PAPER

USE OF CAPITAL
To Fulfill the Assignments of English Subjects

Muhammad faizal (7903041009)

Ngajam imtisal (1903042004)
M. Ilham ramadhan (1903042003)

ISLAMIC ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS FACULTY

HAJJ AND UMRAH MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
STATE ISLAMIC INSTITUTE (IAIN)
METRO T / P.2019
 FOREWORD

Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

Praise and gratitude with sincere hearts and minds we say to Allah SWT.
Lord of the worlds, who is so great in his favors and gifts. Shalawat and best
wishes are always bestowed upon the Prophet Muhammad and his family, friends
and loyal followers.
Alhamdulillah wa syukrulillah that thanks to His grace and grace we can
finish this paper.
We have prepared this paper in order to fulfill the assignments of English
courses. With the content that we have developed from various available sources.
We realize that this paper still has many shortcomings, both in terms of content,
language and so on. For that, we will look forward to your suggestions,
criticisms, and improvements from readers. Hopefully what we have tried can
provide maximum benefits and get His blessing.

Wassalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

Metro, October 30, 2019

Author,

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE............................................................................................... i
FOREWORD ................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .................................................................1

A. Background ....................................................................................1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION .......................................................................2

A. Capital ...........................................................................................2
B. Some rules for using capital ...........................................................2
C. Examples of Capital in English ......................................................2
D. Function and use of capital ............................................................5
E. Perfect form capital .......................................................................10

CHAPTER III CLOSING ...........................................................................11

A. Conclusion ....................................................................................11

REFERENCES

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 BAB I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
English is not a foreign language for now. English is now the second
mother language after Indonesian. This is because English is an international
language. The unifying language between countries throughout the world, in
order to facilitate communication that exists between the two. Therefore,
English has been introduced early on. Starting from learning to interpret and
memorize words to stringing several words into a sentence. In English we
know a lot of kinds of sentences both based on the time the incident took
place, and the structure of the words forming the sentence itself.
In English there are some words that get special treatment. This word
is commonly called modals. Where there are special provisions in its use.
There are several forms of modals that we will discuss in this paper. How
important it is that we have to learn English in accordance with the correct
structure, so that we are not wrong in using modals and that does not lead to
wrong meanings.

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 BAB II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Capital
Modal is an auxiliary verb as it will, may, can, can, must, will, be used
for, needs to be used in conjunction with the main verb to express the nuances
of time and mood. The combination of helping verbs with main verbs creates
what are called verb phrases or string verbs. This type of verb is a verb that
helps verbs (verbs) express several meanings such as Obligations,
Possibilities, Permits, Capabilities (something that is a must).

B. Some Rules in the Use of Capital

The rules for using capital are:
1. Capital must meet the verb first form (verb bare infinitive) for example I
will play football,
2. Capital must not be followed by To invinitive for example I will to play
football (wrong),
3. Cannot meet with primary auxiliary except with be and have, for example,
does Saeful will play football (wrong), Saeful can be here (right).

C. Examples of Modals in English

1. Can
a. Meaning: can, which is used to express ability (Ability) as well as Be
able to Example: Hanry can do his homework, or Hanry is able to do
his homework.
b. Meaning may (permit) example: She can go home now, and She can
borrow my book.
c. Meaning: maybe an example: Danny can get sick, because he didn't
come to class this morning.
2. May
a. Has meaning: may, and is used to declare permission (permission) as
well as May which means it can be replaced with Be permitted or Be
allowed to which has the meaning allowed / allowed but May is more

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 formal than Can example: Marry may borrow my book , and she may
return it to me next week. Or Marry is allowed to borrow my book,
and she is permitted to return it to me next week. If May is used in the
past tense form then use: be allowed to or be permitted to example:
Marry was allowed to borrow Saeful’s Book yesterday.
b. Meaning: possible / possible times Example: Mr. Zaen may come to
party this afternoon.
c. Meaning: hope / hope Example: May God be with you.

3. Must
a. Has meaning: must, and the word must be the same as Have to, which
has the same meaning must example: We must study hard or We have
to study hard.
b. To state the conclusion of an example: Saeful always gets the highest
score and scholarship. He must be a smart student in his university.
Note: the past tense form of must is Had to example: Just have to
present her exercise just now. While the opposite of the word
must is need not, which means: do not have to or do not need an
example: this week is holiday; we need not study at the campus.
And if the shape must not have meaning: it should not be an
example: teacher must not give students exercise too hard.
4. Shall
a. Meaning: Will, and is used to express future activities. Example: We
shall come back this afternoon.
b. Meaning: Is it possible to express advice, request, approve or offer
help? Example: Shall we come to his party?
c. State the strict command example: we shall come again this afternoon.
Note: Shall is usually used for subjects "I" and "We". But there is a
tendency for the replacement of shall and will for subjects I and we.

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5. Will
a. It means and will be used to express future activities. Example: Yenny
will go out of her class immediately.
b. Meaning: Will you ...? example: will you help me please?

6. Should
Meaning: preferably (recommendation), should (obligation) example: You
look tired, you should take a rest (recommendation). We should do our
exercises (obligation). And it should also be a past tense form of "shall".

7. Would
Meaning: will you ...? (asking for a more polite request) example: Would
you like to go with me ?. And would also be a past tense form of will.

8. Could
Meaning: Allow ...? Or Will ...? Example: Could I come little late
tomorrow? And Could also be a past tense form of can.

9. Might
a. Expressing permission requests that are more polite and formal than
could, can, and could example: Might I enter to the class now?
b. To state the small possibility of an example event: Merry is sick. The
doctor might let him go to campus today. And might also be the past
tense form of may.

10. Ought to
Ought to can replace should mean "obligation / suggestion" example: You
look tired, you ought to take a rest. = You look tired, you should take a
rest. While the negative form of ought to is ought not to be the same as
should not.

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 11. Used to
Meaning: habits that were done in the past, for example: my sister used to
play badminton very well.

12. Need
Need can be used as an auxiliary verb or verb. Example for need used for
auxiliary verbs: Yono needs to go to school at present.
13. Dare
Dare can be used as an auxiliary verb or verb. Example for dare used for
auxiliary verbs: Yully dare say she is right in her answer.
For further explanation about the use and utilization as well as the function of
these capital examples will be explained in the following sub-chapter.

D. Function and use of capital

The function of this modals is important so that it is not wrong to use it
both in writing and in English conversation.
1. Stating Ability (can and could)
Can can be used to express ability in the present (present), while could be
used to show ability in the past (past). The formula is:
Subject + Can + Verb 1 + Object
Subject + Can’t + Verb 1 + Object
Besides using can, can use could to express ability. But could only be
used to express abilities in the past. The formula is:
Subject + Could + Vmrb 1 + Object
Subhect + Couldn't + Verb 1 + Object
Example sentences:
a. I can dance, but I can't sing.
b. When I was twenty, I could dance all night.
c. I couldn't finish my dinner, because I had a stomachace.
d. She could dance beautifully

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2. Expressing Estimates (will and shall)
Will and Shall mean will. Although the meaning is the same, the two
modals differ in subject. Will can be used for all subjects, while shall only
be for I and we.
Example sentences:
a. Sule will be in Bandung this morning.
b. We shall / will win the domino game.
c. I shall / will visit my daughter tomorrow.

3. State the Offer (will and would you like ...?)

Will and would you like ...? used to declare offers in the present and
future (future). The difference, would you like ...? used in the question
sentence and is a more formal / formal offer expression than will.
Example:
a. She will help you if you want. (He will help you if you want).
b. Would you like to come to my office? (Do you want to come to my
office?).
c. Would you like a glass of milk? (Do you want a glass of milk?)

4. Express Request
There are two types of requests: asking for something / permission and
help. If asking for something or permission, use may I, could I, can I, or
might I. The difference between the four is the level of politeness. Would
be the most polite and formal among the others. While cans are used for
non-formal situations. How to ask for help using this capital is:
Would + You + Verb 1 + Object?
Could + You + Verb 1 + Object?
Will + You + Verb 1 + Object?
Can + You + Verb 1 + Object?
Subject + May / Can + Verb 1 + Object (Request Permission)
Subject + May / Can + Not + Verb 1 + Object (negative Ask permission)

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 Example sentences:
a. May I borrow you car? (May I borrow your car?)
b. Could I borrow your car? (May I borrow your car?)
c. Can I borrow your car? (Can I borrow your car?)
d. Might I borrow your car? (May I borrow your car?)
e. Children may have a cookie after dinner.
f. You can go to the party.
g. You may not attend the concert.
Meanwhile, if asking for help from others, used would you, will you,
could you, and can you. Example sentences:
d. Would you send the letter to my daughter? (more polite) (Can you
send the letter to my sister?).
e. Will you send the letter to my daughter? (polite)
f. Could you send the letter to my daughter? (polite)
g. Can you send the letter to my daughter? (informal) (Can you send the
letter to my sister?).

5. Stating the Must (must and have to)

Must and have to be used to declare the necessity in the present. The
difference, must show a level of necessity that is stronger than have to.
Example sentences:
a. You must keep my secret. (You must keep my secret).
b. We have to go now. (We must leave now).
c. She has to go now.
To state a necessity in the past, use had to. Look at the following
example:
a. I had to do my homework yesterday.
b. We had to go to Bandung last night.

6. Declaring Indifference

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 Modals that are used to express non-necessity are negative forms of have
to, ie do / does / did not have to). Do / does not have to be used for the
present time, while did not have to be used for the past.
Example:
a. You don't have to be a genius to become a blogger. (You don't
need genius to be a blogger).
b. She doesn't have to spend a lot of money if she knows blogging
basics. (He doesn't need to spend a lot of money if he knows the
basics of blogging).
c. I did not have to go to the doctor. (I don't need to go to the doctor).

7. Declare a Prohibition (must not)

To declare a ban, the modals used are must not, which means they cannot.
Example sentences:
a. You must not smoke here. (You may not smoke here).
b. We must not tell anyone our secret. (We must not tell anyone
about our secrets).

8. States Certainty (estimate)

To express certainty, use must, may, might, and can. The level of certainty
for must is 95%, while the may / might / can is less than 50%. The
formula is:
Subject + May / Might + Verb 1 + Object
Subject + May / Might + not + Verb 1 + Object
Example sentences:
a. He must be sick. (He must be sick).
b. He may be sick. (He might be sick).
c. He might be sick. (He might be sick).
d. He can be sick. (He might be sick).
e. Mother might not cook soup today
f. I may not bring a novel tomorrow.

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 You can also use maybe. However, maybe here is not an auxiliary word
like may and might, so maybe it can stand alone. An example is in the
sentence: Maybe we will go shopping.

9. Give Advice
When will give advice in English, can use some capital assistance such as:
should, ought to, and had better. To give advice, the capital used is should,
ought to, and had better. All of these modals are used in the present.
Compared to should and ought to, had better stronger in giving advice.
There is no difference between the three assistive verbs. Everything has
the same meaning, this is good advice. How to use this capital in a
sentence is:
Subject + Should + Verb 1 + Object
Subject + Ought to + verb 1 + Object
Subject + Had better + Verb 1 + Object
Subject + Should + Not + Verb 1 + Object
Subject + Ought + Not + to + verb 1 + Object
Subject + Had better + Not + Verb 1 + Object
Example sentences as follows:
a. You should stop smoking. (You should stop smoking).
b. You ought to stop smoking. (You should stop smoking).
c. You had better stop smoking. (You should stop smoking).
d. I have to wake up early so I shouldn't stay up late
e. There will be eaxam tomorrow. I had better not watching TV.

10. Give or Request a Proposal

To make a proposal, use shall I ...? (what if I ...?) or shall we ...? (what if
we…?).
Example:

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 a. Shall we go now? (How about we leave now?)
b. Shall I open the door? (What if I open the door?)
Meanwhile, to ask for advice, also use shall I ...? or shall we ...? Example
sentences:
a. What shall I wear? (What clothes should I wear?)
b. What time shall we meet? (What time should we meet?)

E. Perfect Shape Modal

1. Should + have + Past participle
Used to state the recommendations that should be done, but the reality is
not carried out. Example: Saeful should (ought to) have gone home. (But:
he didn't go home).

2. Could + have + Past participle

Used to express ability, but in reality he did not do it. Herry could have
played badminton. (But: he didn't play badminton)

3. May + have + Past Participle

Used to express the possibility or conjecture that has sufficient reason for
the occurrence of an event that occurred in the past. Example: He may
have been smart once, look at everything said.

4. Must + have + past participle

Used to state the conclusion or certainty of an event in the past. Example:
The lamp in her room was off. She must have slept.

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 BAB III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Capital is an auxiliary verb as it will, should, can, may, dare, must, get used to,
and so on.
Verbal formula:
(+) S + Capital + V-1 + O
(-) S + Capital + not + V-1 + O
(?) Capital + S + V-1 + O?
Nominal formula:
(+) S + Capital + be + C
(-) S + Capital + not + be + C
(?) Capital + S + be + C?

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 REFERENCES

Windy Novia, 2000.Basic English Grammar,Jakarta : Gama Press.

Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 2002.English Grammar : Third Edition. New York:
Longman.
Coghill, Jeffrey and Stacy Magendanz. 2003. English Grammar. New York: Wiley
Publishing, Inc.
Murphy, Raymond. 2003. English Grammar in Use. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Swan, Michael. 2005. Practical English Usage. New York: Oxford.

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