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liquefaction
Tetsuo TOBITA
Osaka
Tokyo
KANAZAWA
TOTTORI
KYOTO
KOBE
OSAKA
Tetsuo TOBITA
Division of Geotechnics
Objective
Strengthen city’s resilience against Natural Disasters
Subjects
Soil Dynamics, Liquefaction, Dynamic response of the ground
Sea walls, Embankment, Soil-pile interaction, Slope stability
Tools
Nonlinear dynamic effective stress analysis (FEM, Finite Difference Method)
Laboratory testing (Triaxial tests, Direct shear test, Consolidation tests)
Physical Modelling (Centrifuge and 1G model testing)
Tetsuo TOBITA
3 basics to understand liquefaction
3. Dilatancy
Tetsuo TOBITA
Dependency on confining stress
Stiffness and
strength of granular
material strongly
depends on the
confining stress
https://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1920&bih=901&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=%E6%BA%80%E5%93%A1%E9%9B%BB%E8%BB%8A%E3%80%80%E9%98%AA%
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Geotechnical Centrifuge
An experimental device to simulate behavior of geotechnical structures
by applying the centrifugal force to a model
Tetsuo TOBITA
Geotechnical centrifuge in Kansai Univ.
Why do we need to
apply the centrifugal
force to a model?
Answer is,,,,
“To give the confining
stress to the ground”
Tetsuo TOBITA
Prototype (Real) Centrifuge model 1G model
z/N z/N
z
Vertical gz g(z/N)
Scale
stress at
down
depth z
gz to 1/N
(m)
density
Acceleration 1G N x G (N>1) 1G
Confining
stress at z m
gz (Ng)(z/N)= gz gz/N
Effective stress is
the source of
deformation of soil.
’= -u
’: effective stress
: total stress
u: poreTetsuopressure
https://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1920&bih=901&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=crouded+pool&oq=crouded+pool&gs_l=psy-
TOBITA
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Kamaishi offshore tsunami breakwater
Kamaishi
450 km
Tokyo
Opening
(300m)
North
South section
section (990m)
(670m)
津波で破壊された防波堤(19日、岩手県釜石市)=写真 佐光恭明
In 2011 Tohoku
Mega Earthquake,
offshore tsunami
breakwater was
heavily damaged.
990m
関⻄⼤学
Centrifuge experiment for an offshore tsunami breakwater
Tetsuo TOBITA
Numerical analysis based on the
FLIP3D
Caisson
Backfilll Liquefiable sand
Tetsuo TOBITA
Dilatancy
Dilatancy is a
hidden weapon of
the granular
material.
Tetsuo TOBITA
Can you pull up a container filled with sands by a stick?
• A container
• A Stick
• Sand
Tetsuo TOBITA
Tetsuo TOBITA
Liquefaction: Negative Dilatancy of granular material
1 cm
Tetsuo TOBITA
Cars sank in the boiled sand in NZ
Impermeable layer
Trapped water
Liquefiable layer
146mm
20mm
Video 1
Settlements of liquefied ground(PT20-146)
Heavier is the overburden, larger is the settlements.
Shaking duration 2 seconds
Time(s)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
Settlement
20 ratio
1.0 3.1%
40 No loading plate
Settlement(mm)
1.27
60 1.30
載荷板あり
Loading plateおもり0g
80 X 1.20 8.4%
3. Dilatancy
(Dilatancy is a hidden weapon of the granular material.)
Tetsuo TOBITA
Thank you for your attention.
Tetsuo TOBITA