Anatomy- study of the human body Warm up

Phsyiology- study of the fuction of the body (Naexcite)

SYSTEM kVp – quality

1. Skeletal system - The one that pushes the electrons so that the x-ray will
2. Mascular system be effective
3. Nervous system - Responsible with the cathode to anode
4. Respiratory system mA- milli amperage
5. Circulatory system - Quantity
6. Urinary system S/Time
7. Endocrine system
8. Digestive system Isotropical emission- collision
9. Integumentary system  Mag tama yung electron na dala ng kVp
or yung pagreact ng router
System > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelles > DNA > Nucleus Equal distribution of energy
> Nucleous > Atom > Nuclear > Electron > Proton > Neutron Tube is covered with lead- energy cannot pass through it
1% that is useful is those that go out from the x-ray beam.
Matter- anything that occupies space and has mass
- All that is close to you and surrounds you is atom ENERGY
I. Control Console
Law- cannot be change II. High Voltage Section
III. X-ray Tube
 Law of gravity IV. Tube to patient
V. Patient to cassette
 Law of Thermodynamics- activity in energy (thermal) VI. Cassette to film
o Constant VII. Film to chemical
o Energy cannot be VIII. Final production
destroyed but can be
transformed
Atom- smallest particle of a substance and element
X-ray is made up of electrons seen in orbit/nucleus  NEGLIGENCE – type of misconduct seen within a hospital
wherein the radiographer neglect or the omission of reasonable
10,000-20,000 revolution per minute (RPM) care and caution
Router made up of tungsten
Filament produces heat  REQUEST FORM- a piece of paper where the name of the
Thermiunic emission – produces electron towards the anode patient, exact region to be examined and the ordering physician
The emission of electrons from a heated source was written
 MD WITH VALID CREDENTIALS- they are the one who are
authorized to order an examination
 INFORMED CONSENT-isrequired for any procedure that is
considered experimental or involves substantial risk
 FAMILY MEMBER- consent form may be signed by a
responsible _______ in the case of minors or incompetent
patients.
 CAREFULNESS- take reasonable caution when dealing with
patients
 CONFIDENTIALITY- need to protect the confidentiality of
medical information
 ASSAULT- the threat of touching in injurious way.
 FALSE IMPRISONMENT- unjustifiable detention of a person
against his-her will
 LIBEL- the defamation by written or printed words
 PHYSICIAN- questions regarding diagnosis, treatment, and
other aspects of patient care should be referred to them.
 CONSENT FORM- it provides a record of patients consent
 COMMUNICATION- important to practice with your patient
and other health workers
 BATTERY- an unlawful touching of a person without consent
 INVASION OF PRIVACY- the confidentiality of the patient is
not maintained or when the patients body has been improperly
and unnecessarily exposed or touched
 COMPETENCE- one of the malpractice prevention wherein you
need to know and adhere to professional standards
 COURTESY-both in the attitude and rapport with patients
 CHARTING- needed to be completely, consistently and
objectively
 REFUSE- the patients maintains the right to _________ an
examination
 COMPLIANCE- compliance with procedure and policies of
institution
 BLOOD PRESSURE- measured via sphygmomanometer
 70~80- the pulse range beats/minutes for adult
 60~80- the diastolic ramge beats/minutes for adults
 DIASTOLIC- under the blood pressure temperature EXCEPT
 ARTERIAL BLOOD- strong pulsing volume of blood exiting a
wound site
 HYPOTHERMIA- lower than normal temperature below 96.8 F
 HYPERXIA- life threatening temperature above 105.8 F
 OXYGEN TENT- commonly used on pediatric patients, oxygen
is at higher concentration than room air.
 REBREATHER MASK- under oxygen administration it delivers
60 to 90% oxygen to the patient
 O2 MASK- used on patients that do not tolerate a nasal cannula.
 NASAL CANNULA- delivers oxygen to the nostrils
 ORTHOPEDIC TRACTION- used for feeding or for gastric
suction
 TRACHEOTOMY- a surgical opening cut in the trachea to
create an artificial way
 URINARY TRACT- a drainage and collection of urine
 NASOENTRIC TUBE- goes into the intestine for the purpose of
aspirating gas and fluid in the intestinal tract following surgery
 SWAN~GANZ CATHETERS – used for the diagnosis of right
and left ventricular failure and pulmonary disorder
 CLOSE CHEST DRAINAGE—used to remove fluid or free air
from the pleural cavity.
 LITERS PER MINUTE- LPM stands for
 S WAVE- in electrocardiogram, this does not belong in 3
patterns
 0.6 SECONDS- seconds that P-T interval takes approximately
 STETHOSCOPE- used for auscultation/ listening to the hurt,
lung or abdominal sounds
 HYPOGLYCEMIA- low blood sugar, sweating clammy cold
skin, nervousness and irritability, blurred vision, rapid onset
 ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION- faint or lightheaded feeling
of patient that have been recumbent for an extended period of
time.
 VENOUS BLEEDING- lower volume with less forceful pulsing
of blood flow.
 ADDRESSING THE PATIENT- the first contact with the
patient
 ASSESSMENT THROUGH COMMUNICATION- conversing
with the patient allows you to use your power of observation
 STROKE- the general ability of a person to initiate and direct
muscle function and voluntary movements
 CERVICAL INJURY- injury in the neck
 LOGROLLING- a method of turning a patients to maintaine the
alignment of the spine
 PARALYSIS- complete or partial loss of body fuction especially
motion or sensation in a part of the body.
 COOPERATION- good communication with patients can help
you establish a spirit of trust and _________ that will assist on
patient care.
 QUADRIPLEGIA- paralysis on both the arms and legs
 HEMIPLEGIA- paralysis of one side of the body
 PARAPLEGIA- paralysis in the lower half of the body with
involvement of legs
 FRACTURES- twisting due to muscle spasm or indirect loss of
leverage
 SUBLUXATION- a condition that begins to dislocate
 DEPRESSED – fractures that result in the bone of the skull vault
being folded
 LINEAR- a break in a cranial bone resembling a thin line with
splintering, depression or distortion of bone
 COMPOUND- open fracture, in which there is an open wound
or break in the skin near the site of the broken bone
 SUBLUXATION- it occurs when the broken ends of the bone are
jammed together by the force of injury.
 IMPACTED- fracture is one, in which the broken ends of the
bone are shattered into pieces
 OVERRIDING- collapse of vertebradue to trauma or weakening
of vertebra
 DEATH WITH DIGNITY- all are patient right EXCEPT
 FALSE- in proper body mechanics keep the back straiight and
don’t avoid twisting the trunk when lifting or carrying
 WLL BALANCED- keep your load _______ and close to the
body when lifting or carrying.
 ABDOMEN- uses the muscle of your legs and ________ when
moving or lifting heavy objects.
 TRUNK- provide a ______ stable bae of support
 TRUE- the patient has the right to privacy
 TRUE- the patient has the right to know what are the hospital
ruled and regulation apply
 HAND WASHING- it should be performed after every patient
examination
 VECTORS- animals in which infectious organisms develop
before becoming infective to a new host
 DISINFECT- it involves the destruction of pathogens by using
chemical materials
 FOMITES- objects that have come in contact with pathogenic
organism
 AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION- reducing the probability of
infectious organisms being transmitted to a susceptible host
 MASKING- most fit smug over the nose
 DIRECT CONTACT- staphylococci and streptococci are
example of
 CLEANLINESS- our only defense against infection
 STERILIZATION- involves treating items with heat, gas or
chemical materials
 GLOVING- must be keep above the waist. Air below the level of
the waist is considered dirty
 MEDICAL ASEPSIS- microorganisms have been eliminated
through the use or soap, water, friction, and other various
chemical disinfectants.
 SURGICAL ASEPSIS- the complete removal of all organisms
and their spores from equipment uses to perform patient care or
procedures
 N/A- methods of sterilization in which water evaporates at 100 C
with approximately 12 minutes
 AUTOCLAVE- also called as Stream sterilization
 CHEMICAL- used on items that cannot withstand heat
 PATHOGEN- a type of bacteria or a viruse that causes disease
 ENTERIC PRECAUTION- used to prevent infection transmitted
by direct/ indirect contact with fectal material
 DRAINAGE SECRETION PRECAUTION- used to prevent
infections that are transmitted by direct/indirect contact
 N/A – also referred to as reverse isolation
 RESPIRATORY- used for patients with diseases transported by
airborne or contact route
 DRAINAGE SECRETION PRECAUTION- used ofr
tuberculosis patients with a positice sputum culture
 UNIVERSAL BLOOD AND BODY FLUID PRECAUTION-
used whether there is a chance of coming in contact with a
patients blood or body fluid
 NG TUBE- a special tube that carries food and medicine to the
stomach through the nose
 WHITE BLOOD CELLS ARE ACTIVE TO FIGHT BACK- this
one is not included in the other symptoms of weak immune
system
 ISPOPROPHYL ALCOHOL- chemical used for sterilization or
disinfection, which one is not included
 EXTRAVASATION- an escape of contrast media into the
interstitial tissues at the site of injection
 NON~IONIC- designed to reduce the frequency of adverse
reaction to the introduction of contrast media into the body
 OSMOLARITY- term is related to the concentration of an
osmotic solution
 BARIUM- does not get absorbed within the body
 WATER SOLUBLE- readily absorbable within the body
 NEGATIVE CONTRAST AGENT- involves the use of gases to
reduce the attenuationg ability of the structures filled with gas
 INTRAVENOUS INJECTION- one of the most hazardous
routes of drug administration
 ASCEPTIC TECHNIQUE- designed to prevent the occurrece of
a nosocomial infection
 SHOCK- the failure of circulation in which blood pressure is
inadequate to support oxygen perfusion of vital tissues and is
unable to remove the by-products of metabolism
 ACCESSORY CEPHALIC VEIN- a variable vain that passes
along the radial border of the forearm to join the cephalic vein
near the elbow
 NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION- one that pertains to or originates
in the hospital
 ALLERGIC SHOCK- result from being injected with a foreign
protein
 ORAL- a type of routes that is used if the material is not
destroyed by gastric secretions
 MODERATE REACTION- type of reaction wherein it prepares
for the administration of antihistamine
 DOCUMENTATION- aids in alerting technologists in the future
of a potential allergic reaction
 SEPTIC SHOCK- ashock that is due to massive infection
 HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK- due to external hemorrhage,
laceration or plasma loss due to burns
 NEUROGENIC SHOCK- suffer head or spinal trauma resulting
in a failure of arterial resistance
 CARDIOGENIC SHOCK- result from cardiac failure
 POSITIVE CONTRAST AGENT- an increase in the attenuation
ability of structures filled with this material
1. Electron flow is induced from the secondary coil of the high
voltage step up transformer
2. Electron flow reaches the first circuit juction and flows both
ways
3. Electron flow on this path reaches the anode of the valve
tube 2 and distributed over the large, unheated surface,
attempting to build up enough charge to jump to the
cathode
4. Electron flow on this path reaches the heated cathode of
valve tube 1 and easily jumps to the anode (this never
permitting enough charge to jump across valve tube 2)
5. Electron flow reaches the second junction and flows both
ways
6. Electron flow on this path reaches the anode valve tube 3
and distributes over the large, unheated surface, attempting
to buil up enough charge to jump to the cathode.
7. Electron flow on this path moves without resistance toward
the x-ray tube
8. Electron flow reaches the x-ray tubes heated cathode and
jumps to the anode
9. X-rays are produced as a result of the electrons striking the
anode
10. Electron flow from the anode moves without resistance back
towards the rectification circuit
11. Electron flow reaches the third juction and flows both ways
12. Electron flow on this path reaches the heated cathode of
valve tube 2 but cannot jump to the anode because the anode
is still loaded with the charge moving at arrow 3. Because
these are like charges, they repel one another
13. Electron flow on this path reaches the heated cathod of valve
tube 4 and easily jumps to the anode
14. Electron flow reaches the fourth junction and flows both
ways.
15. Electron flow on this path reaches the heated cathode of
valve tube 3 but cannot jump to the anode because the anode
is still loaded with the charge moving at arrow 6. Because
these are like charges, they repel one another
16. From this point on, electron flow on this path move without
resistance towards the secondary coil of the high voltage
step up transformer. This completes the circuit.