LEAKAGE TEST ON STANDARD STEEL DRUMS

By

UDAY PRATAP GOSWAMI

PG/M/18A/048

V.ROHIT

PG/M/18A/049

Post Graduate Diploma in Packaging

34th Batch

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PACKAGING, MUMBAI-93

Submitted on 18 July 2019

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Uday Goswami, Roll No. PG/M/18A/048

V. Rohit, Roll No. PG/M/18A/049

of Post Graduate Diploma in Packaging, 34th Batch has successfully completed and submitted the report on
the topic ‘LEAKAGE TEST ON STANDARD STEEL DRUMS' on 18 July, 2019.

Signature Signature

Mr. Pon Kumar Dr. Badal Dewangan

(Project Guide) (HOD, Education Department)

Table Of Contents Page No

Certificate
ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to identify the deformation occurring in standard 200L Steel
drums at various pressures applied hydraulically.
This can helpful during the shipping of dangerous goods.
The pressure applied are 2 bar, 2.5 bar, 3 bar and 4 bar respectively.

The standard drum specifications are as follows:

1. Description : Standard circular drum with top open having two circular reinforcement
ridges

2. Top closing : By a lid with a ring having nut and bolt arrangement for tight closing. Lid to
have a groove fitted with rubber gasket to ensure leak tightness.

3. Construction : Crimped circumferencial bottom joint and one ERW longitudinal joint free
from material and fabrication defects.

4. Capacity : 200 liters. Net.

5. Diameter : ID 550 mm OD 590 mm (With rolling hoops)

6. Height : 875 mm

7. Thickness of sheet metal : 18 gauge

INTRODUCTION

DRUMS

A drum is a cylindrical container used for shipping bulk cargo. Drums can be made of steel,
dense paperboard (commonly called a fibre drum), or plastics, and are generally used for
the transportation and storage of liquids and powders. Drums are often certified for shipment
of dangerous goods. Shipped goods must be matched with the make of drum necessary to
comply with applicable regulations. Drums are also called barrels in common usage.

A standard 200-litre drum

Drums have top and (usually) bottom chimes or rims: sometimes called chimes. Most steel
drums have reinforcing rolling hoops or rings of thickened metal or plastic. This sufficiently
strengthens them so that they can readily be turned on their sides and rolled when filled with
heavy materials, like liquids. Over short to medium distances, drums can be tipped and rolled
on the bottom rim while being held at an angle, balanced, and rotated with a two-handed top
grip that also supplies the torque (rotational or rolling force).

The open-top sub-type is sealed by a mechanical ring clamp (concave inwards) that exerts
sufficient pressure to hold many non-volatile liquids and make an airtight seal against a
gasket, as it exerts force inward and downward when tightened by a normal three-quarter
inch wrench or ratchet wrench. Tops exist with bung holes as above, and these hybrid drums
with lid can be used to ship many non-volatile liquids as well as industrial powders. Many
drums are used to ship and store powdered products as well as liquids, such as plastic beads
for injection moulding, extrusion, and purified industrial grade powders like cleansers (e.g.,
fertilizers, and powdered aluminum). If used to transport dangerous goods across
international boundaries, they may need to have UN certification. In general, drum usage is
limited to wholesale distribution of bulk products, which are then further processed or sub-
divided in a factory.

These metal drums have two openings with flanges (2 in NPS and ¾ in NPS). Once the
drums are filled, the plugs (bungs) are screwed in the flanges using pneumatic or hand
operated bung tightener (plug wrench). To secure the contents of the drums against theft and
adulteration during shipment, cap-seals made of metal and other types like metal-plastic
laminates are used. These cap-seals sit on top of the flanges and are crimped, using a drum
cap-seal crimping tool, also called a drum cap sealer. Once cap-seals are crimped, the plugs
can be unscrewed only by breaking these cap-seals. Pneumatic and hand-operated cap-seal
crimping tools are available. Pneumatic ones are used in production lines for high
production.
IMDG
 IMDG Code or International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code is accepted as an
international guideline to the safe transportation or shipment of dangerous
goods or hazardous materials by water on vessel.
 IMDG Code is intended to protect crew members and to prevent marine pollution in
the safe transportation of hazardous materials by vessel.
 It is recommended to governments for adoption or for use as the basis for national
regulations mandatory in conjunction with the obligations of the members of united
nation government under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at
Sea (SOLAS) and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships (MARPOL 73/78).
 It is intended for use not only by the mariner but also by all those involved in
industries and services connected with shipping. Contains advice on terminology,
packaging, labelling, placarding, markings, stowage, segregation, handling, and
emergency response.
 The HNS Convention covers hazardous and noxious substances that are included in
the IMDG code.

STANDARD

Drums, Large, Fixed ends (Grade B drums)as per IS 1783 (Part 2): 2016