Cell Cycle

G410 (Life Sciences for Middle School Educators)

Senior – Portland State University
February 2009
 Learner’s Objectives
1. Characterize the phases of the cell cycle
and their control points
2. Describe the stages of mitosis and
meiosis
3. Explain the significance or applications of
mitosis and meiosis
4. Identify disorders and diseases resulting
form malfunction of the cell cycle
How do little elephants grow up to
be BIG elephants?
Why do animals shed their skin?
Why do cells divide?


For growth, repair, and
reproduction

 Terminologies
■ Chromatin
= thin fibrous form of DNA and
proteins
■ Sister chromatids
= identical structures that result
from chromosome replication,
formed during S phase
 2 Main Parts:
1. Chromatids
= two identical
parts of a
chromosome

2. Centromere
= joins chromatids
together
 Anatomy of a Chromosome
■ Centromere = point
P-arm
where sister
chromatids are
joined together
■ P = short arm;
Centromere
upward
■ Q = long arm;
Q-arm downward
■ Telomere = tips of
chromosome

Chromatids Telomere
 ■ Picture of an individuals
Female chromosomes
■ Identify sex & chromosome
defects
■ Final pair identifies sex
■ Same size: XX = female
■ Different size: XY = male
■ Normal human will have
46 chromosomes
Male
Chromosome
segregation in
prokaryotes

 Quick Review
■ Chromosomes are tightly coiled
strands of DNA
■ Diploid (somatic) cells contain the
entire set of chromosomes
■ Haploid (gametes) cells contain only
½ the total number of chromosomes
 Cell Cycle
= sequence of phases in the life cycle
of the cell
Two parts of the Cell Cycle:

1. Growth and preparation

(Interphase)
2. Cell division
a) mitosis (nuclear division)
b) cytokinesis (cytoplasm
division)
I. GROWTH AND PREPARATION
Interphase
■ Occurs between divisions
■ Longest part of cycle
■ 3 stages
 Interphase
1. G1 or Gap 1
■ The cell just finished dividing so in Gap
1 the cell is recovering from mitosis
2. S or Synthesis Stage
■ DNA replicates
3. G2 or Gap 2
■ This is preparation for mitosis
■ Organelles are replicated.
■ More growth occurs.
 Interphase occurs just before
Mitosis begins:

DNA is replicated
along with
organelles and
other cellular
components and
the cell prepares
for division.

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
Animal cell Plant cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

 II. Cell Division

(Mitosis and Meiosis)
■ Mitosis:
-division of somatic (body) cells

■ Meiosis
-division of gametes (sex cells)
Mitosis
Prophase
■ Chromosome
condense
■ Microtubles form
■ The nuclear envelope
breaks down
Mitosis Prophase
Animal cell Plant cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Metaphase
■ Chromosomes
are pulled to
center of cell
■ Line up along
“metaphase
plate”
Mitosis Metaphase
Animal cell Plant cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Anaphase
■ Centromeres divide
■ Spindle fibers pull
one set of
chromosomes to
each pole
■ Precise alignment is
critical to division
Mitosis Anaphase
Animal cell Plant cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

 Telophase
■ Nuclear envelope form
around chromosomes
■ Chromosomes uncoil
■ Cytokinesis
■ animals - pinching of
plasma membrane
■ plants- elongates and the
cell plate forms( future
cellwall and cell
membrane)
Mitosis Telophase
Animal cell Plant cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

 After Mitosis:

Cytokinesis
Beginning of cytokinesis in a plant:
The actual splitting of
the daughter cells
into two separate
cells is called
cytokinesis and
occurs differently in Beginning of cytokinesis in an animal:

both plant and animal

cells.

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
Video on Mitosis
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=DwAFZb8juMQ
IDENTIFY THE
PHASES OF
MITOSIS
Metaphase
Prophase
Telophase
Prophase
Anaphase
Meiosis
 What is Meiosis?
A division of the nucleus
that reduces chromosome
number by half.
*Important in sexual
reproduction
 What is Meiosis?
Involves combining the
genetic information of one
parent with that of the the
other parent to produce a
genetically distinct individual.
 Terminologies
■ Diploid - two sets of
chromosomes (2n), in
humans 23 pairs or 46 total
■ Haploid - one set of
chromosomes (n) - gametes
or sex cells, in humans 23
chromosomes
 DIPLOID CELLS
■ Cells with the full set of
chromosomes
■ Paired chromosomes

■ Half of our
chromosomes come
from each parent (23
from each parent)
■ Somatic (non-sex) cells
are diploid
■ Created by mitosis
■ Ex: Skin, Muscle, Nerve,
Blood Cells
 HAPLOID CELLS
■ Cells with ½ the total number
of chromosomes
■ Gametes (sex cells) are the
only haploid cells
■ Ex: Sperm, Egg, Pollen
■ Chromosome number is
reduced by meiosis
■ How do humans get 46
chromosomes?
Haploid sperm cell (23) + Haploid egg cell (23) = Diploid zygote (46)
What is the human diploid chromosome
number?

Answer = 46
What is the human somatic chromosome
number?

Answer = 46
How many chromosomes are in brain
cells?

Answer = 46
What is the human haploid chromosome
number?

Answer = 23 chromosomes
What is the human gamete chromosome
number?

Answer = 23
How many chromosomes are in female
egg cells?

Answer = 23
 Chromosome Pairing
■ Homologous pair
■ each chromosome in pair are
identical to the other ( carry
genes for same trait)
■ only one pair differs - sex
chromosomes X or Y
 Phases of Meiosis
■ A diploid cell replicates its
chromosomes
■ Two stages of meiosis
■ Meiosis I and Meiosis II
 Terminologies
■ Synapsis - pairing of
homologous chromosomes
forming a tetrad.
■ Crossing over - chromatids of
tetrad exchange parts.
Meiosis I
Meiosis Interphase
Meiosis is
preceded by
interphase. The
chromosomes
have not yet
condensed.

http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
Meiosis Interphase
The chromosomes
have replicated,
and the chromatin
begins to
condense.

http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
 Prophase I
■ Chromosomes
condense
■ Homologous
chromosomes pair
w/ each other
■ Each pair contains
four sister
chromatids - tetrad
 Metaphase I
■ Tetrads or
homologous
chromosomes
move to center
of cell
 Anaphase I
■ Homologous
chromosomes
pulled to
opposite poles
 Telophase I
■ Daughter
nuclei formed
■ These are
haploid (1n)
 Meiosis II
■ Daughter cells undergo a
second division; much like
mitosis
■ NO ADDITIONAL
REPLICATION OCCURS
 Prophase II
■ Spindle fibers
form again in
the two
daughter cells
 Metaphase II
■ Sister
chromatids
move to the
center
 Anaphase II
■ Centromeres split
■ Individual
chromosomes are
pulled to poles
Telophase II & Cytokinesis

■ Four haploid
daughter cells
results from one
original diploid
cell
Video on Meiosis

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=A-mFPZLLbHI
Mitosis Meiosis
 Spermatogenesis and
Meiosis Oogenesis