Emmanuel A.

Auguis

MS – HORT 1

Hort 22

Exercise No. 1

CLASSIFICATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS

I. Introduction

Horticulture is a very important branch of plant science. It accounts for food from three major sources:
vegetables, fruits, and nuts. Apart from food, it plays a significant role in other aspects of society. It
provides employment and also beautifies the environment.

Horticultural crops are very diverse. That is why plant classification is very important tool in
horticulture. Classification deals with the taxonomical aspects of classifying aspects of crops -- their
morphology and economical parts and agro-botanical characters. It aids in determining the cultural
requirement of plants, in predicting graft compatibility, or in formulating hybridization program for
horticultural crops. Furthermore, it aids in man’s search for new plants of horticultural importance.

II. Objectives
1. To get acquainted with the different horticultural crops.
2. To identify and classify these different crops.
3. To know their economic value and importance.
4. To determine their adaptability to local environment.

III. Activities
1. Survey and collection of different horticultural crops.
2. Film slide showing/ power point presentation of different horticultural crops.

IV. Results and Discussion

TABLE 1. COMMON HORTICULTURAL CROPS

COMMON
NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS

A. FRUIT CROPS (POMOLOGY)

Avocado Persea americana Avocado trees can be tall or spreading, and they have elliptic to egg-shaped
leaves. The small greenish flowers are borne in dense inflorescences and lack
 true petals. Avocado fruits have greenish or yellowish flesh with a buttery
consistency and a rich, nutty flavour.
Banana Musa spp. Gigantic herb that springs from an underground stem, or rhizome, to form a
false trunk 3–6 metres high. Trunk is composed of the basal portions of leaf
sheaths and is crowned with a rosette oblong to elliptic leaves. A large flower
spike and individual fruits, or bananas, are grouped in clusters, or hands, of 10
to 20.
Caimito Chrysophyllum The leaves are evergreen, alternate, simple oval, entire; the underside shines
cainito with a golden color when seen from a distance. The tiny flowers are purplish
white and have a sweet fragrant smell. The fruit is globose and typically
measures from 2 to 3 inches in diameter. When ripe, it usually purple-skinned
with a faint green area appearing around the calyx.
Dragon fruit Hylocereus undatus Dragonfruit stems are scandent (climbing habit), creeping, sprawling or
clambering, and branch profusely. Areoles, that is, the small area bearing spines
or hairs on a cactus, are 2 mm across with internodes 1–4 cm. The scented,
nocturnal flowers are 25–30 cm long. The fruit is oblong to oval, to 6–12 cm
long, 4–9 cm thick, red with large bracteoles, with white pulp and seeds are
edible; seeds are black.
Mango Mangifera indica The tree is evergreen, often reaching 15–18 metres in height and attaining
great age. The simple leaves are lanceolate, up to 30 cm long. The flowers—
small, pinkish, and fragrant—are borne in large terminal panicles (loose
clusters). Some have both stamens and pistils, while others have stamens only.
The fruit varies greatly in size and character. Its form is oval, round, heart-
shaped, kidney-shaped, or long and slender.
Papaya Carica papaya A small, sparsely branched tree, usually with a single stem growing with spirally
arranged leaves confined to the top of the trunk. The lower trunk is
conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large,
deeply palmately lobed, with seven lobes. The flowers are 5-parted and highly
dimorphic, the male flowers with the stamens fused to the petals. The fruit is a
large berry about 15–45 cm long and 10–30 cm in diameter. It is ripe when it
feels soft and its skin has attained an amber to orange hue
Pineapple Ananas comosus Tropical plant with an edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries. It has
30 to 40 stiff, succulent leaves closely spaced in a rosette on a thick, fleshy
stem. Their leaves are used to produce the textile fiber.
Rambutan Nephelium An evergreen tree growing to a height of 12–20 m. The leaves are alternate,
lappaceum 10–30 cm long, pinnate, with three to 11 leaflets, each leaflet 5–15 cm wide
and 3–10 cm broad, with an entire margin. The flowers are small, 2.5–5 mm,
apetalous, discoidal, and borne in erect terminal panicles 15–30 cm wide. The
fruit is a round to oval single-seeded berry.
Cashew Anacardium The cashew tree is large and evergreen, with a short, often irregularly shaped
occidentale trunk. The leaves are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate,
with smooth margins. The flowers are produced in a panicle or corymb; each
flower is small, pale green at first, then turning reddish, with five slender, acute
petals. The fruit is an accessory fruit (pseudocarp or false fruit). What appears
to be the fruit is an oval or pear-shaped structure, a hypocarpium, that
develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower.
Sineguelas Spondias purpurea A small to medium-sized tree up to 7 m tall. The leaves are deciduous in the
short dry season, and only fall shortly before the new leaves develop; they are
pinnate, with 7-23 leaflets. The flowers are small, reddish-purple, produced in
large panicles. The fruit is an edible oval drupe, ripening red (occasionally
yellow) and containing a single large seed
Sugar Annona squamosa An evergreen plant with thin oblong ovate leaves. The solitary greenish flowers
apple/atis produce a yellowish green fruit resembling a shortened pinecone. The
tuberculate fruit, formed by the fusion of many ripened ovaries and a
receptacle, is 7.5 to 10 cm in diameter.
Durian Durio zibethinus The tree has oblong tapering leaves, rounded at the base, and yellowish green
flowers borne along the older branches. The fruit is spherical and 15 to 20 cm in
diameter. It has a hard external husk, or shell, covered with stout spines and
contains five oval compartments, each filled with a cream-coloured pulp in
which are embedded one to five chestnut-sized seeds.
Pili nut Canarium ovatum The densely foliated tropical tree grows to 20 metres in height and produces up
to 32 kilograms (70 pounds) of nuts annually. The fruit is 6–7 centimetres long,
with a hard, thick-shelled, triangular nut surrounded by a small amount of pulp.
Mabolo Diospyros blancoi Mabolo is a medium-sized tree growing to a height of 20 meters. Leaves are
leathery, oblong, with a round base and acute tip. The blade is glossy green,
smooth above and softly hairy below. Female flowers are axillary and solitary,
larger than the male. Fruits are fleshy, globose, and densely covered with short
brown hairs. The pulp is edible. The fruit hairs have to be rubbed off before
eating as it can cause peri-oral itching and irritation.
Lansones Lansium Lansones is a tree growing to a height of 4 to 15 meters. Leaves are alternate,
domesticum with 5 to 7 leaflets, oblong to oblong-elliptic, and pointed at both ends. Flowers
are small, yellow and borne on spikes, solitary or fascicled on the trunk or larger
branches. Fruit is yellowish-white, occurring in bunches on a single stem,
ellipsoid or globose with bitter seeds that are surrounded by a translucent pulp
(arillus). The outer skin is thin and tough, abundant in a milky juice. The pulp
occurs in five sections with one well-developed seed.
Santol Sandoricum Santol is a tree growing up to 20 meters high, with softly hairy young branches
koetjape and leaves. Leaves are groups of 3 leaflets, elliptic to oblong-ovate with pointed
tips and round bases. Flowers are numerous, somewhat fascicled, in greenish or
yellowish clusters. Fruits are rounded and somewhat flattened, orange when
ripe with a thick pericarp. Seeds are large, surrounded by a translucent or pale,
sweet tasting edible pulp.
Guava/ Psidium guajava Bayabas is a somewhat hairy plant reaching a height of 8 meters. Young
Bayabas branches are 4-angled. Leaves are opposite, oblong to elliptic, and the apex
being pointed, and the base usually rounded. Peduncles are 1- to 3-flowered.
Flowers are white, with in-curved petals, coming out solitary or two to three in
the leaf axils. Numerous stamens form the attractive part of the flower. Inferior
ovaries develop into round or obovoid green fruits, turning yellow on ripening
and have edible, aromatic, seedy pulp.
Strawberry Fragaria vesca A perennial herb spreading through runners. The leaves , borne on long stalks,
are compound with three-foliate and toothed . The flowers are white with five
petals that fall off shortly after pollination, and from the receptacle forms the
sweet and red fruit.
Lemonsito Citrus mitis Lemonsito is a smooth and slightly spiny plant, growing to a height of 3 to 5
meters. Leaflets are elliptic to oblong-elliptic. Petioles are very narrowly or
scarcely winged. Flowers are axillary, solitary, rarely in pairs, white, and short-
stalked. Fruit is yellow when ripe, nearly spherical 6- to 7-celled, and thin-
skinned. The skin or peel is green to yellowish green or yellow, loosely adhering
to the flesh. The flesh contains a few light orange seeds.
Jackfruit / Artocarpus Langka is a smooth tree reaching a height of 8 to 15 meters. Leaves are
Langka heterophyllus alternate, leathery, elliptic-oblong to obovate, entire or sometimes 3-lobed,
the apex and base both pointed. Female heads are embraced by spathaceous,
deciduous, stipular sheaths. Fruit is green to greenish-yellow when ripe, fleshy,
hanging on short stalks from the main stem or from large branches in old trees,
oblong with pyramidal projections . Seeds are numerous and oblong . The testa
is thin, coriaceous, surrounded by an edible luscious pulp.
B. VEGETABLE CROPS (OLERICULTURE)
Onion/ Allium cepa Sibuyas is a low herb, with leaves shorter than the scape, cylindric, hollow,
Sibuyas narrowing upward to a slender apex, shorter than the inflorescence. Scape is
inflated, narrowed at both ends. Flowers are stellate, numerous in a dense and
rounded umbel, with pedicels. Filaments are longer than the petals.
Garlic/ Allium sativum Bawang is a low herb, 30 to 60 centimeters high. True stem is much reduced.
Bawang Bulbs are broadly ovoid , consisting of several, densely crowded, angular and
truncated tubers. Leaves are linear and flat. Umbels are globose, many flowered.
Sepals are oblong, greenish white, slightly tinged with purple. Stamens are not
exerted from the perianth.
Gabi/taro Colocasia Gabi is a long-stalked herbaceous plant with huge leaves, growing to a height of
esculenta 30 to 150 cm. Rootstock is tuberous . Leaves are long-petioled, ovate, glaucous,
with entire margins, with a broad, triangular basal sinus extending one- third or
halfway to the insertion of the petiole, with broad and rounded basal lobes.
Petioles are green or purplish .
Lettuce/ Lactuca sativa Letsugas is an erect, usually simple, annual, smooth, very leafy herb reaching a
Letsugas height of 1 meter when in flower. Leaves are stalkless, obovate to oblong-
obovate, entire or lobed, toothed, thin, and numerous at the base. Heads are
numerous and borne in open panicles; the branches, often much reduced, bear
bractlike leaves. Flowers are yellow. Involucral bracts are ovate, the inner ones
linear. Achenes are brown, with a very slender beak about as long as the body.
Spinach Spinacia oleracea Spinach is an annual, spreading herb growing to 50 centimeters high. . Leaves are
succulent, triangular to oval in shape, 3 to 6 centimeters long and 2.5 to 4.5
centimeters wide. The flowers are small and yellowish green.
Pechay Brassica rapa Pechay is an erect, biennial herb, growing about 15 to 30 centimeters tall in
vegetative state. Leaves are ovate, spreading, and arranged spirally. Petioles are
enlarged, growing upright forming a subcylindrical bundle. Inflorescence is a
raceme with pale yellow flowers. Seeds are 1 millimeter in diameter, reddish to
blackish brown in color.
Watermelon Citrullus lanatus Pakwan is a spreading, hairy, tendril-bearing annual vine reaching a length of
/ Pakwan several meters. Leaves are long-stalked, oblong-ovate, deeply 3- to 7-lobed,
pinnatifid with usually narrowed segments. Flowers are monoecious, yellow, and
occurring singly in axils of the leaves. Fruit is very large, smooth, ellipsoid to
oblong, light green with irregular dark green-mottled stripes, sometimes covered
 with a white, waxy bloom . The flesh is white, yellowish, pink or red; crisp, soft
and juicy. Seeds are compressed, sometimes red, usually black.
Cucumber/ Cucumis sativus Pipino is an annual, rather coarse, fleshy, prostrate or climbing vine. Leaves are
Pipino ovate, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the lobes or angles being pointed, and hispidious on
both surfaces. Flowers are axillary, solitary, or fascicled, stalkless or short-stalked,
and bell-shaped. Male and female flowers are similar in color and size. Fruit is
usually cylindric, smooth, yellow when mature, and slightly tuberculated. Seeds
are numerous, oblong, compressed, and smooth.
Bitter gourd Momordica Ampalaya is a climbing vine, nearly or quite smooth, annual vine. Tendrils are
/ Ampalaya charantia simple, up to 20 centimeters long. Leaves are cut nearly to the base into 5 to 7
lobes, oblong-ovate, variously toothed, and heart-shaped at the base. Male
flower is about 12 millimeters long, and is peduncled, with a rounded, green, and
about 1 centimeter long bract approximately at the middle. Female flower is
yellow flower, about 15 millimeters long, long-stalked with pair of small leaflike
bracts at middle or toward base of stalk. Fruit, in cultivated form, is green, fleshy,
oblong, cylindric, 15 to 25 centimeters long, pointed at both ends, ribbed and
wrinkled, bursting when mature to release seeds; in wild forms, ovoid, about 2 to
4 centimeters long. Seeds are oblong, compressed 10 to 13 millimeters long, and
corrugated on the margins.
Sweet corn/ Zea mays var. Mais is a very coarse, erect, tall grass, 1.5 to 2 meters high. Stem is solid, with a
Mais saccharata soft and spongy center. Leaves are numerous and close together, 30 to 100
centimeters long and 2 to 10 centimeters wide, linear lanceolate. Male
inflorescence is erect and terminal; the female inflorescence on the axils of the
leaves, cylindric and large. The individual fruit (grain) is is roundish or reniform,
compressed, smooth, shining, yellow, white, reddish or even purplish-black.
Okra Abelmoschus Okra is a coarse, erect, branched, more or less hairy, annual herb, 0.6 to 1.5
esculentus meters high. Leaves are long-petioled, orbicular or orbicular-ovate, about 25
centimeters long or less; with a heart-shaped base; the margins, 3- to 5-lobed.
Petioles are equal to the blade in length or longer. Flowers are axillary and
solitary; corolla, large and yellow, and inside, deep purple at the base. Fruit is
elongated, 10 to 25 centimeters long, 1.5 to 3 centimeters in diameter, tapering
to a blunt point and containing rows of rounded, kidney shaped seeds.
Horse Moringa oleifera Malunggay is a much-branched small tree growing as high as 9 meters, with a soft
radish/ and white wood and corky and gummy bark. Leaves are alternate, usually thrice
Malunggay pinnate, 25 to 50 centimeters long. Each compound leaf contains 3-9 very thin
leaflets dispersed on a compound (3 times pinnate) stalk. The leaflets are thin,
ovate to elliptic, and 1 to 2 centimeters long. Flowers are white and fragrant, 1.5
to 2 centimeters long, on spreading panicles. Pod is 15 to 30 centimeters long,
pendulous, three-angled, and nine-ribbed. Seeds are three-angled, and winged on
the angles.
Sweet Capsicum Erect, branched, smooth shrub. Leaves are alternate, pointed at both ends.
pepper annuum Flowers are solitary, bell-shaped, yellowish or white. Fruit is hollow, with
numerous small flat seeds.
Carrot Daucus carota Carrot is an erect, vegetable herb, growing 30 to 60 centimeters in height, with 2
to 3 pinnate leaves, the ultimate leaflet being oblong-lanceolate or linear. Flowers
are small, white, or yellow, borne in compound umbels. Fruit is small, ellipsoid,
 dorsally compressed, bristled and ribbed. The tap root is robust, sometimes
swollen, fleshy, and yellow or orange-colored.
Eggplant/ Solanum Talong is a coarse, usually branched, prickly or unarmed, erect, half-woody plant,
Talong melongena growing to a height of 0.5 to 1 meter. Leaves are ovate to oblong-ovate, 10 to 25
centimeters long, stellate-hairy beneath, and irregularly or shallowly lobed at the
margins. Flowers are axillary, purplish, about 2.5 centimeters long. Fruit is fleshy,
smooth, purple, up to 25 centimeters long, extremely variable in shape, round,
oblong, or cylindric-oblong.
Squash/ Cucurbita Kalabasa is a coarse, prostrate or climbing, annual, herbaceous vine, reaching a
Kalabasa maxima length of 4 meters or more. Leaves are hispid, rounded, 15 to 30 centimeters in
diameter, heart-shaped at the base, shallowly 5-lobed, with finely toothed
margins, and often mottled on the upper surface. Flowers are bell-shaped, erect,
yellow and about 12 centimeters long, the corolla limb is about as wide, and 5-
toothed. Fruit is large, variable in shape, fleshy, with a yellow pulp. Seeds are
ovoid or oblong, compressed, and about 1.3 centimeters long.
Chayote/ Sechium edule Sayote is a tropical perennial vine, with stems climbing to 40 feet high. Rootstock
Sayote is tuberous. Leaf petioles are 6 inches long. Leaves are hairy, broadly cordate,
entire or angled, 10 to 20 centimeters long. Flowers are staminate, yellowish to
pale green, in long racemes. Pistillate flowers are solitary, corolla 12 to 17
millimeters. Fruit is pear-shaped, light green, and slightly wrinkled or with
shallow, narrow, longitudinal grooves, in some forms set with soft spines. Seed is
single, large, with a smooth testa, clinging to the flesh, protruding from the fruit
apex.
Amaranth Amaranthus Amaranth is an erect, stout, branched, unarmed, annual herb, growing to a height
spinosus of 1 to 2 meters. All parts are usually reddish-purple. Lower leaves are oblong-
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, up to 25 centimeters long, 8 centimeters wide, with
long petioles. Upper leaves are similar in shape but smaller. Panicled
inflorescences are terminal and are borne in the upper axils of the leaves. Panicles
are 15 to 30 centimeters long, red, green or yellow. Flowers are numerous, about
1.5 centimeters long. Sepals are oblong to oblong-obovate, apiculate and shorter
than the bracts. Utricle is 3-toothed at the apex, circumciss, exceeding the calyx.
Seeds are brown or black, shining, about 1 millimeter in diameter.
Turnip/ Raphanus sativus Labanos is a coarse, annual crop plant. Roots are fleshy, pungent and variable in
Labanos size and form. Leaves are roughly hairy, the lower ones lyrate. Flowers are
variable, about 1.5 centimeters long, usually white or lilac, with purple veins,
sepals erect, lateral ones saccate at the base. Pod is indehiscent, lanceolate,
cylindrical, and 2 to 2.6 centimeters in length, and terminates in a long beak.
Seeds are separated by pith.
Bean Phaseolus Bean is an herbaceous annual herb, erect and bushy, 20 to 60 centimeters tall, or
vulgaris twining with stems 2 to 3 meters long. Leaves are alternate, green or purple,
trifoliate, stipulate, petiolate, with a marked pulvinus at base. Leaflets are ovate,
entire, 6 to 15 centimeters long, 3 to 11 centimeters wide. Flowers are in lax,
axillary, few-flowered racemes, variegated, white, pink or purple, about 1
centimeter long. Pods are slender, green, yellow, black, or purple, cylindrical or
flat, 8 to 20 centimeters long, 1 to 1.5 centimeters wide. Seeds are 4 to 6, usually
glabrous, sometimes puberulent, with prominent beaks, white, red, tan, purple,
 grey, or black, often variegated, reniform, oblong, or globose, up to 1.5
centimeters long.
C. ORNAMENTAL CROPS (ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE)
Acalypha Acalypha hispida Acalypha hispida is a shrub growing to a height of 1-3meters. Leaves are
alternate, petioled 2-11 cm long, broad-ovate, bright green atop, pale green
underneath, with crenulate-serrate margins. Inflorescence is axillary, solitary, in
long pendant spikes, up to 15-40 cm long. Flowers are small and bright red.
Anthurium Anthurium Anthurium is an evergreen perennial plant that can grown to a meter in height.
andraeanum Leaves are large, dark, glossy, oblong or heart-shaped, up to 30 centimeters in
length. Each leaf is held on a 30 to 60 centimeter petiole. Flowers are slender,
finger-like or tail like spadix above a shiny, waxy, crinkled, heart-shaped spathe,
red to bright orange.
Bangka- Rhoeo discolor Bangka-bangkaan is a stout perennial herbaceous, somewhat fleshy plant, 0.5
bangkaan meters in height or less, the stem thick and unbranched. Leaves are lanceolate,
acuminate, 40 to 60 centimeters long, 4 to 6 centimeters wide, fleshy, the
upper surface dark green, the lower purple. Flowers are numerous in each
inflorescence, fascicled, white, about 1 centimeter in diameter. Inflorescence,
axillary, short, peduncled, the flowers surrounded by 2 large, imbricate, laterally
compressed, distichous, 3 to 4 centimeters long purplish bracts.
Bushida Bucida molinetii Bucida is a small, low and picturesque spreading plant growing to a height of 4
feet. The branches are typically horizontal giving it a layered appearance.
Leaves are tiny, bright and light green, about 1/4 inch long. New foliar growth is
bronze-colored and ages to light green. Stems are spiny. Flowers are yellow and
insignificant, followed by clusters of tiny brown to black fruit seed-capsules.

Callistemon Callistemon Bottle brush is a shrub to a small tree, growing to a height of 5 meters, with
viminalis numerous, long, slender and drooping branches. Leaves are light green, narrow
lanceolate, up to 5 centimeters long. Spikes are 7- 8 centimeters long. Flowers
are bright red in dense cylindrical spikes.
Cypress Cupressus A large perennial plant that can grow to four meters high, on a single trunk and
sempervirens branching that increases in circumference with age. Leaves are small and scale-
like.
Donya2/ Mussaenda Kahoi-dalaga is a shrub or small tree 3 to 5 meters high, more or less hairy or
Kahoi- philippica nearly smooth. Leaves are opposite, dark green and glossy, oblong-ovate to
dalaga oblong-lanceolate, 6 to 14 centimeters long, pointed in both ends, and
furnished with stipules about 4 millimeters long. Flowers are borne in small
numbers in terminal, hairy cymes. Calyx is about 7 millimeters long, with four of
the teeth as long as the tube, one very much enlarged into a white, leaflike,
long petiole, elliptic-ovate appendage, the blade 4 to 8 centimeters long.
Corolla is yellow, hairy, about 2 centimeters long, and enlarged upward. Fruit is
about 1.5 centimeters long.
Euphorbia/ Euphorbia milii Corona de espina is an erect and branched shrub growing up to a meter high,
Corona de with cylindric or obscurely angled branches lined with stiff, slender, divergent
espina spines. Leaves are few, alternate, pale green, oblong-obovate, or short
acuminate, up to 5 centimeters long. Inflorescences arise from the upper leaf
axils and is peduncled with 2-4 involucres in each peduncle, each involucre with
2 spreading red kidney-shaped lobes.
Serpent fern Microsorum Serpent fern is an epiphyte with wide, creeping and glabrous rhizomes. Stipes
scolopendria are scattered, 5- to 40 centimeters long, and naked. Fronds are shiny green,
variable in size, from simple lanceolate to deeply pinnatifid, 10 to 40
centimeters long. Costae are prominent, but the venation is hardly visible. Sori
are very large, shallowly immersed and conspicuous on the upper surface, in
single rows along the main veins, or scattered, but not numerous.
Ground Spathoglottis Ground orchid has 4-7 pleated leaves that emerge from a pseudobulb
orchid plicata surrounded by persistent fibrous leaf bases. The inflorescence has 8-27
magenta flowers that are resupinate. The labellum is strongly lobed and has
bright yellow and pink markings. Naturalized plants often revert to a wild form,
becoming self-pollinating with cleistogamous flowers. Capsules develop very
quickly after pollination, making it common to see flowers and seedpods on the
same plant.
Gumamela Hibiscus rosa- Gumamela is an erect, much-branched, glabrous shrub, 1 to 4 meters high.
sinensis Leaves are glossy green, ovate, acuminate, pointed, coarsely-toothed, 7 to 12
centimeters long, alternate, stipulate. Flowers are solitary, axillary, very large,
about 10 centimeters long, and 12 centimeters in diameter. Outermost series of
bracteoles are 6, lanceolate, green, and 8 millimeters long or less. Calyx is
green, about 2 centimeters long, with ovate lobes. Petals are red, orange or
rose-white, obovate, entire, rounded tip, and imbricate. Stamens form a long
staminal tube enclosing the entire style of the pistil and protruding out of the
corolla. Ovary is 5-celled, styles are 5, fused below. Fruits are capsules,
loculicidally 5-valved, but rarely formed in cultivation.
Heliconia/ Heliconia rostrata Heliconias are grown for their beautiful, brilliant colorful flowering bracts.
false bird- Breathtaking and unusual flower heads (bracts) rise from clumps of banana like
of-paradise leaves, sometimes very large or slender. Heliconia flowers are actually highly
modified leaves and bracts. The flowering stems are mostly pendulous. They
are produced on long, erect or drooping panicles, and consist of brightly
colored waxy bracts, with small true flowers inside the bracts. Bracts which can
be orange, purple, red, yellow, pink, green, or their combinations.
Pandakaki Tabernaemontana Pandakaki is an erect, branched and smooth shrub, 1 to 4 meters high. Leaves
pandacaqui are elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 5 to 12 centimeters long, narrowed at
both ends, shining and short-stalked. Inflorescences are axillary and terminal,
peduncled, and have rather few flowers. Calyx is green, ovoid, and short.
Corolla is white, tinged with green, slender-tubed, 1.7 centimeters long and
slightly enlarged upward; limb is 2 to 2.5 centimeters in diameter, composed of
five, spreading, falcate, lanceolate lobes. Follicles are red or yellowish-red,
oblong, 2 to 4 centimeters long, and longitudinally ridged or keeled.
Rosal Gardenia Rosal is a smooth, unarmed shrub 1 to 2 meters high. Leaves are opposite,
jasminoides elliptic-ovate, 2 to 6 centimeters long, narrowed and pointed at both ends,
shining and short petioled, and stipulate. Flowers are large and very fragrant,
occurring singly in the upper axil of the leaves. Calyx is green, with funnel-
shaped tube and about 1.5 centimeters long, 5-angled, or winged and divided
into linear lobes about as long as the tube. Corolla is usually double, white but
soon turning yellowish, and 5 to 8 centimeters wide. Stamens are as many as
the corolla lobes. Anthers are linear, sessile. Ovary is 1-celled, style stout,
clavate, fusiform, or 2-cleft, ovules numerous on parietal placentae. Fruits are
 ovoid or ellipsoid, 2.5 to 4.5 centimeters long, 1.5 to 2 centimeters in diameter,
yellow, with 5 to 9 longitudinal ridges.
Rose Rosa philippinensis A prickly shrub, most grow upright, some are creeping. Flowers are yellow,
white, pink or red, solitary or in branched clusters or corymbs at the end of
short branches. four to five petals and sepals. Leaves are alternate, pinnnate,
usually with five to nine leaflets with a terminal leaflet. Fruits are usually are
fleshy and berrylike at maturity.
Santan Ixora philippinensis Santan is an erect and smooth ornamental shrub, growing to a height of 2 to 3
meters. Leaves are stalkless or on very short stalks, oblong, 5 to 9 centimeters
long, heart-shaped or rounded at the base and blunt-tipped. Flowers are many,
pink or red, and borne in terminal, stalkless or shortly stalked, hairy cymes.
Calyx teeth are short and pointed. Corolla-tube is slender, 2.5 centimeters long;
lobes are spreading and oblong, about half the length of the tube. Fruit is
reddish, almost round, about 5 millimeters in diameter.
Glory bush Tibouchina Glory bush is a shrub growing to a height of 4 meters, with 4-angled, reddish
urvilleana and rough branches. Leaves are simple, opposite, 5-nerved, ovate or oblong-
ovate, up to10 centimeters long and 4 centimeters wide, hairy above and
smooth below, with finely serrate margins. Flowers are showy, with rosy purple
to violet petals, up to 5 centimeters long. Stamens are 10, purple. Fruit is a
capsule.
White Wrightia pubescens Lanete is a tree growing to a height of 35 meters. Trunk is 60 centimeters in
angel/ diameter. Bark is yellowish brown. Young branchlets are yellowish, pubescent,
Lanete becoming glabrous with age, densely lenticellate. Petiole is about 1 centimeter.
Leaf blade is narrowly oblong, ovate, or narrowly ovate, 5 to 10 by 3 to 6
centimeters, papery, puberulent to glabrous adaxially, with 8 to 15 pairs of
veins. Cymes are about 5 centimeters, pubescent. Sepals are ovate, 2 to 5
millimeters. Corolla is white or pinkish white, funneiform; lobes are oblong, 1 to
2 centimeters; corona is fringed Stamens are pubescent, inserted at the mouth
of the corolla; anthers are exserted. Follicles are connate, sublinear, 15 to 30 by
1 to 2 centimeters. Seeds are narrowly fusiform.
Yellow bell/ Allamanda Kampanilya is a vigorous, smooth, slightly hairy shrub growing 2 to 4 meters
Kampanilya cathartica high. Leaves are opposite, in whorls of 3 or 4, although the upper ones may be
scattered, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 8 to 12 centimeters long, 2.5 to 4
centimeters wide, pointed on both ends. Flowers are yellow and short-stalked.
Calyx-teeth are green, somewhat spreading, lanceolate and 1 to 1.5
centimeters long. Corolla is about 7 centimeters long; the slender part of the
tube being about 3 centimeters long; the tube inflated up to 2 centimeters in
diameter; the lobes ovate or oblong-ovate, spreading, rounded and about 2
centimeters long.
Zinnia Zinnia elegans Zinnia is a low, erect annual herb, growing to a height of 1 to 3 feet. Leaves are
opposite, ovate or nearly elliptic, with the base clasping the stem. Flower head
is terminal, single- or double-flowered. The flowering stalk is 2 to 5 centimeters
long. Ray flowers are reflexed, of various colors, disk flowers usually yellow or
orange.
Bamboo Bambusa spinosa Bamboo an arborescent bamboo, occasionally shrubby or scrambling. Rhizomes
are short-necked. Stems are 10 to 25 meters high, 8 to 15 centimeters in
diameter, the basal parts surrounded by stiff, branched, interlaced, spiny
 branches. Leaves are 10 are 20 centimeters long, 1 to 2 centimeters wide.
Rarely flowering. Panicles are large. Spikelets are slender, compressed and 2 to
3 centimeters long.
Coffee/ Coffea arabica Kape is a small, smooth tree reaching a height of 3 to 5 meters. Leaves are
Kape elliptic-ovate to elliptic-oblong, 8 to 15 centimeters long, shining, and pointed
on both ends. The flowers are white, borne in fascicles in the axils of leaves.
Corolla is 1.5 centimeters. Fruit is red, ovoid or ellipsoid, 1 to 1.4 centimeters
long.
D. PLANTATION/ INDUSTRIAL HORTICULTURE
Agave Agave vivipara Agave is an herb with dense rosette of sword-shaped, stiff and straight grayish
green leaves with sharp-pointed tips and prickled margins. Some varieties have
white-margined leaves.
Kapok/ doldol Ceiba pentandra Kapok is an erect, deciduous tree, growing to a height of 15 meters or less.
Trunk is cylindric, forming butaves are palmately compound, with 5 to 9
leaflets, lanceolate, 6 to 15 centimeters long, pointed at both ends. Flowers are
numerous large, fragrant, and creamy white, about 3 centimeters long. Fruits
are capsules, hartresses, usually bearing scattered, large spines. Branches are in
distant whorls, spreading horizontally. Led, pendulous, leathery, oblong, about
15 centimeters long, 5 centimeters thick, containing numerous black seeds
embedded in fine, silky hairs.
Sunflower Helianthus Sunflower is a coarse, stout and erect annual plant, up to 1 to 3 meters high.
annuus Stems are straight, rarely branched. Leaves are opposite at the lower part of the
stem, alternate above, ovate, rough, hairy, with toothed margins, long-stalked,
10 to 25 centimeters long. Lower leaves are somewhat heart-shaped. Flower
heads are solitary or in clusters, up to 40 centimeters across. Disk flowers are
yellow to brown, with tubular, 5-limbed corolla. Ray flowers are yellow and
spreading. Involucral bracts are ovate or oblong.
Lumbang Reutealis Bagilumbang is a tree growing to a height of 10 to 15 meters or more. It does
trisperma not have hairs, except for the inflorescences. Leaves are suborbicular to broadly
ovate,10 to 20 centimeters long, entire, with a broadly cordate base. Flowers
are 10 to 12 millimeters in diameter, the petals obovate, densely hairy without,
borne on panicles about 15 centimeters long. Fruit is somewhat rounded and
angled, 5 to 6 centimeters in diameter, opening later along the angles, usually
3-celled and each containing a single seed. Seed is somewhat circular, flattened,
rather smooth, with numerous small ridges, with a hard brittle shell about 0.5
millimeter thick. Within the shell is a white, oily, fleshy kernel with a very think
embryo surrounded by a large endosperm. Kernel is covered by a thin, white,
paperlike seed coat.
Castor bean/ Ricinus Tangan-tangan is a coarse, erect, branched, smooth, somewhat woody bush, 1
Tangan- communis to 4 meters high. Younger parts are glaucous, and the vegetative parts and
tangan inflorescence are green or purplish. Leaves are smooth, alternate, palmately-
divided, and 20 to 60 centimeters in width, the lobes oblong and toothed.
Racemes are stout and erect. Male flowers about 1 centimeter in diameter.
Calyx is thin, splitting into 3 to 5 segments. Stamens are very numerous,
filaments variously connate in branching clusters. Female flowers are calyx
spathe-like, caducous. Ovary is 3-celled. Fruits are capsules, ovoid, 1 to 1.5
centimeters long, green or purplish and covered with soft spinelike processes.
Hierba Buena Mentha arvensis Hierba buena is a prostrate, smooth , much-branched, usually purplish, strongly
aromatic herb, with stems growing up to 40 centimeters long, with ultimate
ascending terminal branches. Leaves are elliptic to oblong-ovate, 1.5 to 4
centimeters long, short-stalked with toothed margins, and rounded or blunt
tipped. Flowers are hairy and purplish to bluish, borne in axillary headlike
whorls. Calyx teeth are triangular or lanceolate and hairy; the corolla is also
hairy.
Pineapple / Ananas comosus Pinya is a fruit bearing tropical plant with an erect stem, 0.5 to 1.5 meters high.
pinya Leaves are numerous, linear-lanceolate, 1 to 1.5 meters long, 5 to 7 centimeters
wide, the margins sharply spiny-toothed, green and shiny on the upper surface,
pale beneath. Leaves subtending the inflorescences are red, at least at the base
and much reduced. Heads are terminal, solitary, ovoid, 6 to 8 millimeters long,
much enlarged in fruit; with the bracteoles reddish, numerous, triangular-ovate
to oblong-ovate, acute and imbricated. Sepals are ovate, thick and fleshy, about
1 centimeter long. Petals are three, oblanceolate, about 2 centimeters long,
white below, violet-purple above. Mature fruit is up to 20 centimeters or
longer.
Cotton Gossypium Annual or perennial herb or shrub reaching up to 2m tall. Leaves up to 10cm
hirsutum long, heart-shaped (cordate) at base. Flowers yellowish white, fading to pinkish
purple. Fruits capsules up to 4cm long; broadly ovoid to subglobose; beaked at
tip; 3-5-celled, each cell contains up to 11 copiously hairy and fuzzy seeds.
Abaca Musa textilis A plant with a fleshy, watery stem made up of large, spirally arranged,
overlapping leaf bases called sheaths. The plant stands erect, 1.5-6 m tall and
the stem has a diameter of up to 30 cm at the base. Leaves are 1-2 m long and
up to 60 cm wide. Fruits may be 10-25 cm long, green, yellow or brown,
cylindric or angled, and seeded or seedless.
Vanilla Vanilla planifolia Climbing orchid with green stems approximately 1cm in diameter. Leaves
fleshy, up to 15cm long. Flower stalks (inflorescences) densely flowered.
Flowers pale yellow-green, yellow hairs on lip. Capsule up to 25cm long,
hanging (pendulous) and cylindrical.
Coconut Cocos nucifera Coconut is an unarmed, erect, tall palm reaching a height of 25 meters. Trunk is
stout, 30 to 50 centimeters in diameter, thickened at the base; marked with
annular scars. Leaves are crowded at the apex of the trunk, 3.5 to 6 meters
long, with a stout petiole, 1 meter or more in length. Leaflets are bright green,
numerous, linear-lanceolate, flaccid, 60 to 100 centimeters long. Spadix is about
1 meter long, erect, drooping, straw-colored, simply branched. Male flowers are
small and yellowish with small, ovate, valvate sepals and oblong, valvate petals.
Female flowers are much larger, rounded, with imbricate sepals and shorter
convolute petals. Fruit is variable in size, shape and color, obovoid to
subglobose, often obscurely 3-angled, 15 to 25 centimeters long
Oil palm Elaeis guineensis Oil palm tree has an erect trunk reaching a height of 4 to 10 meters. Leaves are
numerous, 3 to 4.5 meters long. Petioles are broad, armed on the sides with
spinescent, reduced leaves. Leaflets are numerous, linear-lanceolate, nearly 1
meter long, 2 to 4 centimeters wide. Male inflorescence is dense, having
numerous, cylindric spikes which are 7 to 12 centimeters long and about 1
centimeter in diameter; the rachises excurrent as a stout awn. Female
 inflorescence is dense, branched, 20 to 30 centimeters long, the flowers
densely disposed. Fruit is borne in large dense masses.
Black pepper/ Piper nigrum Paminta is a stout climber with smooth branches, 2 to 3.5 millimeters in
Paminta diameter. Leaves are somewhat leathery, broadly ovate to oblong-elliptic, 10 to
13 centimeters long, 3.5 to 8 centimeters wide, with pointed, rounded, or
heart-shaped based, 7-plinerved, smooth on both surfaces. Rachis is hairy.
Bracts of the female cupular receptacles are short, whole, adnate, without
raised margins. Flowers are usually dioecious (having the male and female
organs). Female spikes are pendulous, 6.5 to 10.5 centimeters long. Fruits are
crowded, sessile, rounded, about 4 millimeters long, 3 millimeters in diameter,
with 3 or 4 stigmas.
Cacao/ Kakaw Theobroma Kakaw is a mall tree, growing to 3 to 5 meters high. Leaves are alternate, entire,
cacao oblong-ovate to oblong, 15 to 40 centimeters long, 5 to 20 centimeters wide,
with pointed tip and rounded base. Flowers are solitary or fascicled on the
trunk and branches; yellowish or nearly white, about 1 centimeter in diameter.
Fruit is oblong, 10 to 15 centimeters long, prominently wrinkled, yellow or
purplish. Seeds are numerous and embedded in whitish pulp; when ripe they
rattle in the capsule when shaken.
Tea/ Tsa Thea sinensis Tsa is a shrub, about a meter or more high. Branches are smooth. Buds are silky.
Leaves are elliptic-oblong, 7.5 to 20 centimeters long, 3.5 to 6 centimeters
wide, tapering at either end, with toothed margins. Flowers are white, about 3
centimeters in diameter. Fruit is leathery, 3-celled capsule, each capsule
containing a seed. Seeds are nearly spherical, obtusely angled, smooth, pale
brown, about 2 centimeters in diameter.
Lagundi Vitex negundo Lagundi is an erect, branched tree or shrub, 2 to 5 meters high. Leaves are
Linn. usually 5-foliate, rarely with 3 leaflets only, and palmately arranged. Leaflets
are lanceolate, entire, 4 to 10 centimeters long, slightly hairy beneath, and
pointed at both ends, the middle leaflets being larger than the others, and
distinctly stalked. Flowers are numerous, blue to lavender, 6 to 7 millimeters
long, borne in terminal inflorescences (panicles) 10 to 20 centimeters long.
Calyx is hairy, and 5-toothed. Corolla is densely hairy in the throat, and the
middle lobe of the lower lip is longest. Fruit is a succulent drupe, globose, black
when ripe, about 4 millimeters in diameter.
Luyang dilaw Curcuma longa Luyang dilaw is a large perennial herb with underground tuberous rootstock.
Rhizomes, like that of dilaw (Curcuma longa), are fleshy, aromatic with an odor
like that of ginger, pale yellow in color. Leaves are usually in pairs, erect,
petioled, green, often with a purplish blotch in the center, elliptic-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, 25 to 70 centimeters long, 8 to 15
centimeters wide. Scape arises from the rootstock and not from the leaf-tuft,
often appearing before the leaves. Peduncle is 10 to 20 centimeters long and
covered with few loose bracts.
Ginger/ Luya Zingiber Luya is an erect, smooth plant arising from thickened, very aromatic rootstocks.
officinale Roscoe Leafy stems are 0.4 to 1 meter high. Leaves are distichous, lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, 15 to 25 centimeters long, and 2 centimeters wide or less. Scape
arising from the rootstocks is erect, 15 to 25 centimeters high, and covered with
distant, imbricate bracts. Spike is ovoid to ellipsoid, about 5 centimeters long.
Bracts are ovate, cuspidate, about 2.5 centimeters long, and pale green. Calyx is
 1 centimeter long or somewhat less. Corolla is greenish yellow, and its tube is
less than 2 centimeters long, while the lip is oblong-obovate and slightly
purplish.
Mangosteen Garcinia Mangosteen is a smooth, conical tree growing up to 10 meters high, outer bark
mangostana smooth, dark brown, inner bark yellowish, branches nearly horizontal; leaves
Linn. opposite, thick, leathery, 15 to 25 centimeters long, 6 to 11 centimeters wide,
lanceolate, base tapering, apex acuminate, upper surface glossy, under surface
dull, lighter color, petioles about 1 centimeter long; fruit a berry, dark purple,
globose, 5 to 7 centimeters in diameter, smooth; rind firm, spongy, thick,
resinous; seeds 4 to 8, dark brown, flattened, each surrounded by white or
pinkish-white, juicy, sweet, edible pulp.
DISCUSSION:

Based on the table, horticultural crops are grouped according to their economic uses- fruits,
vegetables, ornamentals, and industrial/plantation crops. Botanically speaking, a fruit is a seed-bearing
structure that develops from the ovary of a flowering plant, whereas vegetables are all other plant parts,
such as roots, leaves and stems. By those standards, seedy outgrowths such as apples, squash and, yes,
tomatoes are all fruits, while roots such as beets, potatoes and turnips, leaves such as spinach, kale and
lettuce, and stems such as celery and broccoli are all vegetables.

However, the outlook is quite different in culinary terms or economic use. A lot of foods that are
(botanically speaking) fruits, but which are savory rather than sweet, are typically considered vegetable.
This includes such botanical fruits as eggplants, bell peppers and tomatoes.

Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design
projects, as houseplants, for cut flowers and specimen display. Examples of ornamental plants, based on
the table, are zinnia, rose, santan and other flowering plants.

Industrial/ plantation crop, also called a non-food crop, is a crop grown to produce goods for
manufacturing, for example of fibre for clothing, rather than food for consumption. They are classified as
crops used for sources of: fibers (pineapple), oil products (coconut and palm oil), beverages (coffee/tea),
spices (ginger), medicines (lagundi).

V. Conclusion
Therefore, horticultural crops are classifies according to their economic uses. They are
classified as fruits, vegetables, ornamentals and industrial crops. The fundamental value of
this system of classifying crops is that it groups economic plants according to the similarities
of their utilization and marketing problems.

VI. Answers to guide questions

1. Differentiate horticultural crops from agronomic crops.
= Agronomy is a science of looking at the cultivation of crops in a holistic manner. It is a generic term that
includes all practices that improve the yield and quality of crops while at the same time conserving the
environment and the quality of the soil.

Horticulture is the practice of growing ornamental plants, fruits and vegetable on many different scales
from gardens in homes and huge field. Horticulture has branched out into different categories such as
cultivation of flowers, cultivation of ornamental plants, growing of fruits, growing of vegetables, design
and construction of gardens and public parks, and so on.

2. Discuss the basis in classifying horticultural crops under the four divisions.

= Horticultural crops are commonly classified according to their economic use. The fundamental value of
this system of classifying crops is that it groups economic plants according to the similarities of their
utilization and marketing problems. Under this system, horticultural plants are grouped into four main
divisions:

a. Pomology- The branch of horticulture involved with the production (including growing,
harvesting, processing, and marketing) of fruit trees
b. Olericulture - The branch of horticulture involved with the production of vegetables.
c. Ornamental horticulture - The production and use of ornamentals . It is further subdivided into
: - floriculture (deals with the study of growing, marketing, and arranging flowers and foliage
plants)
- Arboriculture (The branch of horticulture involved with the production of trees)
- Landscape gardening (The use of ornamental plants in conjunction with other elements to
beautify a given area)
d. Plantation/ industrial horticulture – horticultural crops that require changes in the structure
before utilization. These crops are sources of raw materials for various industrial products.
3. Discuss the importance of knowing the scientific names of every horticultural crops.

Most plants, not just horticultural crops, have more than one common name. For instance, aug din,
baiyu, dampara, etc. are all names of mango from different countries. These common names can be
confusing especially when we go to other places. Because common names can be so misleading, it is
important to use a universal names and that is the scientific name. These names are important because
they allow people throughout the world to communicate unambiguously about crop species. In other
words, they are used to describe various species of crops in a way that is universal so that scientists around
the globe can readily identify the same crop.

VII. References

Bautista, O.K et. Al. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. Dept. of Horticulture UPLB-CA.
Jules, J. Horticultural Science, 2nd ed. W.H Freeman and Co. San Francisco, U.S.A, p.586
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_classification_of_crops
http://www.agrihortieducation.com/2016/07/classification-of-horticultural-plants.html
http://www.stuartxchange.org/GloryBush.html
http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-agronomy-and-vs-horticulture/