer organisations to train members in
HIV/AIDS prevention and care strategies.12
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Hospitals Don’t Solve Psychological
Problems
Western Medicine only attempts to treat physical
discomfort, ignoring the effects of psychological distress
Hewson, 1998 (Michael Hewson, “Traditional Healers in Southern Africa”.
Annals of Internal Medicine, 128 (12), 1029–1034.
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Superbug Turn
Iatrogenesis increases infection of disease and risk super
bugs
Healthcare Management, 2004 (Express Healthcare Management,
Indian Newspaper, “Nosocomial Infections”,
http://www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com/20040630/infectionctrl01.shtml,
June 30, 2004)
infections in the 1970's to 1980's led to the increased use of antibiotics. For
example, widespread use of cephalosporin antibiotics is often cited as a cause for the emergence of
Enterococci as nosocomial pathogens. At the same time, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
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(MRSA), also in response to extensive use of cephalosporin antibiotics, became a major nosocomial
threat. This led to the overuse of vancomycin, partly in response to concerns about MRSA and for
treatment of vascular catheter associated infections by organisms such as the resistant coagulase-
negative Staphylococci. Now medical institutions are faced with a resident flora of
"super-bugs", resistant to the most potent antimicrobials. A third
contributing factor is the hospital environmental dust and suspended
particulate matter, which contain many pathogenic fungal spores, toxic
molds leading to severe nosocomial fungal infections and illness due to
other pathogens, such as Legionella pneumophilia.
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Superbug Turn
Superbugs risk extinction
Buisness Day, 2008 (Graeme Addison, Writer for Buisiness Day (South
Africa), “Scientist Struggle in war Against Superbugs”, Health News
Edition, Lexus, June 04, 2008)
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Ext. Iatrogenesis Superbugs
The Health Care system kills more people than it saves-
iatrogenesis creates the risk for superbugs and kills
784,000 people a year in the US. This outweighs all
wars.
Tylee, 2009 (Jenny Tylee, Doctor and writer for Disabled World- an
information center, “Problems with the Health Care System”,
http://www.disabled-world.com/medical/healthcare/health-care-system.php,
March 21, 2009)
Given the enormous amount of money that is spent on our health care system and the research that
has gone into the various diseases we would be excused if we think that there should be able to trust
our health care system to deliver quality health care. Sadly, our Western health care system
falls well short of what is desired. Instead of healing and health it largely delivers
suffering and further disease. Mendelssohn as far back as 1979 (and he wasn't the first to
suggest it) considers that the public has been 'conned' about the benefits delivered by 'scientific
medicine'. There is a great deal of myth that surrounds our current system. A part of the myth is that
medical practice has produced an overall increase in health in the past one hundred years. However,
historical analysis has found that general improvements in social and
environmental conditions provide a more adequate explanation of the
changes than the rise of 'scientific medicine'. Factors such as the
improvement in diet and nutrition, sanitation and improved general living
conditions have made the greatest difference.
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Hospitals are deadly. Mistakes/errors, accidents, infections, medical drug
disasters, diagnostic equipment including; X-rays, ultrasounds and
mammograms make hospitals very dangerous. Hard technology
has taken over the central role in modern medicine as it is
considered effective and efficient. This has however been
questioned. It is considered uneconomic and it also causes an
unnecessary amount of pain and suffering.
Accidents in hospitals now occur more frequently than in any other
industry except mining and high rise construction. In addition to
this are the medical doctor caused diseases. They are so common
that they have their own name - iatrogenesis. Again the general
public is unaware of how common this disease is. All told,
iatrogenesis accounts for 784,000 deaths each year in the
United States - more American deaths than all the wars of
the 20th century combined. 98,000 deaths a year are caused
by medical errors alone, and surgical errors account for another
32,000 deaths. These figures include only deaths. Officials admit
that medical errors are reported in official data only 5 percent of
the time, so the problem is much greater - exactly how much
greater, no one really knows.
Research carried out in Australia showed that the equivalent of a jumbo jet load of people died
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5,000 people are being killed every year (in UK hospitals alone) by
infections that they caught in hospital.
A further 15,000 deaths are being contributed to by the infections that
they caught in hospital.
One in 16 patients who goes to hospital for anything will develop a
'hospital acquired infection'.
Many of the infections acquired involve the difficult to treat 'superbugs'.
USA figures published more than a decade ago show that 1 in 10 patients develops an infection that
they caught in hospital - this involves around 2.5 million people every year.
Every year 20,000 of these people die from their infections and the deaths
of a further 60,000 are contributed to by the hospital acquired
infection - a large number of these involve antibiotic resistant
'superbugs'.
The current approach of our health care system is ineffective and can
potentially cause more harm and damage than the original
condition. Although undoubtedly many lives have been saved by
timely medical intervention much medical intervention is
unnecessary and alternatives, which don't cause the same
devastation, are available. Everyone needs to consider the way
they interact with the medical system. Try to avoid the health care
system if you can and certainly question your medical practitioner
very carefully about any intervention they wish to make. Many will
not like this questioning and just want to be seen as the 'all
knowing, all wise doctor' - but this they are not! Do not be conned
and do not buy into myths about the medical profession and health
care.
Having said this it is important that if you are currently taking medication that you don't suddenly stop.
Seek information, discover alternatives and discuss changing you approach to health care with a health
professional. If your current medical practitioner is uninformed about alternatives (as many are) or
unwilling to discuss these with you (as many are) then you may need to seek a different health
professional who is prepared to help you improve your health rather than just use medical drug
prescriptions or surgery!
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Ext. Iatrogenesis Superbugs
Iastrogenesis causes death and disease- risking superbugs
Baker, 2000 (John Raymond Baker, Jounralist for Chiropractic Community,
“Allopathic Medicine and Adverse Outcomes; The Iatrogenic Problems
Continue”, http://www.chiroweb.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=31900,
October 1, 2000)
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Ext. Iatrogenesis Superbugs
Medical Treatment actually exacerbates diseases.
Laura, 1991 (Dr. Ronald S. Laura, Professor in Education, University of
Newcastle & P.E.R.C. Fellow in Health Education, Harvard University,
“Medical Intervention Hit or Myth?”, http://www.whale.to/v/laura.html,
1991)
In other cases it has been shown thatspecific forms of treatment actually exacerbate
the specific condition they are intended to alleviate. The epidemic of
asthma deaths in the mid-1960s provides a useful illustration. In England
and Wales between 1959 and 1966 mortality due to asthma trebled in the
age group 5-24 and increased seven-fold in the 10-14 age group (13). Up to
this time mortality rates from this cause had remained relatively constant
for more than half a century. Although the epidemic was shared by
Scotland, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand, asthma mortality in Europe,
Japan and North America remained virtually stable. Once it was ascertained that the
prevalence of asthma was not on the increase, investigators hypothesised that the
epidemic of asthma deaths could be associated with the new forms of
treatment whose introduction roughly coincided with the steady increase
in mortality rates. Evidence of the excessive use of pressurised aerosols
containing bronchiodilator drugs correlated with asthma patient deaths.
Other investigations confirmed that the increase in asthma mortality
correlated with the increased sales of aerosol bronchiodilators, particularly
those containing the drug isoprenaline. Additional evidence in favour of the
causal connection between the epidemic in asthma mortality and the
excessive use of bronchiodilator drugs came in 1968 when the sales of
these aerosols were regulated in the United Kingdom by prescription.
Within a year asthma mortality rates declined and levelled off to almost
pre-epidemic rates. Isoprenaline came under immediate suspicion since it was in any case the
drug mainly used as a bronchiodilator in the 1960s, though considerable debate ensured as to whether
the fluorocarbon propellant could be cast as the true culprit. Although both isoprenaline and the
fluorocarbon propellants were demonstrated to produce heart irregularities, it has more recently been
shown that asthma mortality correlates particularly well with the sale of bronchiodilators capable of
delivering up to five times the concentration of the normal spray of isoprenaline. It is estimated
that in England and Wales the asthma epidemic claimed a total of 3,500
lives in excess of the expected rate over the same period calculated on the
basis of the pre-epidemic rate in 1959-1960. It has been remarked by
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Taylor that, even if some asthmatics were saved by medical treatment,
more were lost" (14).
The use of other medically prescribed drugs has led to the increased risk of
other diseases worse than the ones that they are designed to treat.
Reserpine, for example, is one of the drugs which has been used to control high blood pressure.
Despite the fact that studies undertaken in the mid-70s have established that reserpine triples
the risk of breast cancer, already ranked as the number-one cause of
death in women, it is still prescribed. There are now indications that insulin,
heralded as one of the miracles of modern medicine, is implicated as one
of the causes of diabetic blindness (15). Investigations undertaken in the 1970s have
revealed that daughters of women treated with a synthetic oestrogen,
Diethyistilbestrol (DES), during the early stages of pregnancy for the
purported prevention of miscarriage are developing vaginal cancer at an
alarming rate. It has also been confirmed more recently that an alarmingly high incidence of genital malformations can be correlated with the male
offspring of women treated with DES, not to mention that the cancer mortality rate of the women themselves is also statistically significant. Studies of DES have
since established that it does not prevent miscarriage; indeed, it is in fact currently used as a "morning-after" contraceptive pill and in some cases to dry up milk. In
the case of DES it is particularly ironic that here we have a drug that not only caused vaginal cancer and other abnormalities, but did not even work for the purpose
for which it was originally administered (16). DES is not the only hormone which--despite detrimental side-effects--doctors prescribe for women. While it is to be
admitted that there has in recent years been a greater awareness of the drug-associated victimisation of patients to which we have been alluding, the fact that
some 20 million women in the United States alone are under prescription
for the birth control pill or menopausal estrogens gives cause for reflection.
Concern about the side-effects of the pill led the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to issue a warning
bulletin to doctors in 1975 exhorting that women beyond the age of forty be taken off the Pill and
provided other means of contraception. This first admonition was followed by a second from the FDA in
1977 requiring the provision of a warning brochure stressing ‘he inordinately high risk of cardiovascular
disease among women over forty taking the Pill (17).
The mortality risk from
cardiovascular disease for women over forty taking the Pill is increased by
a factor of five; for women between the ages of thirty to forty the risk of
dying from a heart attack is multiplied by a factor of three. Increased risk
of cardiovascular disease is not the only health hazard associated with the
Pill. The risk of high blood pressure is six times greater for women taking
the Pill than for those who are not. Women taking the Pill run a risk of
thromboembolism which is more than five times that for women not taking
it and the risk of stroke is four times greater. Other risks associated with the Pill are
liver tumours, headaches, depression, and cancer. Similarly, antihypertension drugs have in recent
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years soared in popularity as an easy way to lower blood pressure. Although
medical journals
carry advertisements for drugs intended to counteract the adverse effects
of antihypertension drugs, sufficient awareness of their dangers seems
decidedly not to be reflected by the astronomical number of medical
prescriptions still written for them. Among the multitude of side effects associated with
high blood pressure drugs are rash, hives, sensitivity to light, vertigo, muscle cramps, weakness,
inflammation of the blood vessels, joint aches, muscle spasms, nausea, psychological disorientation,
reduced libido, and impotency (affecting women as well as men) (19).
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Ext. Iatrogenesis Superbugs
New technology doesn’t solve and just creates new and more
dangerous diseases
Laura, 1991 (Dr. Ronald S. Laura, Professor in Education, University of
Newcastle & P.E.R.C. Fellow in Health Education, Harvard University,
“Medical Intervention Hit or Myth?”, http://www.whale.to/v/laura.html,
1991)
Medical intervention utilising the tools of high technology has also given
rise to its own peculiar forms of iatrogenic diseases. Between the years 1942 and
1954 the problem of retrolental fibroplasia, disease of the eye leading to blindness, came to figure
prominently in the management of premature infants in the United States. Despite being
possessed of some of the most advanced medical technology available,
hospital nurseries especially equipped to accommodate premature babies
were finding that around 90% of all low-weight infants suffered either
partial or total blindness. Indeed by 1954 retrolental fibroplasia ranked first
in the United States among the causes of blindness in children (20).
Investigations eventually showed that the increasing incidence of the disease paralleled the
introduction of plastic incubators into which high concentrations of oxygen were pumped to the
premature infants on the assumption that oxygen therapy was beneficial, an assumption which, during
the time high-concentration oxygen therapy was used, was in fact untested. Oxygen therapy did make
the babies look pink, but definitive evidence was provided in 1954 by Lanman et al. that it also made
them go blind (21). Another example of the extent to which high-technology
medicine can be debilitating is amply demonstrated by the controversy
surrounding coronary arteriography, a test technique whereby a dye is
injected into the coronary arteries by way of a small catheter threaded
from one of the blood vessels in the limbs and back towards the heart. The
technique is designed to assist in the diagnosis and evaluation of coronary heart disease by providing
an outline of the interior of the coronary arteries through the medium of the passage of the dye which
is visible on X-ray film. In support of the procedure, mortality rates of 0.1% or one per thousand are
cited to indicate the technique to be relatively innocuous. Taylor has commented, however, that the
statistics belie the true state of affairs. The mortality rate of one per thousand is accurate, he says, if
the statistical analysis is restricted to results of the procedure deriving from only "very competent" and
"experienced" units which perform it. Surveys of the technique which reflect a regional and more
comprehensive base reveal practice of coronary arteriography was carried out, it showed that the
mortality rate was not one per thousand, but virtually one in every hundred, ten times the rate
regarded as innocuous. The death rate for patients undergoing the procedure in
some institutions was as high as 8%. The incidence of cardiac arrest during
the procedure, is in respect of which defibrillation was required to resuscitate the heart, ranged
from 1-10%. Some studies report that in addition to the threat of mortality, serious complications
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X-rays represent another
resulting for coronary arteriography are of the order of 1.5% (22).
dimension of high-technology medicine whose unbridled use has led to
untold iatrogenic illness and disease. Mendelsohn reports that thyroid lesions, a
considerable number of which are proving to be cancerous, "are turning up
by the thousands in people who were exposed to head, neck, and upper
chest radiation twenty to thirty years ago" (23). The amount of radiation
required to cause thyroid cancer, he asserts, is "less than that produced by
ten lite-wing dental X-rays" (24). It is sobering to hear that every year some 4,000 people die
from radioactive dental and medical interventionist techniques, and there are those who urge that the
estimate is conservative (25). The use of X-rays to diagnose and assess the female breast--despite the
iatrogenic problems associated with them—widely recommended as an effective mean of detecting
breast cancer in its stages. Setting aside the fact that studies have shown that disagreament among
radiologists is considerable in respect of their interpretation of the same film, it is even more
distressing to find other studies reporting mammography will in fact cause more breast cancer than it
will detect and that the number of deaths from breast cancer caused by mammography may in fact
"balance the number of patients who may be cured by early diagnosis and treatment of the naturally
occurring disease" (26). Putting aside the cancer-causing effects of mammography, the efficacy of the
procedure in correctly diagnosing cancer can be questioned. At on Australian teaching hospital
between 1979 and 1988, 218 women attended for mammography, in 95 of which cases the
mammogram failed to detect breast cancer. For 47 of these delayed treatment had tragic results (27).
Specific iatrogenic diseases resulting from surgical intervention are
astronomical in number and kind. Complications arise from lack of surgical expertise, the
degree of difficulty involved in performing the surgery, the unique constitution of the patient,
anaesthetic accidents, laceration of large blood vessels, and misplace ligatures disrupting nerve
responses, blood flow, etc. Taylor reports that an untold variety of surgical instruments
have been left and sutured to cause serious infection. Even the talc
commonly used by surgeons to lubricate their hands so that their surgical
gloves can be more easily fitted is now known to cause inflammatory
reactions in patients on whom they operate. Uncontrollable internal
bleeding, shock, coma, and death are not uncommon side effects of
surgical intervention (26).
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Staph Turn
Hospitalization increases staph infections
Martin, 2007 (Nicolas M. Martin, http://www.deathreference.com/Ho-
Ka/Iatrogenic-Illness.html, 2007)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that each
year nearly 2 million people acquire infections while hospitalized and about
90,000 die from those infections. More than 70 percent of hospital-acquired bacterial
infections have become resistant to at least one of the drugs commonly used to treat them.
Staphylococcus aureus (staph), the leading cause of hospital-acquired
infections, is resistant to 95 percent of first-choice antibiotics, and about
30 percent of second-choice antibiotics. In New York City alone, treatment
of people with hospital-acquired staph infections exceeds $400 million,
according to a study published in 1999. Researchers found that staph infections doubled the length of
hospitalization, and more than doubled the patient death rate and per patient costs.
More people die each year from medical errors than from motor vehicle
accidents, breast cancer and AIDs. Of the 2,000,000 people each year who
contract infections in hospitals, 90,000 will die. To compound the situation,
the overuse of antibiotics to treat infections has lead to bacterial infections
becoming resistant to medications.Seventy percent of hospital infections
are resistant to a minimum of one of the antibiotic drugs used for
treatment. Staphyloccossus aureus, commonly known as staph, is resistant
to 95 percent of first-choice antibiotics and 30 percent of second-choice
antibiotics. Staph is the primary cause of hospital infections. A research report
of 1999 discovered staph doubles the death rate, costs per patient and the
duration of the patient's hospitalization.
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Illich Link
Constructions of pathogens as threats just support further
health-care dominance.
Illich, 75 (Ivan Illich, Austrian Philosopher, “Medical Nemesis”, page 6)
Limits to medicine must be something other than professional self-limitation. I will demonstrate that
the insistence of the medical guild on its unique qualifications to cure medicine itself is based on an
illusion. Professional power is the result of political delegation of an illusion. Profession to cure medicine
itself is based on an illusion. Professional power is the result of a political delegation of autonomous
authority to the health occupations which was enacted during our century by other sectors of the
university- trained bourgeoisie: it cannot now be revoked by those who concede it; it can only be
The self-medication
delegitimized by popular agreement about the malignancy of this power.
of the medical system cannot but fail. If a public, panicked by glory
revelations, were browbeaten into further support for more expert control
over experts in health-care production, this would only intensify sickening
care. It must now be understood that what has turned health care into a
sick-making enterprise is the very intensity of an engineering endeavor
that has translated human survival from the performance of organisms
into the result of technically manipulation.
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Illich Impacts
Iatrogenesis is just another part of industrial domination
that renders individuals helpless.
Illich, 75 (Ivan Illich, Austrian Philosopher, “Medical Nemesis”, page 211)
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care will turn into a specific form of health denial.
.
But by 1975 much of this had changed. A generation ago, children in kindergarden had painted the
doctor as a white=coated father-figure. Today, however, they will just as readily paint him as a man
from mars or a Frankenstein. Muckraking feeds on medical charts and doctors tax returns, and a new
mood of wariness among patients has caused medical and pharmaceutical companies to triple their
expenses for public relations. Ralph Nader has made the consumers of health staples money and
quality-conscious. The ecological movements has created an awareness that health depends on the
environment- on food and working conditions and housing- and Americans have come to accept the
idea that they are threatened by pesticides, additives, and mycotoxins and other health risks due to
environmental degradation. Women’s liberation has highlighted the key role that the control over one’s
body plays in health care. At few slum control have assumed responsibility for
basic health care and have tried to unhook their members from
dependence on outsiders. The class-specific nature of body perception,
language, concepts, and access to health services, infant mortality, and
actual, specifically chronic, morbidity has been widely documented, and
the class specific origins and prejudices of physicians are becoming to be
understood. The world health organization, meanwhile, is moving to a
conclusion that would have shocked most of its founders: in a recent publication WHO advocated
that deprofessionalization of primary care as the most important single step
in raising national health levels.
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Illich Impacts
The Health Care institution has ended the individuals’ ability
to heal- necessitating dependence upon doctors which in
the end makes society less healthy.
Illich, 75 (Ivan Illich, Austrian Philosopher, “Medical Nemesis”, page 8)
““Health,” after all, is simply an everyday word that is used to designate the
intensity with which individuals cope with their internal states and their
environmental conditions. In homo sapiens, “health” is an adjective that qualifies ethical and
politics actions. In part at least, the health of a population depends on the way in
which political actions condition the milieu and create those circumstances
that favor self-reliance, autonomy, and dignity for all, particularly the weaker. In
consequence, health levels will be at their optimum when the environment
brings out autonomous personal, responsible coping ability. Health levels
can only decline when survival comes to depend beyond a certain point on
the heteronomous (other-directed) regulation of the organism’s
homeostasis. Beyond a critical level of intensity, institutional health care-
no matter what if it takes the form of cure, prevention, or environment
engineering, is equivalent to systematic health denial. The threat with
current medicine represents to the health of populations is analogous to
the threat which the volume and intensity of traffic represents to mobility,
the threat which education and the media represents to learning, and the threat which urbanization
represents to competence in homemaking. In each case a major institutional endeavor has turned
counterproductive, Time-consuming acceleration in traffic, noisy and confusion communications,
education that trains ever more people for ever higher levels of technical competence and specialized
these are all phenomena parallel to the
forms of generalized incompetence:
production by medicine of iatrogenic disease. In each case a major
institutional sector has removed society from the specific purpose from
which that sector was created and technically instrumented.
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Illich Impacts
Vaccines create dependence- subjugating individuals to tools
of the state
Bashford, 2004 (Alison Bashford, Historian at University of Sydney,
“Imperial Hygiene: A Critical History of Colonialism, Nationalism and Public
Health”, p. 38, 2004)
The histories of transmissible diseases and their containment have long invited attention to
geographical and historical, spatial and temporal axes of transmission, attention to the history of
movement and contact, and to the history of imperial and colonial connections. But the
preventive vaccine for smallpox also produced a transmissible disease.
And its 'epidemic' spread through imperial and global individuals and
communities was not incidental to buf necessary for its success. The
spread over time and space of the technologies of vaccination, of
infected/immune individuals and populations, and of both the vaccinia and the variola viruses,
implicates smallpox and vaccination in a modern history of travel and
colonisation. The movement of the vaccinia virus in stored vials or cloth, or in the pustules of
children's arms traced the global lines of Empire in the Victorian period. These were also the
lines of knowledge, as the technique was disseminated with the matter
and the disease itself. This is the colonial history of vaccination. But the
procedure of vaccination crossed lines as well as travelling lines of communication. Alongside the
question of compulsion, this crossing accounts for the extraordinary noise about the practice in the
period - expert, religious, political, and popular.
Vaccination crossed the membrane-
line, introducing a foreign body into the otherwise healthy self. It crossed
species lines. It enabled the crossing of governmental lines of hygiene -
quarantine and segregation borders, and later national borders. Most
importantly, it crossed the line between the pure and the impure.
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Illich Impact Defense
Medicine doesn’t help individuals
Illich, 75 (Ivan Illich, Austrian Philosopher, “Medical Nemesis”, page 14)
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Capitalism Links
Western Health Care promotes profit maximization over
individual health.
Biehl, 07- National Institute of Mental Health postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University (João,
Anthropological Quarterly, “Pharmaceuticalization: AIDS Treatment and Global Health Politics, p. 1099-
1100, Project Muse)
Global ARV rollouts rightly open the door to drug access, but they also
exemplify the inadequacies of a magic bullet approach to health care. The
methodological designs of AIDS treatment programs (pilot and otherwise), as well
as the models they employ, have to be scrutinized and politicized. PEPFAR, for example, has an
expeditionary quality, implemented from without, and is designed to save
lives. It favors large-scale drug distribution but does not adequately
address the issue of public health care infrastructure improvements, or, for
that matter, prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic diseases. Critics have
rightly pointed out that, generally speaking, the strategies underlying new global
health interventions are noncomprehensive and ultimately of poor
quality.45 Many question their sustainability in the absence of more
serious involvement of national governments and greater authority for
international institutions to hold donors and partners accountable in the
long term. Drugs are ancillary to the full treatment of the disease. Alone,
neither money nor drugs nor even a sophisticated pilot model guarantee
success. Healing, after all, is a multifaceted concept, and "healing" is no more synonymous with
"treatment" than "treatment" is with "drugs." Statistical strategies and corporate profit motives
hover above, by and large missing cultural systems and the interpersonal
networks that link patients, doctors, and governments, which are
especially important in resource-poor settings, where clinical
infrastructures are not improving. This displacement of the local from the planning
framework leaves unaddressed the [End Page 1104] clinical continuity necessary for successful AIDS
treatment.As a result, extremely well-endowed efforts—facing the
humanitarian paradox of "life-saving drugs versus caregiving
infrastructure"—are by and large falling short of the mark, without effecting the
changes hoped for.
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Capitalism Links
Western health systems has exacerbated capitalist
tendencies- creating a worse form of health solutions.
Fox and Meier, 08- * IGERT-International Development and Globalization
Fellow and ** IGERT-International Development and Globalization Fellow
and Public Health Law Program Manager, Center for Health Policy,
Columbia University (Ashley Fox and Benjamin Meier, Human Rights
Quarterly, “Development as Health: Employing the Collective Right to
Development to Achieve the Goals of the Individual Right to Health”, 5-02-
08, Project Muse, p. 273-275)
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Western Medicine Bad
The separation of body from mind is characteristic of
Western scientism that justifies pharmaceutical
pillaging, medicinal, and cultural hegemony -
Wredford, 2005 (Jo Wredford, Researcher at the Aids and Society Research
Unit (ASRU) within the Centre for Social Science Research (CSSR) at UCT as
well as a Sangoma, “Missing Each Other”, Lexis, 2005)
Whether comparisons of ‘popular’ medical beliefs (Feierman, 1985: 112) are valid or not, African
and biomedical ontologies, whilst they have common roots, have become fundamentally unlike one
another, their dissimilarities resting in their constructions of the causation of ill-health (Horton,
1993: Ch. 7). Traditional African healing draws upon a cosmology of ancestral connections and
spiritual power to explain and verify its efficacy (see Beattie, 1966; Horton, 1993; Hountondji,
1997; Noel, 1997; Winch, 1972). The igqirha, for example, considers the human body as part of a
cyclical structure, simultaneously social, spiritual, emotional, physical and non-material
(Buhrmann, 1984; Feierman, 1992; Iwu, 1986; Janzen, 1992; Ngubane, 1992; Turner, 1992; Willis,
1999). Characterised by a reverence for ancestral authority established through ties of clan and
kinship, treatment may involve addressing, and if need be, altering, relationships, both material
and spiritual (Gualbert, 1997: 236). To treat the sick in isolation from this ‘ontology of invisible
beings’ (Appiah, 1992: 112) – the spiritual community of the ancestors (or indeed, of the living
community) – is almost inconceivable (Iwu, 1986; Ngubane, 1977; Yoder, 1982). In contrast,
spirituality rarely finds a place in the practice of biomedicine. 5 Western
medicine’s inclination to separate mind and spirit from the body
encourages the consideration of illness in terms of botched biochemistry (Cunningham and
Andrews, 1997: 5-6). The human body becomes a ‘thing’ to be worked on, altered, adjusted, and
ultimately (as Margaret Lock’s researches into organ transplants suggests) rebuilt (2002a: 47). As
the boundaries of scientific medicine increase, sickness categories tend
to increase, until to be healthy seems almost aberrant (Scheper-Hughes, 1987:
26; Harding, 1997: 145); meanwhile behaviourist strictures, somewhat paradoxically, attempt to
shore up the utopian ideal of an ‘inalienable right to health’ (Lock, 2002b: 251). The
science
underpinning biomedical theory and practice, supported by an
increasingly powerful and profit-motivated drug industry (Cullet, 2003; Millen
and Holtz, 2000; Millen, Lyon and Irwin, 2000), have together appropriated an
intellectual and pharmaceutical superiority which is employed to justify
biomedicine’s legitimacy as the universal medical model (Ingstad, 1989:
269). This situation certainly applies to the South African medical
experience, where the spiritual practices of traditional medicine have at
best been expected to live in ‘mute coexistence’ with biomedicine
(Hountondji, 1997: 15); running alongside, they are nonetheless marginalised.
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If people's health can be improved by going to a shaman or by using perceptual processes such as
ritualistic healing as I concluded in the previous section, then what is the connection between using
intuitive perceptual processes and maintaining or increasing the health of ecosystems and the
biosphere? I propose that cultures that validate the use of a variety of
perceptual processes, that is cultures whose realities are polyphasic, are
more likely to take better care of the environment than are monophasic
cultures. As Bruce Wilcox and Kristin Duin (Wilcox and Duin 1995) point out, nonindigenous
and non-traditional societies usually do not have the same rational
utility approach to natural resources as traditional indigenous peoples.
Non-traditional peoples degrade and deplete their resources in an
unsustainable manner (Wilcox and Duin 1995:49-51). Conservation of natural
resources among indigenous peoples is "effectively based on a
knowledge of functional utility and institutionalized in the form of
taboos." Wilcox and Duin have documented a strong positive correlation
for ecological diversity and cultural diversity. Regions that are
biologically diverse tend to have many distinct and diverse cultures, the
exception being mangrove swamps, which are biologically diverse but do not support a correlative
number of indigenous populations. Research conducted by Machav Gadgil of the Indian Institute of
Science in Bangalore and his collaborators revealed that traditional endogamous groups in India
divided the available biological resource base so that different groups could exploit different niches
(Wilcox and Duin 1995). For example, some groups specialized in honey gathering, others in
shifting cultivation, and so forth. This type of resource exploitation is far more efficient than
industrialized resource exploitation that homogenizes the resource base reducing biocomplexity
and cultural diversity. Furthermore, as Wilcox and Duin explain, utility of resources
depends upon the perception of the user of those resources: where an
industrialized resource user might see only trees that can be cut into
board-feet, a traditional honey collector might see trees that can hold
honey.
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Western Medicine Bad
Western medicine either assimilates or eradicates
indigenous healing practices and practitioners in the
name of science. Traditional medicine is an ideal point to
begin challenging hegemonic discourses
Dei, 1994 (George J. Sefa Dei, Professor of Sociology at Ontario Institute for
Studies in Education, Anthropology and Education Quarterly 1994)
Metaphorically speaking, indigenous Africa is black. For many people in North American societies,
“blackness” has also become a political metaphor for identification with the disadvantaged and the
ignorant. The Afrocentric discourse contains some uncomfortable truths for some European
With traditional medicine as a valid form of knowledge
scholars.
challenging existing hegemonic, Western discourses concerning
scientific medicine become threatened. Eurocentric science perceives
indigenous practices as “backward”, “savage”, and “barbaric”. In an era
in which the marginalization of African peoples’ experiences and the
subjugation of their identities have become more problematic than ever,
the devaluation of the spiritual, social, and healing practices of
indigenous Africans by Western science has evolved into a systemic
destruction of their culture and identity itself. As respected custodians of
cultural traditions and knowledge who continually pass on local
traditions from one generation to the next, local healers occupy multiple
social and political roles central to their society. Privileged as a superior
“scientific” system, Western medicine uses its pervasive authority to remove them from these roles
by forcing itself on indigenous societies as the only system of knowledge able to “diagnose”,
“treat”, and ultimately “cure” the diseases that afflict them.
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2AC Iatrogenesis
Case outweighs and empirically disproven- hospitals have
not caused extinction- only ___________________________ risk
human extinction.
Heart disease and its consequence, heart attack, is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and a
good example of how new technology has changed the treatment and
prevention of a disease over time. In the 1970s, cardiac care units were introduced, lidocaine was used to manage
irregular heartbeat, beta-blockers were used to lower blood pressure in the first 3 hours after a heart attack, “clot buster” drugs began to be widely used, and
coronary artery bypass surgery became more prevalent. In the 1980s, blood-thinning agents were used after a heart attack to prevent reoccurrences, beta-blocker
therapy evolved from short-term therapy immediately after a heart attack to maintenance therapy, and angioplasty (minimally invasive surgery) was used after
heart attack patients were stable. In the 1990s, more effective drugs were introduced to inhibit clot formation, angioplasty was used for treatment and
revascularization along with stents to keep blood vessels open, cardiac rehabilitation programs were implemented sooner, and implantable cardiac defibrillators were
diagnose heart attack, drug-eluting stents were used, and new drug
strategies were developed (aspirin, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, statins) for long-term
management of heart attack and potential heart attack patients. From
1980-2000, the overall mortality rate from heart attack fell by almost half,
from 345.2 to 186.0 per 100,000 persons.3
The continuing flow of new medical technology results from other factors
including the desire by professionals to find better ways to treat their
patients and the level of investment in basic science and research. Direct
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providers of care may incorporate new technology because they want to
improve the care they offer their patients, but they also may feel the need to offer the
“latest and best” as they compete with other providers for patients. Health care professionals,
like people in other occupations, also may be motivated by professional goals (e.g.,
peer recognition, tenure, prestige) to find ways to improve practice. Commercial
interests (such as pharmaceutical companies and medical device makers) are willing to
invest large amounts in research and development because they have
found strong consumer interest in, and financial reimbursement for, many
of the new products they produce. In addition, public and private
investments in basic science research lead directly and indirectly to
advancements in medical practice; these investments in basic science are
not necessarily motivated by an interest in creating new products but by
the desire to increase human understanding.
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Ext. 3: Tech Advances
More Evidence- Pre-Term Babies
Kaiser Foundations, 2007 (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation,
Private Funding Orgainzation, “How Changes in Medical Technology Affect
Health Care Costs”,
http://www.kff.org/insurance/snapshot/chcm030807oth.cfm, March 2007)
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Economy Solves Your Impacts
A stable economy ensures innovation and sustainable health
care
Kaiser Foundations, 2007 (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation,
Private Funding Orgainzation, “How Changes in Medical Technology Affect
Health Care Costs”,
http://www.kff.org/insurance/snapshot/chcm030807oth.cfm, March 2007)
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Bioterrorism Turn
Drug’s key to solve bioterrorism
Gillis, 2001 (Justin Gillies, Writer for Washington Post, “Scientists Race for
Vaccines,” Lexis, November 8, 2001,)
U.S. scientists, spurred into action by the events of Sept. 11, have begun a
concerted assault on bioterrorism, working to produce an array of new medicines that
include treatments for smallpox, a safer smallpox vaccine and a painless anthrax vaccine. At least
one major drug company, Pharmacia Corp. of Peapack, N.J., has offered to
let government scientists roam through the confidential libraries of millions
of compounds it has synthesized to look for drugs against bioterror agents.
Other companies have signaled that they will do the same if asked.These are
unprecedented offers, since a drug company's chemical library, painstakingly assembled over decades,
is one of its primary assets, to which federal scientists usually have no access."A lot of people
would say we won World War II with the help of a mighty industrial base,"
said Michael Friedman, a onetime administrator at the Food and Drug Administration who was
appointed days ago to coordinate the pharmaceutical industry's efforts. "In this new war
against bioterrorism, the mighty industrial power is the pharmaceutical
industry."Researchers say a generation of young scientists never called upon before to defend the nation is working overtime in a push for rapid progress.
At laboratories of the National Institutes of Health, at universities and research institutes across the land, people are scrambling.But the campaign, for all its urgency,
faces hurdles both scientific and logistical. The kind of research now underway would normally take at least a decade before products appeared on pharmacy
shelves. Scientists are talking about getting at least some new products out the door within two years, a daunting schedule in medical research. If that happens, it
organizations in the country with the scale to move rapidly to produce pills
and vials of medicine that might be needed by the billions. The companies and their powerful
lobby in Washington have been working over the past few weeks to seize the moment and rehabilitate their reputations, tarnished in recent years by controversy
over drug prices and the lack of access to AIDS drugs among poor countries. The companies have already made broad commitments to aid the government in the
short term, offering free pills with a wholesale value in excess of $1 billion, as well as other help. The question now is whether that commitment will extend over the
several years it will take to build a national stockpile of next-generation medicines. A good deal of basic research is already going on at nonprofit institutes that work
for the government under contract, and scientists there say they are newly optimistic about the prospects of commercial help. "The main issue is, can we get the
facilities?" said John Secrist III, vice president for drug discovery and development at Southern Research Institute in Birmingham, which is looking, under federal
grant, for antiviral drugs to treat smallpox. Given the new mood in the country, he said, "if we come up with a molecule that's going to be of help, then I have no
doubt that we could very rapidly convert that into doses for humans." Many of the projects that could lead to new drugs and vaccines were underway before Sept.
11, thanks partly to an extensive commitment NIH made two years ago. Others, like the smallpox project Eli Lilly initiated, have been started from scratch in recent
weeks. Before Sept. 11, NIH had planned to spend $93 million on next-generation bioterrorism research this budget year. That was nearly double the amount in the
prior year, but now the actual figure is likely to jump by tens of millions. Other parts of the government, including the Department of Defense, are spending millions
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Extinction
Ochs 02 – MA in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers University and
Naturalist at Grand Teton National Park [Richard, “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY,” Jun 9,
http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html]
Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
without a known cure or vaccine, are an extreme danger to the continued survival
of life on earth. Any perceived military value or deterrence pales in comparison to the great risk
these weapons pose just sitting in vials in laboratories. While a "nuclear winter," resulting
from a massive exchange of nuclear weapons, could also kill off most of life on earth and
severely compromise the health of future generations, they are easier to control. Biological
weapons, on the other hand, can get out of control very easily, as the recent
anthrax attacks has demonstrated. There is no way to guarantee the security of these doomsday
weapons because very tiny amounts can be stolen or accidentally released and then grow or be grown
to horrendous proportions. The Black Death of the Middle Ages would be small in
comparison to the potential damage bioweapons could cause. Abolition of chemical weapons is less of a priority
because, while they can also kill millions of people outright, their persistence in the environment would be less than nuclear or biological agents or more localized.
Hence, chemical weapons would have a lesser effect on future generations of innocent people and the natural environment. Like the Holocaust, once a localized
chemical extermination is over, it is over. With nuclear and biological weapons, the killing will probably never end. Radioactive elements last tens of thousands of
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Disease Turn
Medicine is key to solve disease- prefer our evidence- it
assumes the newest R&D
I.F.P.M.A. 3 (International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Associations – non-profit, NGO representing more than 60 national industry
organizations, Dec., “Neglected Diseases and the Pharmaceutical Industry”
http://www.ifpma.org/Documents/NR235/Brochure_Neglected
%20Diseases.pdf, 2003)
Extinction
Steinbruner 98, (John D., Senior Fellow @ Brookings Institution “Biological
weapons: A plague upon all houses.” Foreign Policy Winter97/98 Issue 109,
p85, 12p, EBSCOhost, 1998)
It is a considerable comfort and undoubtedly a key to our survival that, so far, the main
lines of defense against this threat have not depended on explicit policies or organized efforts. In the
the human body has developed physical barriers and a
long course of evolution,
biochemical immune system whose sophistication and effectiveness exceed
anything we could design or as yet even fully understand. But evolution is a sword
that cuts both ways: New diseases emerge, while old diseases mutate and
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adapt. Throughout history, there have been epidemics during which
human immunity has broken down on an epic scale. An infectious agent believed to
have been the plague bacterium killed an estimated 20 million people over a four-year period in the
fourteenth century, including nearly one-quarter of Western Europe's population at the time. Since its
recognized appearance in 1981, some 20 variations of the HIVvirus have infected
an estimated 29.4 million worldwide, with 1.5 million people currently
dying of aids each year. Malaria, tuberculosis, and cholera-once thought to be
under control-are now making a comeback. As we enter the twenty-first century,
changing conditions have enhanced the potential for widespread
contagion. The rapid growth rate of the total world population, the unprecedented
freedom of movement across international borders, and scientific advances that expand the
capability for the deliberate manipulation of pathogens are all cause for worry that the
problem might be greater in the future than it has ever been in the past. The threat
of infectious pathogens is not just an issue of public health, but a
fundamental security problem for the species as a whole.
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Hegemony Turn
Medicine is key to competitiveness
Marketwatch, 12-15-08, Online
continued leadership in medical innovation has
"It has become increasingly clear that
a direct correlation to job growth and U.S. competitiveness, as well as the
health of all Americans," said Former Congressman Dick Gephardt, who moderated the
discussion. "This region is home to some of the country's most innovative
universities and biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies who
together employ hundreds of thousands of Pennsylvanians - making it an
ideal place to discuss how we can ensure continued health and economic
security through medical innovation."
Nuclear war
Khalilzad ’95 (Zalmay, director of Strategy and Doctrine Program at RAND,
US ambassador to Afghanistan; “Losing the moment? The United States
and the World after the Cold War,” Washington Quarterly, Spring 1995, p.
ln)
Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain global leadership and to preclude the rise of a global rival or a return to multipolarity for the indefinite
future. On balance, this is the best long-term guiding principle and vision. Such a vision is desirable not as an end in itself, but because a world
in which the United States exercises leadership would have tremendous advantages. First, the global
environment would be more open and more receptive to American values -- democracy, free markets, and the rule of law. Second, such a world would have a
better chance of dealing cooperatively with the world's major problems, such as nuclear proliferation,
threats of regional hegemony by renegade states, and low-level conflicts.
Finally, U.S. leadership would help preclude the rise of another hostile global
rival, enabling the United States and the world to avoid another global cold or
hot war and all the attendant dangers, including a global nuclear exchange. U.S. leadership would therefore be more
conducive to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system.
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Economy Turn
Medicine is key to the economy
Davy, 2002 (Gale Daavy, Executive Director of WABRE - Wisconsin Association
for Biomedical Research and Education, Biosciences Wisconsin,
http://www.wabre.org/report_two/bio13.html, 2002)
innovation and its greatest impact is felt in technology sectors. Innovation is the process
of creating new applications and products from existing technologies and it leads to the invention of new systems, oftentimes combining technologies, to accomplish
new tasks. Innovation in data processing technologies and home-computing led to the first economic wave of the new economy. Communications technologies, the
second wave, coupled with computing led to the internet and changed the way we work, communicate, do business, purchase goods, learn and utilize our leisure
it figures to have just as great an impact. In one sense, bioscience innovation has been with us since early
civilization. Man has made a habit of learning about living organisms and manipulating them to his benefit. That process was slow and steady and gave us almost all
of our food and fiber crops and livestock. Much of Wisconsin's old economy is based upon almost ancient bioscience technology. Beer, cheese and bratwurst all
represent ancient food manufacturing technologies. Today bioscience is contributing to a third wave of development in the new economy. At the same time,
medical device manufacturers were able to combine computer imaging and bioscience technologies into new products. Most of the basic research into imaging
technologies was conducted at research universities, medical schools and teaching hospitals. In the 1970s University-based biomedical researchers and
pharmaceutical companies began an exploration into what would become known as biotechnology. Their goal was to create new ways of manipulating living
organisms in order to take advantage of biological traits in plants, animals and humans. That work has led to an explosion in biotechnology information - to new
treatments and cures for human illness - and to new crops and improved livestock. Biotechnological research and development techniques and applications have
been thoroughly integrated into academia and industry. The traditional leaders in bioscience industry, pharmaceutical and agricultural companies, were quick to
adopt biotechnology techniques and applications. During the two decades following these early advances in biotechnology, pharmaceutical companies proliferated
and grew. Traditional agricultural companies grew as well and hundreds of small companies were formed to develop and market new agricultural products and
techniques. From 1980 to 1993, the US witnessed an explosion in these primary areas of Bioscience industry - biotechnology (pharmaceutical and agricultural) and
medical device (particularly imaging) manufacturing. While scientific discovery fueled this explosion, it took a legislative catalyst to set it off. In 1980 Congress
passed the Bayh-Dole Act which gave universities the right to license discoveries that were based upon federally funded research. Prior to Bayh-Dole, companies
faced difficult hurdles in getting new discoveries into application. The Bayh-Dole act allowed academic research institutions to benefit from their scientific discoveries
and it paved the way for technology transfer - allowing companies to license technology for development and marketing. Prior to 1980, fewer than 250 U.S. patents
were issued each year to universities. In 1998, more than 2,500 patents were issued to universities. Discovery, innovation, and the creation of new technologies are
directly related to the magnitude of sponsored research conducted at universities. The 1998 licensing survey conducted by the Association of University Technology
Managers found that 132 U.S. universities received 9,555 invention disclosures and filed 6,518 patent applications (O)ne invention disclosure was received for
approximately every $2 million of expenditures and one patent application was filed for every $3 million of expendtures.(Rayburn). While the Bayh-Dole act was not
limited to bioscience innovation, it has been most effective at ensuring that bioscience technologies, including medical, pharmaceutical and biotechnological
products and services have been developed to the public's benefit. After a downturn and a period of mergers and acquisitions in the early 1990s, the pharmaceutical,
medicinal and botanical industries (as they are known to economists) experienced a rebound in the last half of the decade. A growth in research and development
In
investment subsequent to consolidation has resulted in new products, a growing workforce and increased revenues for this segment of the bioscience economy.
companies worldwide is performed in the United States followed by Japan with 19 percent of
global R&D. Of 152 major global drugs developed between 1975 and 1994, 45 percent were of U.S. origin, 14 percent orignated in the U.K., and 9 percent were of
Swiss origin. During 1980-1995, innovative U.S. firms were able to globalize (launch in the
their new drug products at a rate more than quadruple that of
U.S., Europe, and Japan)
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European companies. In the rapidly growing field of biotechnology, U.S. firms have a commanding lead in patenting their innovations.Of the
150 genetic engineering health-care patents issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in 1995, U.S. applicants received 122.
Nuclear War
Mead 92 (Walter Russel, Senior Fellow for US Foreign Policy at Council on
Foreign Relations, “Depending on the kindness of strangers,” New
Perspectives Quarterly, Summer, p. 28, Academic Search Elite)
If so, this new failure--the failure to develop an international system to hedge against the possibility of worldwide depression--will open their eyes to their folly.
Hundreds of millions-- billions--of people around the world have pinned their hopes on the international
market economy. They and their leaders have embraced market principles—and drawn closer to the West--because they believe that our
system can work for them. But what if it can't? What if the global economy stagnates--or even shrinks? In
that case, we will face a new period of international conflict: South against North, rich against poor. Russia,
China, India--these countries with their billions of people and their nuclear weapons will pose a much greater danger to world order than
Germany and Japan did in the '30s
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