http://engg-project2.

blogs
INTRODUCTION
Communication is often described as a two way street, but the
analogy of a multilane highway would be closer to the truth.
People communicate by words and local inflections by subtle
bodily movements and nuances of gaze, by touch and gesture,
and even by uncontrollable reactions like blushing or falling
speechless.
By comparison, human - computer interaction is an
impoverished affair. The primary interfaces - a keyboard
and pointing device - not only force the user to master new
techniques but they restrict the range of the interaction,
scientist at IBM Research labs around the world are working
on a wide range of human computer interaction technologies
that are helping to make it easier to get computers to do what
we want them to do.
Human cognition depends primarily on the ability to perceive,
interpret and integrate audio visual and sensory information.
Adding extraordinary perceptual abilities to computers would
enable computers with human beings as intimate partner.
Thus Blue eyes Technology add more capabilities to computer
that will allow them to interact like humans, recognize human
presence, talk, listen or even guess there feeling.
Broadly saying that, Blue eyes is aiming at creating
computational machines that have perceptual and sensory
abilities like those of Human beings.
 THE TECHNOLOGY
The Blue Eye Technology uses non obtrusive sensing
methods, employing most modern video cameras and
microphones to identify the user's action through the uses of
imparted sensory abilities. The machine can understand what
a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize physical
or emotional states. The valance extraction is related to the
emotions.
The key features of the system are:
Physiological monitoring (eye mobility
analysis).
Visual attention condition monitoring (pulse rate, blood
oxygenation) .
Operator's position detection (standing, lying).
Wireless data acquisition using Bluetooth technology
physiological data, operator's voice and overall view of the
control room recording recorded data playback.
The three studies made by different scientists make an
attempt to quantify emotions Peter Lang Explored the use of
slides to induce emotion in subjects. He than assigned and
arousal co-ordinates to each picture and mapped them in two
dimensional space. Ward Winton, Lois Putnam and Robert
Krauss added Heart rate sensors (HR) and galvanic skin
conduction detectors (SC) to subject, viewing similar
evocative slide. Winton, Putnam and Krauss correlated their
slides pleasantness against the measure HR and SC of the
subject. Dr Manfred Clines asked his subjects to remember
and relive past emotional experiences whilecollecting somatic
data from his subjects.

VIDEO CAMERAS:
The basic feature of Blue Eyes Technology is the video
camera used is the most advanced and uses very important
technology i.e. charge coupled Device Technology.
EVOLUTION OF CCD :

The charge couple Device (CCD) was Invented in the late

1960 by researchers at Bell Laboratory, originally conceived
as a new type of Computer memory circuit, it soon become
apparent that the CCD had many other potential applications,
including signal processing and imaging.
CCD'S being on a thin wafer of silicon processed with a
series of steps that define the various functions with the
circuit. On each wafer lie several identical devices, or die,
each capable of yielding a functional device. Selected die are
then cut from the wafer and packed in a carrier for use in a
system. Like the engine of a car, the CCD sensor in a digital
camera act as the primary tool to capture an image in its most
elementary form.
The CCD sensor is like the camera's" Electronic Eye"
- collecting light and converting it to charge and subsequently
emitting the signal that results in a digital image

WORKING : IMAGE CAPTURE :

There are different methods by which the image is captured
by CCD sensors. But for the Blue Eye Technology the full
frame image capture technique is used. It allows more charge
capacity better dynamic range, reduced noise and delivery of
optical resolution.
Full frame CCDS consist of a parallel CCD shift register, a
serial register and a signal sensing output amplifier in a full
frame CCD, the exposure is controlled by a mechanical
shutter or strobe to preserve scene integrity, because a parallel
register is used for both scene detection and read out.
A charge coupled device (CCD) camera is an apparatus which
is designed to convert optical brightness into electrical
amplitude signals using a plurality of CCDs, and then
reproduce the image of a subject using the electric signals
without time restriction. Charge coupled devices or CCDs are
arrays of semiconductor gates formed on a substrate of an
integrated circuit or chip. The gates of the CCD are operative
to individually collect, store and transfer charge. When used
in image applications, the charge collected and stored in each
gate of the array represents a picture element or pixel of an
image. The CCD image sensor includes an image sensing
section, which performs photoelectric conversion, and a
storage section, which is arranged separate from the image
sensing section and temporarily stores charges acquired by the
photoelectric conversion. A CCD camera includes a CCD
imager IC (integrated circuit) and control circuits typically
mounted on a printed wiring assembly. In CCD cameras,
either a CCD matrix or one or more CCD lines is/are located
in the focal plane behind the optical system. A CCD is
normally used for the image pickup device of a digital
camera. Image data captured by it is stored in a storage
medium such as a compact flash memory or an IC memory
card. To monitor the captured image, a display means such as
an LCD (liquid crystal display) is generally equipped in the
digital still camera. Charge coupled device (CCD) camera
systems are configured to capture signals according to many
different CCD output formats and pixel configurations.
After the image is captured, the energy associated with each
pixel is absorbed by the silicon and a reaction takes place that
creates an electron hole charge pair. The number of electrons
collected at each pixel is linearly dependent on light level and
exposure time and non linearly dependent on wavelength.
charge-coupled device (CCD) is an analog shift register,
enabling analog signals (electric charges) to be transported
through successive stages (capacitors) controlled by a clock
signal. Charge coupled devices can be used as a form of
memory or for delaying analog, sampled signals. Today, they
are most widely used for serializing parallel analog signals,
namely in arrays of photoelectric light sensors. This use is so
predominant that in common parlance, "CCD" is
(erroneously) used as a synonym for a type of image sensor
even though, strictly speaking, "CCD" refers solely to the way
that the image signal is read out from the chip
The capacitor perspective is reflective of the history of the
development of the CCD and also is indicative of its general
mode of operation, with respect to readout, but attempts
aimed at optimization of present CCD designs and structures
tend towards consideration of the photodiode asthe
fundamental collecting unit of the CCD. Under the control of
an external circuit, each capacitor can transfer its electric
charge to one or other of its neighbours. CCDs are used in
digital photography and astronomy particularly in photometry,
sensors, medical fluoroscopy, optical and UVspectroscopy
and high speed techniques such as lucky imaging.

FEATURES AND BENEFITS:

· Scroll Point pointing device glows blue,
· Business Black color compliments NetVista and ThinkPad
systems
· No mouse pad required - no mechanical ball to get dusty,
dirty or stolen, Integrated ScrollPoint pointingdevice provides
excellent horizontal and vertical scrolling.
· Includes programmable 3rd button for added functionality.
· No mouse pad required! Works on many types of surfaces.
No mechanical ball to get dusty, dirty or stolen.
· Allows your fingers to rest easily and naturally on the
mouse buttons
SUITOR :
The need of the present scenario is to develop intimate
relationship between the computer and humans. And the
simple user interest trackers (SUITOR) is a revolutionary
approach in this direction.
By observing the webpage a netizen is browsing, the suitor
can help fetch more related information at his desktop. By
simply noticing where the users eyes focus on the computer
screen the SUITOR can be more precise eyes focus on the
computer screen the SUITOR can be more precise in
determining his topic of interest. It can even deliver relevant
information to a handheld device

SUITOR WORKING :
SUITOR fills a scrolling ticker on a computer screen with
information related to the users current task. SUITOR knows
where you are looking what application you are working and
what web pages you may browsing. If we are reading a
webpage about something and If we need to read the heading
of the ticker, it pops up the story in a Browser window. If we
start to read the story it adds related stories to the tickers.
That's the whole idea of an attentive system. One that attends
to what you are doing, typing, reading. So that it can attend to
yours information need. (Ticker is a type of watcher, or a type
machine
COMPUTER PROJECTS
The blue eyes technology proposes various revolutions in
computing devices these are explained below:
EMOTION MOUSE :

The need of an hour is to design an adaptive smart computer

system that could possibly recognize your face gestures, speed
and even track your eye. An alternative approach to gather
personal information through touch . A smart computer can
gain information about the user through touch via a special
mouse and determine his emotional state, which in turn is
related to the task user is currently involved in with the
computer.
Emotional aspect of a person are critical for rational decision
making In other words, emotion detection is the best approach
to an adaptive computer system by imparting the computer a
longitudinal understanding of emotional state of the user, it
could adapt a working style that fit's well users requirements.
The other physiological measures that may affect the
emotions of the user are

A) HEART RATE :
Heart rate is the frequency at which the heart generates
impulses.
B) GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE :
In response to an external stimulus (stimulus is anything
which excites functional activity in an organ or part), such as
touching a sharp points the resistance of skin response.

C) GALVANIC SOMATIC ACTIVITY (GSA):

The activities of afferent nerves that carry sensory information
from the sensors on the skin to the brain is called as galvanic
somatic activity.

D) BLOOD PRESSURE :
This is the pressure exerted by the blood vessel walls usually
refers to the pressure within the arteries.
Heart rate are measured through a chest strap sensor. GSA
samples are taken through the mouse driver. GSR sample
through finger tips. Blood pressure through blood pressure
sensor (BVP) which the user have to wear.
ADVANTAGE :
Today, most computer users spend three fourth of their time
scrolling through the screen using the input device, mouse,
thus using emotion mouse this time is reduced to a large
extend.
THE OPERATION :
The computer will determine the emotional state the user
when he simply touches the mouse. Sensors in the mouse
sense the physiological attributes which, intern, are related to
the personal emotional state. The changes in the temperature
of the fingers also form a reliable measure for prediction of
the users emotion.

SCROLL POINT MOUSE :

IBM'S scroll points mouse is one of the latest example of the
products emerging from its activity. The scroll point mouse
was originally designed to satisfy the underlying principles of
a good user interface. The user interacts with his computer,
and computer understands his interests based on what he is
doing.
The scroll point mouse allows the user to scroll the screen up,
down, or sideways, without having to steal his visual attention
away from what he is currently doing. The user needs not
fiddle with scroll bars or move the window up and down, nor
will he have to divert his attention frequently for doing such
acts.
OPERATION :
The solution which was driven by intensive human factors
studies was to put a scrolling joystick on the mouse itself. The
saddle shaped control responds to finger pressure exerted
forward or backward, as well as left or right. The finger can
be easily positioned on it without looking at the mouse. It is
also very efficient because it embodies the concept of rate
control. The harder you push the faster the document scroll.
The first model came out in 1997 an improved version, with
control resolution and continuous scrolling, was shipped at the
end of 1999.
.
MAGIC :
Another technology termed as magic (manual and
gaze input cascaded) pointing used eyes in conjunction with
hands. When the user stares at a specific area on the screen
and touches the mouse simultaneously the cursor moves
automatically to the area that the user is currently looking at
with an accuracy of 1.27 cm (0,5 inch). In this the gaze
tracking camera follow your eyes, but your fingers have to be
involved as well. When you use gaze initiated cursor, you just
look at the screen and touch the input device and the cursor
moves close to where you are looking and then you make the
final adjustment with the input device.
In a computer processing apparatus[MAGIC] , frames
of image data received from a camera are processed to track
the eyes of a user in each image. A 3D computer model of a
head is stored, and search regions are defined in the 3D space
corresponding to the eyes and eyebrows. For each image,
pixels within the projection of the search regions from the 3D
space to the 2D image space are sampled to determine a
representative intensity value for each of the search regions.
Positions for the eyes in the 3D space are then calculated
based on the determined values. The 3D computer model and
search bands are moved within the 3D space to align the eyes
with the calculated eye positions. In this way, when the next
image is processed, the search bands project into the image
from a head configuration determined from the previous
image. This facilitates reliable and accurate eye tracking.
ADVANTAGES:
BlueEyes system can be applied in every working
environment requiring permanent operator's attention:
at power plant,
control rooms,
at captain bridges,
at flight control centers professional drivers.
The system consists of a portable measuring unit and a
central analytical system. The mobile device is integrated with
Blue tooth module providing wireless interface between the
operator-worn sensors and the central unit. ID cards assigned
to each of the operators and adequate user profiles on the
central unit side provide necessary data personalization so that
different people can use a single sensor device.
FUTURE APPLICATION :
 • The Massachusetts institute of Technology (MIT) is
currently involved in project called 'oxygen' being a
personal network composing both hardware and
software, oxygen sits atop the global network. Each unit
has a small screen, camera, GPS module. Handy 21
mobile phone, infrared detector, handy radio and a
network connected device that needs to be programmed
as per requirement.
• This technology is endless ranging from the voice
operated lighting system at your house hold to the most
advanced aero planes that can communicates with the
pilot.
• in the future ordinary house old appliances such as –
• Refrigerator,Television,Microwave oven,
-- may be able to do their jobs when we look at them and
speak to them
pot.com/2010/08/blue-eyes-technology.html