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COURSE OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Predictive methods for waterflood performance
• Areal sweep effect
• Reservoir stratification
• Displacement mechanism
• Numerical method
• Empirical method
• Calculations for water flood performance
• Exercises
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
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𝑉 𝐸 372,384 ∗ 0.9
𝑁 = = = 𝟐𝟔𝟖, 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑆𝑇𝐵
𝐵 1.25
, ∗ .
𝑡= = = 2793 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑟 7.65𝑦𝑟𝑠
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• These cores were saturated with oil, water and gas in varying
amounts and flooded to determine fractional recovery.
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𝑁 =𝑁∗𝐸 ∗𝐸 ∗𝐶 Eqn. 1
7758 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ ℎ ∗ ∅ ∗ 𝑆 Eqn. 2
𝑁=
𝐵
𝑆 −𝑆 1−𝑆 −𝑆 −𝑆
𝐸 = = Eqn. 3
𝑆 1−𝑆 −𝑆
where N = oil in place at start of waterflood; Cv = coverage
EA = Areal Sweep Efficiency; ED = Displacement Efficiency; Swc, Sg, So
and Sor = saturation of connate water, gas, oil and residual oil
respectively.
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7. Compute the injected water required to fill-up the gas space (see
Equation 4 in next slide).
8. Compute the injected water required to replace oil production as a
function of Np (see Equation 5 in next slide).
𝑊 =𝑉 1−𝑆 −𝑆 Eqn. 4
𝑊 =𝑁 𝐵 Eqn. 5
• Where
Wf = Injected water required to
fill-up the gas space.
Wo = injected water required to
replace oil production.
Vp = Pore Volume.
Fig. 6: WOR-Np relationship for
Dykstra-Parsons Procedure.
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𝑊 = 𝑊𝑂𝑅 𝑑𝑁 Eqn. 7
𝑊 =𝑊 +𝑊 +𝑊 Eqn. 8
𝑊
t=
𝑖 Eqn. 9
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Example 5.2
The permeability data for an oil Additionally, the average relative
reservoir are presented in the permeability for this reservoir are
Table below. presented in the Table below.
Layer h, ft k, mD
1 1 10.0
2 1 6.8
3 1 4.7
4 1 10.4
5 1 20.5
6 1 12.1
7 1 8.6
8 1 18.4
9 1 14.3
10 1 10.9
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Example 5.2
Other data are:
µo= 2.72 cp; µw = 0.75 cp; Well pattern = Five-spot; Oil in place
at beginning of flood = 32x106 STB; iw = 15000 RB/D; Bo = 1.25
RB/STB; Bw = 1.05 RB/STB; Sgi = 0.0; Swi = 0.36.
Solution
Step 1. To determine the Dykstra- Table 5.1:
Parsons permeability variation. k, mD h, ft h with %h
greater k greater k
20.5 1 0 0
• This step requires that the 18.4 1 1 10
permeabilities be rearranged in 14.3 1 2 20
the order of decreasing 12.1 1 3 30
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Solution
Plot the k vs %h greater k data from Table 5.1 (see Figure 7 in
next slide).
10
5.95
50 84.1
Fig. 7: Log probability plot of permeability data for Ex. 5.2
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Solution
• The Dykstra-Parsons method assumes piston-like
displacement; accordingly, kro is taken at the initial water
saturation and krw is taken at the residual oil saturation
behind the front (End point mobility ratio).
• Therefore,
Solution
Table 5.2
Step 3: Determine the Vertical WOR Cv
sweep (coverage), Cv, from 0.1 0.24
the Dykstra-Parsons charts as
a function of WOR (Values of 0.2 0.29
Cv on the table not found 0.5 0.40
from the charts are 1.0 0.51
interpolated as well as 2.0 0.63
extrapolated values)
5.0 0.79
10.0 0.88
• Results are summarized in
Table 5.2. 25.0 0.94
50.0 0.96
100.0 0.98
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Solution
To compute Oil recovery in STB’s using the Equations below,
i.e.,
𝑁 =𝑁∗𝐸 ∗𝐸 ∗𝐶
• And 𝑉𝑆
𝑁=
𝐵
𝑁𝐵 32𝑥10 1.25
𝑉 = = = 62.5𝑥10 𝑅𝐵
1−𝑆 1 − 0.36
𝑁 = 62.5𝑥10 𝑆 ∗𝐸 ∗𝐸 ∗𝐶 / 𝐵
𝑁 = 62.5𝑥10 𝑆 −𝑆 ∗𝐸 ∗𝐶 / 𝐵
Since 𝐸 = ,
Solution
Step 4: Compute an appropriate pattern areal sweep efficiency
• The areal sweep efficiency at any point in time during the flood varies
from layer-to-layer; it also varies within each layer as a function of
cumulative water injection.
• The basic Dykstra-Parsons calculation assumes linear flow and,
accordingly, does not consider these effects.
• It will be assumed in this problem that the average areal sweep
efficiency is equal to the sweep efficiency at breakthrough; this may
be somewhat pessimistic but, when coupled with the optimistic
Dykstra—Parson’s calculations which result from assuming piston-like
displacement of oil, it should give a reasonable prediction of oil
recovery.
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Solution
• The sweep efficiency correlations used to obtain EAs require a
different definition of mobility ratio than used in the Dykstra-Parsons
displacement calculations.
̅
Eqn. 11
Solution
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Solution
• Figure 9 (see next slide) presents the fractional flow curve
for this reservoir; it is determined from this graph that 𝑆̅
= 0.548, and it is found by linear interpolation from the
relative permeability data that the corresponding value of
krw is 0.043. Thus,
Solution
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Solution
• From Figure 8, EAs = 70%, and from relative permeability table, Sor =
30% and So = 64%
Step 5: Compute the cumulative oil production corresponding to each
value of WOR; Np. Compute cumulative oil recovery for the
various Cv values as a function of water-oil ratio. See table 5.2 in next
slide
A. Calculating Cumulative Oil Produced as function of WOR.
𝑁 = 62.5𝑥10 0.64 − 0.3 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 𝐶 / 1.25
𝑁 = 11.9𝑥10 𝐶
Step 6: Plot WOR vs Np (see Figure 10 , two (2) slide down)
𝑁 ,@ . = 11.9 × 10 ∗ 0.24 = 2.85𝑥10
Solution
Table 5.2
WOR Cv Np, STBx106
0.1 .24 2.85
0.2 .29 3.45
0.5 .40 4.76
1.0 .51 6.07
2.0 .63 7.59
5.0 .79 9.40
10.0 .88 10.47
25.0 .94 11.19
50.0 .96 11.42
100.0 .98 11.66
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110
100
90
80
70 WOR = 0.01557e0.6767Np
60
WOR
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Np, RBx106
Fig. 10: Cumulative oil recovery versus water oil-ratio for Example 5.1.
Solution
Step 7: Compute the injected water required to fill-up the gas space
B: The cumulative water injected at any time is computed according to
the relationship:
𝑊 =𝑊 +𝑊 +𝑊
Where; 𝑊 = 𝑉 1 − 𝑆 − 𝑆 Eqn. 12
𝑊 = 62.5𝑥10 1 − 0.64 − 0.36 = 0
Step 8: Compute the injected water required to replace oil production
as a function of Np
• The water required to replace the produced oil, Wo, is computed
according to Equation 5, i.e.,
𝑊 =𝑁 𝐵
𝑊 = 2.85x10 ∗ 1.25 = 3.56𝑥10 bbl
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Solution
Step 9: Compute the injected water required to replace water
production as a function of Np:
• The water required to replace produced water is defined by Equation
7 and is obtained by graphically integrating the area under the WOR-
Np curve in Figure 10.
( )
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑂𝑅 𝑑𝑁
( )
Solution
• Since a and b are known, the equation for WOR becomes
.
𝑊𝑂𝑅 = 0.01557𝑒
( )
.
𝑊 = 0.01557 𝑒 𝑑𝑁
( )
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Solution
• Cumulative water produced Wp is then computed as
0.01557 .
𝑁 ,
𝑊 = 𝑒
0.6767 𝑁,
. .
𝑊 = 0.02301 𝑒 , −𝑒 ,
𝑊 ,@ . = 0.02301 𝑒 . .
−𝑒 . .
= 0.0298 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝑏𝑏𝑙 × 10
. .
𝑊 ,@ . = 0.02301{ 𝑒 −𝑒 . .
+ 𝑒 . .
−𝑒 . .
}
= 0.108 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝑏𝑏𝑙 × 10
Solution
𝑊 ,@ . = 0.02301{ 𝑒 . .
−𝑒 . .
+ 𝑒 . .
−𝑒 . .
. . . .
+ 𝑒 −𝑒 }
= 0.447 ≈ 𝟎. 45𝑏𝑏𝑙 × 10
• The water required to fill up gas space is zero in this project since
there is no initial gas saturation. These calculations are summarized in
the Table (see next slide).
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Solution
WOR Np, STBx106 W0, bblx106 WP, bblx106 Wi, bblx106
0 Np at Breakthrough 2.55 - - -
0.1 2.85 3.56 0.03 3.59
0.2 3.45 4.31 0.11 4.42
0.5 4.76 5.95 0.45 6.40
1.0 6.07 7.58 1.27 8.85
2.0 7.59 9.49 3.78 13.27
5.0 9.40 11.75 13.19 24.94
10.0 10.47 13.09 27.34 40.43
25.0 11.19 13.99 44.59 58.58
50.0 11.42 14.27 52.12 66.39
100.0 11.66 14.58 61.34 75.92
Solution
C: Waterflood performance WOR Np, STBx106 t, days
can be put on a time basis 0.1 2.85 239
using the Equation below, 0.2 3.45 295
i.e..
0.5 4.76 427
𝑊 𝑊 = 3.59𝑥10
𝑡= = = 𝟐𝟑𝟗 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 1.0 6.07 590
𝑖 15000
2.0 7.59 885
𝑊 = 4.42𝑥10 5.0 9.40 1663
𝑡= = 𝟐𝟗𝟓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
15000 10.0 10.47 2695
• These calculations are 25.0 11.19 3905
summarized in the Table on 50.0 11.42 4426
the side. 100.0 11.66 5061
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7. Calculate qoj and qwj for each layer at each Sw point. Before
breakthrough in a given bed,
𝑖
𝑞 = , 𝑞 =0 Eqn. 14
𝐵
𝑆 −𝑆
𝑁 = 7758𝐴 ℎ ∅ Eqn. 16
𝐵
𝑊 Eqn. 17
𝑡 =
𝑘
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Figure 11
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34
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Fig. 13:Radial water and oil banks associated with injection wells
during stage 1
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/
5.615𝑊
𝑟 = Eqn. 23
𝜋ℎ∅𝑆
/
𝑆
𝑟=𝑟 Eqn. 24
𝑆̅ −𝑆
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𝑡 = ∆𝑡
Eqn. 27
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• Values of Wif and Wii are known from initial calculations. The
water injection rate at interference, iw, corresponds to the
rate at the end of Stage 1.
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0.003541 𝑘 ℎ∆𝑝
𝑖 = Eqn. 30
𝑑
𝜇 𝑙𝑛 − 0.619 + 0.5𝑠 + 0.5𝑠
𝑟
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∆𝑁 = ∆𝐸 𝑆 −𝑆 𝑉 Eqn. 34
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It follows that:
∆𝐸 𝑑𝐸 0.2749
≅ = Eqn. 42
∆𝑊 𝑑𝑊 𝑊
• And:
𝑊
𝜆 = 0.2749 Eqn. 43
𝑊
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• The big question at this point is – how can fo2 (or fw2) be
determined at any time after breakthrough?
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𝑑𝑓 1
= Eqn. 45
𝑑𝑆 𝑄
• Where:
Qi = pore volumes of water injected at the time in question
𝑊
𝑄 = = 𝑆̅ −𝑆 Eqn. 46
𝐸 𝑉
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STAGE 4: PERFORMANCE
AFTER WATER
BREAKTHROUGH
𝑄 =𝑄 + 𝑄 Eqn. 48
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𝑆̅ =𝑆 +𝑄 𝑓 Eqn. 56
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𝑞 + 𝑞
∆𝑁 = ∆𝑡 Eqn. 57
2
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Example 5.3
Use the Craig-Geffen-Morse method to calculate the
performance of the five-spot pattern waterflood described
below.
Pattern area, A = 40 acres; Oil formation volume factor, Bo =
1.056 RB/STB; Water formation volume factor, Bw = 1.0
RB/STB; Oil viscosity, µo = 0.853 cp; Water viscosity, µw = 0.375
cp; Injection pressure = 3200 psig; Average reservoir pressure
at start of waterflood = 100 psig; Producing well pressure after
the end of Stage 2 = 100 psig; Wellbore radius, rw = 0.5ft;
injection well skin factor = 0, production well skin factor = 0;
porosity, Ø = 0.16;
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Example 5.3
Permeability, (ko)Swir = 20md; Formation thickness, h = 1.5ft;
Oil saturation at beginning of flood, So = 0.70; Gas saturation
at beginning of flood, Sg = 0.10; Water saturation at beginning
of flood, Swc = 0.20; Distance between injector and producer =
954 ft; Oil production rate at beginning of flood = 1.0 BOPD.
Relative permeability data for the reservoir and calculations to
determine the fractional flow curve are given in the Table 1
(see next slide); and the fractional flow curve is presented in
the figure (see two slide away). The derivative of the fractional
flow curve is presented in another figure (see three slide
away).
EXERCISE
• Calculate time, cumulative Table E.1: Relative permeability Data
water injected, and
cumulative produced fluids
at:
A. Inference
B. Fillup
C. Water breakthrough
D. Economic limit (qo =
5.0STB/D)
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Solution
1. Pore Volume, Vp
𝑉 = 7758 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ ℎ ∗ ∅ = 7758 ∗ 40 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 0.16
= 74476.8 𝑟𝑏 = 0.745𝑥106 𝑟𝑏
𝑉𝑆 0.745 × 10 ∗ (0.7)
𝑁 = = = 0.4937 × 10 𝑠𝑡𝑏
𝐵 1.056
Solution
3. Mobility ratio prior to Breakthrough
𝑘 ̅ 𝜇 0.2387 0.853
𝑀= = = 0.2387 ∗ 2.2747 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒
𝑘 𝜇 1.000 0.375
𝐸 = 0.78 = 78%
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Solution
5. Compute 𝑆 ∗
𝑆 ∗ = 𝐶 𝑆 − 𝑆̅ = 𝐶 𝑆 − 1 − 𝑆̅
0.46836 0.46836
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐶 = 0.62 + = 0.62 + = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗
𝑀 0.54
Solution
6. Water injection at time interference, Wii.
𝐴 ∗ 43560 40 ∗ 43560
𝑟 = = = 745𝑓𝑡
𝜋 3.142
𝜋𝑟 ℎ∅𝑆 3.142 ∗ 745 2 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 0.16 ∗ 0.1
𝑊 = =
5.615 5.615
𝑊 = 7454 𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑠
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Solution
7. Cumulative Water injection at Gas Fillup, Wif.
𝑊 = 𝑉 𝑆 = 0.745 × 10 ∗ 0.1 = 𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑠
𝑊 =𝑉𝐸 𝑆̅ −𝑆
𝑊 = 223724 𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑠
Solution
• The summary of stage 1 is summarized in Table 1
• Where
𝜇 𝑟
𝐴 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑘 𝑟
𝜇 𝑟
𝐴 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑘 𝑟
𝑟 =𝑟 𝑒 = 0.5 ∗ 𝑒 = 0.5 ∗ 1 = 0.5
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Solution
Table 1: Summary of Stage 1 Calculate
Wi ,bbls re2 re, ft r, ft Aw Ao Aw+Ao Iw, bbl/D (iw)avg Δt t, Days
750 55846 236 120 8.62 0.57 9.19 73.95 10.14 10.14
1500 111692 334 170 9.16 0.57 9.74 69.82 71.88 10.43 20.58
2250 167539 409 209 9.48 0.57 10.05 67.60 68.71 10.92 31.49
3000 223385 473 241 9.70 0.57 10.28 66.12 66.86 11.22 42.71
3750 279231 528 269 9.88 0.57 10.46 65.01 65.56 11.44 54.15
4500 335077 579 295 10.02 0.57 10.60 64.13 64.57 11.62 65.76
5250 390923 625 319 10.14 0.57 10.72 63.41 63.77 11.76 77.52
6000 446770 668 341 10.25 0.57 10.82 62.79 63.10 11.89 89.41
6750 502616 709 361 10.34 0.57 10.92 62.26 62.53 11.99 101.40
7454 555037 745 380 10.42 0.57 10.99 61.82 62.04 11.35 112.75
Solution
STAGE 2: Performance from Interference to Fillup
1. Water injection at time interference, Wii.
𝑊 = 7454 𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑠
2. Cumulative Water injection at Gas Fillup, Wif
𝑊 = 𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑠
3. Areal Sweep Efficiency at Fillup (EA)
𝑊 74500
𝐸 = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔
𝑉 𝑆̅ −𝑆 745000 0.585 − 0.2
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Solution
STAGE 2: Performance from Interference to Fillup
4. Mobility ratio = 0.54.
5. Determine Conductance ratio, 𝛾 from Figure 14. 𝜸 = 0.82
6. Compute ibase using Equation 30.
= 𝟓7.5 𝑏𝑏𝑙/𝑑𝑎𝑦
Solution
STAGE 2: Performance from Interference to Fillup
7. Compute water injection rate at fillup, iwf, using Equation 29.
𝑖 =𝛾∗𝑖 = 0.82 ∗ 57.5 = 𝟒7 𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑠/𝑑𝑎𝑦
Read the values of iwi at wi = wii, and time to interference tii from
Table 1.
iwi = 61.82 bbls/day and tii = 112.75 days.
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Solution
STAGE 2: Performance from Interference to Fillup
8. Compute time interval required for Stage 2, ∆𝑡
𝑊 − 𝑊 74500 − 7454
∆𝑡 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
0.5 𝑖 +𝑖 0.5 62 + 47
Solution
STAGE 3: Performance from Fillup to Water Breakthrough
1. Water injected at Time of Water Breakthrough, Wibt
𝑊 = 223724 𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑠
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Solution
STAGE 3: Performance from Fillup to Water Breakthrough
3. Determine the conductance ratio γ for each assumed value of
Winj from Figure 14.
4. Calculate the water injection rate at each Winj by applying
Equation 29.
𝑖 = 𝛾𝑖
5. Calculate Oil flowrate Qo during this stage from:
𝑖
𝑄 =
𝐵
Solution
STAGE 3: Performance from Fillup to Water Breakthrough
𝑊 −𝑊
𝑁 =
𝐵
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Solution
Table 2: Performance from Fillup to Water Breakthrough Calculation
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Wi ,bbls EA γ from Figure 14 iw (iw)avg Δt t, days qo, STB/d Wi - Wif Np, STB
Wif = 74500 0.26 0.82 47.15 1342.75 44.65 0 0
100000 0.35 0.79 45.43 46.29 550.90 1893.65 43.02 25500 24148
125500 0.44 0.77 44.28 44.85 568.56 2462.22 41.93 51000 48295
151000 0.53 0.75 43.13 43.70 583.52 3045.74 40.84 76500 72443
176500 0.62 0.73 41.98 42.55 599.29 3645.04 39.75 102000 96591
202000 0.70 0.71 40.83 41.40 615.94 4260.98 38.66 127500 120739
Wibt = 223724 0.78 0.69 39.68 40.25 539.73 4800.70 37.57 149224 141311
Solution
STAGE 3: Performance from Fillup to Water Breakthrough
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Solution
STAGE 4: Performance from Water Breakthrough to End of the
Project
1. Assume several values for the ratio Winj/WiBT that correspond
to the values from 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 …… etc.
Solution
STAGE 4: Performance from Water Breakthrough to End of the
Project
3. Calculate the areal sweep efficiency at each assumed (Winj/WiBT)
using the Equation.
𝑊
𝐸 =𝐸 + 0.633𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑊
4. Read the ratio (Qi/QiBT) that corresponds to each value of
(Winj/WiBT) with EA at WiBT from Table CGM-3. Note for the values
of (Winj/WiBT) above 2.4, the ratio (Qi/QiBT) is obtain by
extrapolation.
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Solution
STAGE 4: Performance from Water Breakthrough to End of the
Project
5. Determine the total pore volumes of water injected by
multiplying each ratio of (Qi/QiBT) by QiBT, or:
𝑄
𝑄 = 𝑄
𝑄
6. From the definition of Qi, as expressed by Equation 45;
𝑑𝑓 1
=
𝑑𝑆 𝑄
Solution
STAGE 4: Performance from Water Breakthrough to End of the
Project.
7. Read the value of Sw2, that is, water saturation at the
producing well, that corresponds to each slope from the plot
of versus Sw2 (see Figure E.2)
8. Calculate the reservoir water cut at the producing well fw2 for
each Sw2 from Figure E.1. or 𝑓 = 1-𝑓
9. Determine the average water saturation in the swept area
𝑆̅ using Equation 56. 𝑆̅ = 𝑆 + 𝑄 𝑓
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Solution
STAGE 4: Performance from Water Breakthrough to End of the Project
10.Calculate the incremental oil produced from the newly swept zone
which expressed as
∆𝑁 = 𝐸𝜆 = ∆𝑁
𝑆 −𝑆 0.5 − 0.2
𝐸= =
𝐸 𝑆̅ −𝑆 0.78 0.585 − 0.2
E = 0.999 ≈ 1.00
Solution
STAGE 4: Performance from Water Breakthrough to End of the Project
𝑊
𝜆 = 0.2749
𝑊
∆𝑁 =𝑓 1 − ∆𝑁
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Solution
STAGE 4: Performance from Water Breakthrough to End of the
Project
12.The water-oil ratio at reservoir pressure, WORp, is defined as:
1 − ∆𝑁 − ∆𝑁
𝑊𝑂𝑅 =
∆𝑁 + ∆𝑁
13.The water-oil ratio at surface condition is
𝐵
𝑊𝑂𝑅 = 𝑊𝑂𝑅
𝐵
Solution
STAGE 4: Performance from Water Breakthrough to End of the
Project
14.Compute the Cumulative oil production, Np, in STB
𝑉 𝐸 ∗ 𝑆̅ −𝑆 −𝑆
𝑁 =
𝐵
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Solution
STAGE 4: Performance from Water Breakthrough to End of the Project
16. Calculate the conductance ratio 𝛾 from Figure 14.
17. Determine the water injection rate iw from Equation 29.
𝑖 =𝛾∗𝑖
18. Calculate the oil and water production rate
𝑖 ∆𝑁 + ∆𝑁
𝑞 =
𝐵
𝑖 1 − ∆𝑁 − ∆𝑁
𝑞 = = 𝑞 ∗ 𝑊𝑂𝑅
𝐵
Solution
STAGE 4: Performance from Water Breakthrough to End of the
Project
16. Calculate cumulative water Produced, WP.
𝑊 −𝑁 𝐵 − 𝑉 ∗𝑆
𝑊 =
𝐵
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Solution
Note:
• Column 4 (Qi/QiBT) of Table 3 is obtain from Table CGM-3. The
values are obtain by reading the corresponding value of EA =
0.78 and the various value of Wi/WiBT.
• Column 7 (Sw2) of Table 3 is obtain from Figure E.2.
• Column 8 (fw2) of Table 3 is obtain from Figure E.1.
• Column 17 (krw@𝑆̅ ) of Table 3 is computed from Table E.1.
• Column 19 (γ) of Table 3 is read from Figure 14.
• Wi@EL = Water injection of Economic Limit flowrate of 5 STB/D
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Numerical Models
Numerical Models
• The effects of varying injection patterns, well locations,
injection and producing rates, plus many other factors, can
be studied which were not possible using previously
discussed models.
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Empirical Models
• Several models are available which attempt to relate
waterflood recovery to pertinent project variables based on
the past performance of waterfloods.
• They should certainly not be used as the basis for the final
design of a waterflood.
EXERCISE
QUESTION 1:
Solve Example 5.2 but define the mobility ratio in Step 2 as the
Shock Front Mobility Ratio. Make different performance plots
from the results to show the difference in the prediction
outcomes
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EXERCISE
QUESTION 2:
Shown (next slide) is a plot of producing (surface) water-oil ratio
versus cumulative oil production obtained from Dykstra-Parsons
calculations for an oil reservoir. Other reservoir data are: Bo =
1.30 RB/STB; Bw = 1.0 RB/STB; iw = 50,000 RB/D; Sgi = 12%; Vp =
30.0x106 RB.
a. Calculate the cumulative water production to be expected
while producing 9x106 STB's of oil.
b. How long will it take for this production to occur?
c. How long will it take for water breakthrough to occur?
EXERCISE
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EXERCISE
Question 3
An oil reservoir is under consideration for further development by water injection.
The relative permeability data are given below:
• Calculate and plot the reservoir performance during the following stages:
• Start—interference
• Interference—fill-up
• Fill-up—breakthrough
• After breakthrough
EXERCISE
Question 3
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EXERCISE
Question 4
The following core analysis is available on a reservoir that is being
considered for a waterflooding project:
EXERCISE
Question 3
Other data:
iw = 1000 bbl/day; µo = 9.0 cp; µw = 0.95 cp; Mobility ratio = 4.73
Ns = 6 MMSTB; Bo = 1.02 bbl/STB; Bw = 1.00 bbl/STB; Swi = 0.2; Soi = 0.8.
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REFERENCES
1. Craig, F. F., Jr., Geffen, T. M. and Morse, R. A. (1955): Oil
Recovery Performance of Pattern Gas or Water Injection
Operations from Model Tests, “Trans, AIME 204, pp. 7-15.
2. Claudle, B. H. and Witte, M. D., (1959): Production Potential
Changes during Sweep-Out in a Five-Spot System, “Trans, AIME
216, pp. 446-448.
3. Craig, F. F., Jr. (1971): The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of
Waterflooding, Monograph Series, SPE, Dallas 3.
4. Willhite, G. P. (1986): Waterflooding, Textbook Series, SPE,
Dallas.
REFERENCES
5. Dykstra, H. and Parsons, H. L. (1950): ''The Prediction of Oil
Recovery by Waterflooding," Secondary Recovery of Oil in the
United States, 2nd ed., API, New York 160-174.
6. Welge, H. J. (1952): "A Simplified Method for Computing Oil
Recovery by Gas or Water Drive," Trans., AIME 195, 91-98.
7. Buckley, S. E. and Leverett, M. C. (1942): "Mechanism of Fluid
Displacement in Sands," Trans., AIMB 146, 107-116.
8. Higgins, R. V. and Leighton, A. J.: "Waterflood Prediction of
Partially Depleted Reservoirs," paper SPE 757 presented at SPE
33rd Annual California Regional Fall Meeting, Santa Barbara,
Oct. 24-25, 1963.
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REFERENCES
9. Higgins, R. V., Boley, D. W. and Leighton, A. J. (1964): "Aids in
Forecasting the Performance of Water Floods,“ J. Pet. Tech.
1076-1082.
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