John Robert E.

Orong BSME 2A
Chapter 1 Science and Technology in the World
Civilization has been around for millennia. Prehistoric civilizations were primitive, beastlike and
lack intellect and complexity unlike today. But humanity didn’t flourish overnight. Like an old saying
“Rome ne s'est pas faite en un jour” or “Rome wasn’t built in a day.” Early humans stacked their knowledge
slowly over time; ever growing. From the use of stones for hacking and cutting to the use of quantum
mechanics in building supercomputers. Humanity indeed has come a long way from our early ancestors.
The stone age, dating back 2.5 million years ago is where early humans became true Homo
sapiens. This ancient age is the period where humans used primitive stone tools to aid their lifestyle.
Hunting and gathering was the primary source of food. Stone tips were fastened to wood to produce
different kinds of tools from spears, choppers, clubs and more. The Upper Paleolithic was dominated by
cultures of different Homo sapiens groups. Hunting, fishing, sculpture-making and even cloth sewing was
recorded in the era. Obsidian was discovered and mined, and cave walls were painted. The transition
between the old and the new, the Mesolithic era involved the gradual change and adaptation to the
changing environment. The glacial period or ice age ended. Glaciers retreated to the polar extremes
causing forests and deserts to flourish. People learned to fish along shores and are slowly getting the nick
of agriculture. People banded together to form groups to increase farming efficiency. As innovation
continued, metal production was being used as weapons and tools were cast in bronze, this era is referred
to as the Bronze age. Copper and tin were smelted to create a sturdier metal. The knowledge of this
process radiated from place to place. The Iron age, as the name implies, was an era where iron was used
to make tools.
The Middle ages is the era where early scientific advancements are procured by intellectuals and
mathematics was being thoroughly developed. Religious indoctrinations were rampant, and plagues were
seen often. Social ranks can also be observed in this particular era as kingdoms and borders among nations
were stated. Medical methods were slowly being developed in some areas while others resort to faith
healing and supernatural forces. Following it was the Scientific Revolution in which world-renowned
physicists, mathematicians and inventors created many contributions for the scientific community.
Models, laws, and theories were worked on, experimented, proved and presented to the world. Followed
by the Industrial Revolution in which these laws were used to create more complex and modern
technologies to substitute workforce with. Finer tools, complex machines that execute things faster.
Came with the 20th Century was the Information Age. Where communication and connectivity
are in the global scale. Information is processed within seconds and messages can be relayed
instantaneously. Downloadable contents are dominant, and knowledge can be accessed by almost
anyone. People from opposite ends of the Earth can see each other face to face through mobile
applications and built in cameras. Medical technologies are so advanced one can have his heart replaced
by an electric one, a person can have an electric larynx, advanced prosthetics enable an amputated man
to be an Olympic champion.
Science and technology built itself from scratch with the aid of humanity’s intelligence. Life
expectancies were raised, work is done for us, everything is almost available on the internet; availability
and convenience is being enjoyed.
John Robert E. Orong BSME 2A
Chapter 2 Science and Technology in the Philippines
Most people argue that the Philippines was a land devoid of innovation before the Spaniards
came. The people were ignorant and primitive. But primitive as they may be, ancient Filipinos already
manufactured ships and fashioned projectile weapons. The Philippines has been trading with nearby isles
long before the Spanish. This exchange of goods exposed the archipelago to more technology and
therefore thrived even without the help of the Spanish. Pre-colonial Philippines were believers of forest
spirits called anito. They pray for them for good harvest and favorable weather.
1521 came the Spaniards aboard their ships. Initially befriending the folk before colonizing the
archipelago. They brought religion, language and modern technology from different parts of the world.
The Spaniards took advantage of the Philippines’ favorable location for trading. They started the Galleon
Trade that lasted many decades. After emancipation from the 300 year colonization, the Americans came
next. Further improving the nation’s literacy, the Americans taught Filipinos the concept of education.
Unlike the Spaniards who only taught elites, the Americans made education open for all Filipinos.

Even after attaining freedom, the influence of the foreigners are still being practiced. Education
was of paramount importance and was considered a right. Since the independence, many institutions like
the Institute of Science, Institute of Nutrition was founded to further research and develop for the
betterment of the country.
John Robert E. Orong BSME 2A
Chapter 3 Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society
The Earth was shaped by the constant pulling and crashing of rocks and gravity, colliding almost
endlessly until the world we inhabit came to be. But, intellectual and innovative minds shaped humanity
and how history unfolded throughout the years. Before we were able to type synthesis papers into our
computers and print them via printer, a world existed where people wrote texts on papyrus or clay and
stone. And even before that were other stuff people write unto. Those things were made possible by
innovation. Ancient civilizations sprouted from riverlands and slowly yet steadily sprawled across the
globe. These civilizations, ancient cities, differed in culture, arts and way of life. Some were accustomed
to cold temperatures, other basked in the scorching heat of the sun. Yet all of them had technological
advancements that helped their community thrive.
The Mesoamerican civilization cultivated cacao, corn, beans and other plants. They domesticated
certain fowls as livestock. They even made calendars comprising of 18 and 20 months. The Asians were
thriving as well around the indus river. People were already using bronze and iron as utensils and
weapons. They had religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism following the enlightened Buddha. The
African civilization built the famous pyramids in Giza and the Great Sphinx. They used extracts to kill gram
positive bacteria. The cradle of civilization, the middle east, had the first writing system. They wrote on
clay tablets.
These early revolutions started simple and is still going on today. Improvement upon
improvement, innovation upon innovation brought society to what we are today.
John Robert E. Orong BSME 2A
Chapter 4 The Phillippine Science and Technology Agenda and Development Programs.

Science and technology plays an integral part in human development and society because it ends
ignorance, it increases perception of a fact or a situation, and it awakens the ability to use resources and
creativity improve the total quality last man's life and provide a sustainable environment. The Philippines
prepared the harmonized national are in the agenda or the HNRDA spearheaded by the Department of
science and technology or DOST. This is just one step to provide the Filipinos a potentially better life in
the future and secure the children's safety, education and overall quality of life.
The agenda comprises of many sectors which is the national integrated basic research agenda
that mainly focuses on water security. food and nutrition, health sufficiency, clean energy endeavors and
inclusive nation building. There is also a health research and development agenda that include diagnostics,
drug discovery and development, Disaster Risk Reduction, climate change adaptation that can help
improve the medical practices, certain types of drugs that will surely help society. There are you aware of
the agricultural landscape of the Philippines therefore they also provided an agriculture aquatic and
natural resources agenda. The research priorities for this our agriculture, aquatic and natural resources
that focuses on higher crop yields for more sustainable food supply. a plan for industry Bama enerji and
emerging technology it's also instituted they mainly focus on intelligent transport solutions form a delivery
of social services, renewable energy and energy storage solutions. The last one is the Disaster Risk
Reduction in climate change adaptation agenda. This agenda was evaluated in finalized by a group of
people from PHIVOLCS and PAGASA. The research priorities are directed towards observation and
monitoring networks to prevent hazardous effects off earthquakes former typhoons and other natural
disasters.
the country is well prepared in terms of research is Justin need of qualified researchers such as
us, the students, to lead the way in the quest for knowledge and security of the nation's future more
importantly, the world. \
John Robert E. Orong BSME 2A
Chapter 5 Science Education in the Philippines

Science education is of utmost importance if we are geared towards a progressive and

developmental approach in the future. Science and technology are fields directly connected with each
other. Science provides the brain and technology provides the brawn.
JOHN ROBERT E. ORONG
BSME 2A
CHAPTER 1
1. Describe each of the three ages of the Ancient Age based on tool development and societal
characteristics.
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2. Differentiate Scientific Revolution from Industrial Revolution.

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3. Enumerate at least 3 advancements in science and technology during each of the following
periods in history.
a. Middle ages
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b. Scientific Revolution
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c. Industrial Revolution
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d. 18th to 19th Century
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e. 20th Century to date
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4. Give two other technological advancements during the present time and describe how each of
them contributes to societal development.

5. Discuss in chronological order how the information age has come to existence.
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JOHN ROBERT E. ORONG
BSME 2A
CHAPTER 2
I. Briefly discuss how science and technology defined the various sectors of the Philippine
government during the different periods in history.

Historical GOVERNMENT SECTOR

Period
Education Health Politics Agriculture Economy

1. Precolonial

2. Spanish

3. American

4. Commonwealth

5. After
Independence
II. Briefly answer the following

1. Describe the role of education in defining science and technology in the country.
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2. Discuss how science and technology was represented in the Philippine government then until
now.
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3. Research on the vision and mission of the following DOST Research and Development councils.

a. Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resource Research and Development (PCARRD)

Vision:
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Mission:
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b. Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development (PCIERD)

Vision:
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Mission:
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 c. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PDHRD)

Vision:
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Mission:
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d. National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)

Vision:
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Mission:
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4. If you were to propose for the establishment of another additional DOST research and
development council in the country, what would it be? Explain.
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JOHN ROBERT E. ORONG
BSME 2A
CHAPTER III

I. Directions: Identify The civilization being described. Right MA for meso American, ME for
Middle East and A for African on the space provided for.

1. Used extract stupidly gram positive bacteria.

2. Invented ball games as part of their rituals.
3. Domesticated various crops such as beans, tomato,squash and corn .
4. Use three types of calendars such a ceremonial, civil, an agricultural calendar.
5. Created the first generalized governments, law codes and degree of labor division.
6. Discovered the Saturn’s ring, and the spiral structure of the milky way.
7. Developed the first method of counting and modern concepts in mathematics.
8. Constructed various architectural design such as the great pyramid of giza and the great sphinx.
9. First the form terraces along the slope of mountain valleys used in crop rotations.
10. Performed the first brain surgery ,vaccination and bullet removal.

II. Directions: find the words being described in the following statements from the box of letters
provided an encircled them.

1. Part of the personality that prevents us from acting on our basic urgency created by our
unconscious psychic energies.
2. Psychosexual development stage that would result in excessive eating and drinking if fixation
occurs.
3. But during sexual interest in the erogenous zone in the psychosexual development stage.
4. The only part of the personality that is present at birth.
5. Psychosexual development stage that is important in the development of communication skills
and self confidence.
6. Complex where boys view their father's as arrival of their mothers affection.
7. Complex way girls view their mothers as arrival of the father's attention.
8. During this stage, the primary focus of the libido is on the genitals.
9. Component of personality composed of our internalize ideas that we have acquired from our
parents and society.
10. Recently developed his parents are too strict or Biggins toilet training too early that would result
in obsessive compulsive behavior.
JOHN ROBERT E. ORONG
BSME 2A
UNIT I

1. A system that classifies artifacts based on the materials to which they were made of.
2. The person who introduced the three-age system concept.
3. The period of weapons made of stone, wood, bone or some other materials aside from metals.
4. The term used to describe the late Paleolithic to early Neolithic period.
5. Also known as the “Old Stone” period.
6. A description for people who move consistently or depending on food availability.
7. Cave men who are known to use fire, stone tools of flake types for hunting and bone implements
such as needles for sewing body covering made of animal furs and skin.
8. The first man made dwellings that were built during the upper paleolithic period.
9. The term used to describe the stone tools during the Mesolithic period which were comparatively
smaller and more delicate than those of paleoliths.
10. Also known as the “New Stone” period.
11. The period when tools and weapons were already widely made with copper or bronze.
12. The process of extracting metal from ore.
13. The period that includes weapons made of iron.
14. The Middle Age period from 450 to 1000 AD.
15. A Middle Period from 1000 to 1450 AD.
16. A type of mirror that gives an inverted image of an object.
17. A Chinese method of effectively curing the most body illnesses that began during the Middle
Ages.
18. A vibration sensitive device for earthquake detection.
19. And naturally occurring magnetic iron used to make magnetic compass.
20. An economic system that defined Europe during the Middle Ages and was characterized by
having the following hierarchical ranks in the society.
21. A kind of beans used by Mayans as monetary units during the Middle Ages.
22. Pre-Columbian Indians of Mexico that thrived the Pre-Columbian America .
23. Refers to the great scientific intellectual achievements that led the radical changes in scientific
inquiries.
24. The law which states that all planets revolve around the sun in elliptical, not circular orbits.
25. States that an object at rest will remain at rest and a moving object to remain moving with the
same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
26. Describes the sun is the center of the universe, and that the earth and other planets are evolving
around it in circles.
27. The period of human history typically described by the change from traditional industry that
economy based on information computerization.
28. A German blacksmith in publisher who introduced movable type printing in Europe .
29. Refers to the books printed using process in the beginning of gutenberg era.
30. A device discovered by Charles Babbage and was designed simply for computations
mathematical calculations and simple decision making capabilities.
31. Allows the billions of bits of information to be received every minute using the Internet.
32. An Avenue by which messages are exchanged online between people from different locations at a
faster rate.
33. A social networking website launched by Mark Zuckerberg where people could contact one
another and meet on line to share each other’s thoughts, ideas, experiences, photos and videos
which they feel worth sharing .
34. And you graphically distributed, self sufficient autonomous community in the Philippines.
35. The occupation by a nation of an area from which it was formerly absent.
36. A refined plank-built Philippine worship best suited for Inter island trade raids.
37. A political strategy during the Spanish regime in the country that group for a far flung scattered
barangays into fewer but larger and more compact towns within the hearing areas of church bells.
38. The lowest level of local government during the Spanish regime.
39. Referred to as the father of Philippine pharmacy.
40. Also known as the Manila-Acapulco trade that operated from 1565 to 1813.
41. The term used to Greek speculation about nature in the period before Socrates -600-400 BCE.
42. The process that results in the adaptation of an Organism to its environment by means of
selectively reproducing changes in genetic constitution.
43. Referred to as the father of psychoanalysis and is considered one of the 20th century's most
influential thinkers.
44. The only part of the personality that is present at birth.
45. The component of personality composed of peoples internalize ideas that have been acquired
from parents and society.
46. A test that concerns the possibility of developing conscious and thinking machines in artificial
intelligence and is considered as the latest step in the trend of dismantling the anthropogenic
approach of the universe.
47. As if the calendar of the Meso-American civilization which had 18 months of 20 days each.
48. A term for the triad of products formed from the main food sources in Meso-America that
included beans, corn and squash.
49. Plots of mud and soil place on Top of layers of thick water vegetation made by miss American
farmers.
50. The oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza necropolis.
JOHN ROBERT E. ORONG
BSME 2A
CHAPTER IV

1. Among the research agenda, which do you think is the most appropriate to your community?
Elaborate your answer.
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2. Agencies responsible for the implementation of harmonized R&D agenda in column A with their
functions in column B.

1. PCIEERD A Responsible in promoting basic research in

2. PHILVOLCS the country
3. NRCP B Lead agency task to prepare the harmonics
4. DOST R&D agenda
5. PCHRD
C National coordinating body for health
researches in the country
D Aims to strengthen support in research and
development, development of human
resource in in solution, diffusion of
information and technology, and
development of policies.
E Agency which evaluates in harmonizes the
agenda for Disaster Risk Reduction in
climate change and station. Pizza
3. Fill in the table below by putting check on the volume of each harmonize R&D agenda which you
think the following research priorities belong:

Research National Health Agriculture, Industry, Disaster

priorities Integrated Research Aquatic and Energy, And Risk
Basic Development Natural Emerging Reduction
Research Agenda Resources Technology and Climate
Agenda Change
Adaptation
Vulnerability
in risk
assessment
Delivery of
social services

Crops and
livestock

Food quality
and safety

TUBIG
program

Hospital
equipment

Intelligent
transport
solution
Technology
transfer

Warning and
communication
of information
SAKLAW
program
4. Differentiate the two Republic acts created about science and technology.
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5. Explain how the following programs were able to contribute the nation building.
a. Balik Science Program
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b. Irrdiated Carageenan Fertilizer

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6. Give the meaning of the following

a. DREAM-LIDAR
b. PCIEERD
c. CHASSAM
d. PCHRD
e. NOAH

7. Do an Internet search but some programs created by the government and make at least 3
additional programs not included in this book.
JOHN ROBERT E. ORONG
BSME 2A
Chapter V

1. Discuss the importance of science education.

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2. As a student, what problems have you encountered as regards science education? What
solutions can you suggest to address these problems?
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3. Are you satisfied with their science education that you have? Why or why not?
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4. If you were given a chance to talk with the president of your University, what aspects of science
education would you suggest to change and why?
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5. In at least 5 sentences, describe the signs indication that you experience during your
elementary grades.
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6. Identify the sign subjects that you obtained from your secondary education.

A. Junior high school

B. Senior High School

7. What do you think is the difference between the science courses in high school under K + 12
program and the science courses before its implementation?
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JOHN ROBERT E. ORONG
BSME2A
CHAPTER VI

1. Differentiate indigenous science from indigenous technology by giving specific examples.

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2. Research another Philippine indigenous technologies and briefly describe the history behind their
development.

3. Identify whether the following are indigenous science or indigenous technologies.

a. use of herbal medicine

b. building irrigation system
c. patis or fish sauce
d. mole remover
e. making wine and juice from fruits

4. Give at least these 2 examples for each of the following

a. Animal behavior that predict weather

b. classification of soil for planting

c. the additional health habit practices

d. herbal medicine
5. Identify the function of these inventions
a. Medicinal incubator

b. Yoyo

c. Erythromycin

d. 16 bit microchip

6. Fill in the table below about the inventors and their inventions.

1.Diosdado Banatao
2. Banana Catsup
3.Ruperta David
4. Anticancer cream
5. Pedro Flores
6. Erythromycin

7. Do a library research and be able to list down 5science inventors covering the periods 2005 to
2017 and their important inventions.
Inventor/Year Invention and Description
JOHN ROBERT E. ORONG
BSME 2A
UNIT 2
I. Directions: identify the word or group of words described in the following statements. Right
your answer on the spaces before the number.

1. The sector of harmonized R&D agenda that focuses its research priorities on delivery of social
services , intelligent transport solutions, renewable energy and energy storage solutions.
2. The sector gives more emphasis on water security, food security, helps efficiency, clean energy
and sustainable community.
3. The government agency responsible for the formulations policies and rules in science and
technology discipline.
4. The program of the government which aims to achieve higher level of competitiveness for the
country’s economic progress and success.
5. Project created to enhance the efficiency of public mass transport system.
6. The government agency responsible for the implementation of the school curricula and school
programs both in high school and elementary levels.
7. Subject taught in elementary in high school to develop learners to make sound judgment and
apply what they have learned to bring social, health and economic impact.
8. The product of indigenous knowledge perfected by man through life experiences.
9. May entail traditional and unscientific knowledge since it includes scientific beliefs and practices.
10. The product or process resulting from the continuous pursuit of indigenous signs.

II. Directions: match the terms in the first column with the description in the second column.
Write only the letter of your answer.

1. Erythromycin a. superstitious beliefs

2. fish sauce philosophy b. metaphysics, practical technologies
3. medical incubator c. Use to remove warts
4. yo yo d. condiment for every fried food
5. anticancer cream e. allows you to make graphical presentation
6. 16 bit microchip f. made from cashew nuts and other local
herbs
7. banana ketchup g. created by Pedro Flores used to fight
against the Spaniards
8. mole remover h. regulates the body temperature of
newborn babies into fragments
9. indigenous science i. condiment made from salted fish that turn
10. indigenous knowledge j. produced by the bacterium Streptomyces
erythreus
 III. Enumerate the following:
1-5 example of indigenous signs
6-9 problems in science innovation
10-15 approaches in achieving science and technological literacy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

IV. Tell whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Science and technology are basicaly interconnected.

2. The science curriculum includes domain that enhances the scientific skills of the students.
3. For grade level, the different copies of the subject are divided in thought per month.
4. Regular curriculum offers more advanced subjects than science curriculum.
5. The curriculum for S&D oriented was prepared by the DOST.
6. The curriculum for Philippine science high schools was prepared by the Department of
Education.
7. Local methods of growing vegetables around indigeneous knowledge.
8. Making wines using genetically modified bacteria is an indigenous science.
9. Indigenous technologies have been made because of people's inventiveness and creativity.
10. Dr. Abelardo Aguilar discovered the medical incubator.
11. Ruperta David is popularly known as Aling Tentay.
12. anticancer cream was developed by Rolando Delacruz
13. Diosdado Banatao invented the mole remover.
14. Dr. Fe del Mundo invented the yoyo.
15. Vinegar, cheese and nata de coco are products of indigenous science.