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COUNTRY: Federal Parliamentary Republic of Ethiopia

COMMITTEE: United Nations Security Council


TOPIC AREA(s): The Question of the Kashmir Crisis

I. History of Issue & Key Areas of Discussion

The Kashmir Conflict is a residue of the aftermath of the territorial division that followed the end of the Second
World War. The Kashmir region had enjoyed a semiautonomous status Under the British colonial rule, yet, with
the British departure in 1947; the ‘princely state’ of Kashmir was pressured into either joining Indian or Pakistani
Rule, largely relying on the ethnic background of the two, India with a large Hindu majority, whereas Pakistan has
a Muslim majority. The Kashmir and Jammu region is a region surrounded by Pakistan, China and India, currently
split between Pakistan (35%), China (20%) and India (45%) (BBC NEWS, 2019). The divisionary line between the
Indian part and the Pakistani part is known as the ‘Line of Control’ (LoC), however all parties claim full or partial
ownership over the region. The region has always been one of the primary causes of conflicts between the two
nuclear powers. Following the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, the Simla agreement between India and Pakistan
specifically mentioned a resolution should be sought through bilateral trade, therefore effectively excluding any
UN involvement on the issue. The latest UN resolution on the issue therefore also dates back from 1971 (#303, and
#307) which called on both parties to respect the ceasefire agreement, and allow international aid. Tensions have
recently reignited, most notably last February 2019 when, firstly, a suicide bomber with links to al-Qaeda in
Pakistan killed 44 Indian soldiers. India responded with airstrikes on suspected terrorist locations, to which
Pakistan retaliated with its own airstrikes. Despite many bipartisan, multilateral and UN-efforts to resolve the
dispute, little progress has been made in the last 70 years. In the following half-a-century, no more UNSC
resolutions were produced. This is partially because of the Simla Agreement between Pakistan and India that
stipulates bilateral agreements should be made without third-party involvement. India’s decision is reigniting
disputes with Pakistan. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi made gaining control over the region a central
campaign. But Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan says revoking Indian-controlled Kashmir’s autonomy is
illegal under international law. It’s feared the dispute could drive the two nuclear powers toward war once again as
tensions escalate.

II. Country’s Stance

The Federal Parliamentary Republic of Ethiopia is a country located in North-East Africa, having 94.1 million
people as its population and Hailemariam Desalegn Boshe as its Prime Minister since 2012. Regarded as one of the
most stable countries in Africa, Ethiopia pursues to be economically and diplomatically developed. With no past
histories of being colonized apart from Mussolini’s Italy occupation, Ethiopia is Africa's oldest independent
country. In regards to the Kashmir conflict, Ethiopia stands by its long-term ally, India, together with the Russian
Federation, Israel, Afghanistan, France, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the United States. Historical relationships between
India and Ethiopia go back about 2,000 years of recorded history. Trade between the two countries flourished
during the ancient Axumite Empire, which is seen to be origin of modern Ethiopia. Indian traders flocked to the
ancient port of Adulis in the 6th Century AD trading silk and spices for gold and ivory. n the 16th century AD, the
Portuguese assisted the Christian King in Ethiopia to repel Muslim invaders, and with them came Indians from
Goa. In 1935,General Robert Napier led a punitive expedition to obtain the release of European diplomats and
missionaries who had been imprisoned by Emperor Tewodros II in hisbunker fort at Makdala. The 30,000 strong
force had 13,000 soldiers from India, mostly Sikhs. The British Army that ended the Italian occupation of Ethiopia
(1936-41) also had a sizeable contingent of Indian soldiers. General William Plat, who led one of the three
simultaneous attacks, commanded a force consisting of the 4th and 5th Indian Divisions. Ethiopia had been
consistent in her support for India in various issues, including the one in regards to Kashmir. On January 02, 2017,
Ethiopia officially began its two-year term as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council
(UNSC). Ethiopia greatly appreciates India’s understanding of the problems of the countries of Africa, its support
to their economic development and sensitivity to their needs. Ethiopia admires India’s economic, social, scientific
and technological achievements. The Federal Parliamentary Republic of Ethiopia firmly believes that the Kashmir
conflict could really be solved and that thoroughfares will eventually be obtained for both parties.

III. Potential Solutions & Goals

1. Recommends that the governmental setup within Kashmir be strengthened enough that it may establish
administrative control with the help of the United Nations:
A. The United Nations to act as an authoritative umbrella;
B. By forming a neutral and multilateral supervisory body over all the disputed areas of Kashmir
under question;
C. The specified areas be taken into the custody of the United Nations and be made independent of
the previous setup;

2. Solemnly affirms that at the end of this predetermined time-period, the United Nations, with the
involvement of the Kashmiri people, would conduct a uniform plebiscite throughout the region, isolating
Kashmir from external pressures and influences whilst offering all peoples of Kashmir identical options
including, but not exhaustive of:
A. Consolidation of the Line Of Control (LOC) as an international border between India and
Pakistan;
B. Amalgamation of all of Kashmir with Pakistan (whereby the Chinese administered areas may be
retained by China);
C. Amalgamation of all of Kashmir with India;
D. Establishment of an Independent Kashmir;

3. Considers that the result of this plebiscite should be made binding upon all parties to ensure effective
implementation;

4. Further requests that the United Nations continue to supervise operations in the region until it deems the
situation to have been stabilized or until the government of Kashmir (whether it be independent or a part of
another country) asks the UN to withdraw;

5. Expresses its hope that all parties involved would accept the will of the people of Kashmir and would
ensure its complete implementation to resolve the Kashmir Dispute.

IV. Citation

The Kashmir conflict: How did it start? [WWW Document], n.d. URL
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2019/03/kashmir-conflict-how-did-it-start/ (accessed
09.14.19).

UN Resolutions | Kashmir [WWW Document], n.d. URL http://kashmirvalley.info/un-


resolutions/#.XaSV1eczbOQ (accessed 09.14.19).

Kashmir: Sources of Conflict, Dimensions of Peace: Survival: Vol 41, No 3 [WWW Document],
n.d. URL https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00396339912331342963?src=recsys (accessed
10.09.19).

Saideman, S.M., 2005. At the heart of the conflict: Irredentism and Kashmir.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511616112.010 (accessed 10.10.19).
The historical roots of the Kashmir conflict: Studies in Conflict & Terrorism: Vol 15, No 4 [WWW
Document], n.d. URL
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10576109208435908?journalCode=uter20 (accessed
10.14.19).

The Kashmir conflict in South Asia: voices from Srinagar: Defense & Security Analysis: Vol 30,
No 1 [WWW Document], n.d. URL
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14751798.2013.864868?src=recsys (accessed 10.14.19).

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