CHAPTER No 8 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

CHEMISTRY BY CONCEPT
CHAPTER:- 8

CHEMISTRY NOTES (PART-II)

(Objective Series)

Compiled by:-
“Syed Faiz Ali”
PREPARED BY:- SYED FAIZ ALI
CHAPTER No 8 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

GULSHAN-E-RAVI CAMPUS
CHAPTER No. 8
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

1-What are terminal alkynes? Why they behave as acids?

Those alkynes in which triple bond is present at terminal positions. In alkynes, s-
orbital of hydrogen atom is overlapped with sp-orbital of carbon atom which has
50% s-character. Due to greater s-charcter, it attracts electron more strongly and
becomes more electronegative. It causes strong partial positive charge on
hydrogen atom and they behave as acid.
H – C ≡ C ᵒ⁻ – H ᵒ ⁺
2-How do you distinguish 1-butyne and 2-butyne?
1-Butene having terminal hydrogen reacts with ammonical AgNO₃.
H – C ≡ C – CH₂ – CH₃ + AgNO₃ + NH₄OH → Ag – C ≡ C – CH₂ – CH₃ + NH₄NO₃ + H₂O
2-Butyne does not reacts with ammonical AgNO₃ because no hydrogen atom is
present with triply bonded carbon atoms.
3-What is Markonikov’s rule? Give Example.
If an unsymmetrical reagent is added to unsymmetrical alkene, the negative part
of reagent will be added to that carbon which have least number of hydrogen
atoms.
CH₃ – CH ₌ CH₂ + HCl → CH₃ – CH – CH₃
1-Propene I (2-Chloropropane)
Cl
4-What is Sabetier-Sendern’s reaction? / Hydrogenation of unsaturated
hydrocarbons.

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CHAPTER No 8 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

Hydrogenation is a process in which addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated

organic compound in the presence of catalyst (such as Ni, Pt, Pd) at moderate
pressure (1-5 atm) to give saturated compound.
CH₂ ₌ CH₂ + H₂ −−→ CH₃ – CH₃
Ethene 200ᵒC Ethane
Application:-
In industry, it is used for the manufacturing of vegetable ghee from vegetable oil.
In laboratory, it is used a synthetic method as well as analytical tool as the
reaction is generally quantitative.
5- Enlist four uses of methane.
 Methane is used in the preparation of CHCl₃ and CCl₄.
 It is major constituent of natural gas.
 It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers.
 It is used in the preparation of carbon black used in paints, inks and dyes.
6- Enlist four uses of ethene.
Ethene:-
 For the manufacture of polythene, a plastic material used for making toys,
cables, bag’s, boxes.
 For the artificial ripening of fruits.
 As general anaesthetic.
 As starting material for large number of compounds such as glycols (anti-
freeze), ethyl chloride and ethyl alcohol etc.
7-Why sigma bond is inert? Justify.
Sigma bond is formed by linear overlapping of sp³ hybridized orbitals of carbon
atoms. In sigma bond, electrons are tightly held between the nuclei which make
them stable. A lot of energy is required to break it. Hence it is inert in nature.

8- How we convert ethene into ethyl alcohol?

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CHAPTER No 8 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

Ethene → Ethyl Alcohol

CH₂ ₌ CH₂ + H₂SO₄ → CH₃ – CH₂ – O – SO₃H → CH₃ – CH₂ – OH + H₂SO₄
Ethene Ethyl hydrogen sulphate Ethyl Alcohol

9- What is mustard gas? How it is formed?

Mustard gas is high boiling liquid that is dispersed as mist of tiny droplets. It is a
powerful vesicant causes blisters.
2 CH₂ ₌ CH₂ + S₂Cl₂ → +S
2,2-Dichloroethyl sulphide

10- What is Raney nickel? How it is formed?

Raney Nickel is catalyst used in the hydrogenation of alkenes. It is prepared by
treating Ni-Al alloy with caustic soda.
Ni-Al + NaOH + H₂O → Ni + NaAlO₂ + 3/2 H₂
Most alkenes are hydrogenated over Raney Nickel at about 100ᵒC and 3 atm.
(Benzene → Cyclohexane)
11- Convert acetylene into chloroprene.
Ethyne → Chloroprene
CH ≡ CH + CH ≡ CH −−→ H – C ≡ C – CH ₌ CH₂ (Vinyl acetylene)
H – C ≡ C – CH ₌ CH₂ + HCl → H₂C ₌ CH – C ₌ CH₂ (Chloroprene)
I
Cl
12- Write order of reactivity of alkanes, Alkenes, alkynes?
The decreasing reactivity order of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes are as follows:-
Alkenes > Alkynes > Alkanes

13- How halohydrin is formed?

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CHAPTER No 8 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

If halogenation of alkene is carried out in an aqueous solution, haloalcohol is

formed called halohydrin.
X₂ + H₂O → HOX + HX

CH2=CH2 + HOX  H—C –C—H (Halohydrin)

14- How catalytic oxidation of alkanes is performed?
CH₄ + [O] → CH₃ – OH
Methyl Alcohol
CH₃ – OH + [O] → HCHO + H₂O
Formaldehyde
HCHO + [O] → HCOOH
Formic Acid
HCOOH + [O] → CO₂ + H₂O
15- How acetylene is converted into benzene?
Ethyne into benzene
3 CH ≡ CH → Benzene
300C

16- Convert Methane into

i-Formaldehyde ii-Nitro methane
a- CH₄ + [O] → CH₃ – OH
400ᵒC Methyl Alcohol
CH₃ – OH + [O] → HCHO + H₂O
Formaldehyde
b- CH₄ + HO – NO₂ → CH₃ – NO₂ + H₂O
450ᵒC Nitro methane
17-Alkanes are less reactive than alkenes.Justify. / Why alkanes are inert
towards reagent?

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CHAPTER No 8 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

Alkanes are less reactive due to presence of sigma bond. In σ-bond, electrons are
tightly held between the nuclei which makes it very stable bond. A lot of energy is
required to break it. The electrons present in sigma bond can neither attack on
any electrophile nor nucleophile can attack on them. Both these facts make
alkanes less reactive.
18-What is Bayer’s test? Write its use. / Write equation to test unsaturation in
compound? / Write chemical equation when KMnO4 reacts with ethene.
Alkenes and alkynes reacts with 1% cold dilute KMnO4 solution. Discharging of
pink colour of KMNO4 indicates the presence of unsaturation of compound.

19-Write down mechanism for Kolbe’s electrolytic method for preparation of

alkanes.
See method of preparation of alkanes in book.
20-Convert ethyne into acetyldehyde.
Water is added to ethyne in the presence of mercuric suphate dissolved in
sulphuric acid at 75⁰C.
CH ≡ CH + H—OH - CH2= CH—O –H (Vinyl alcohol)
O—H O
I II
CH2= C – H ↔ CH3—C—H (Acetyldehyde)
21-What is Wolf Kishner/Clemmensen’s Reduction?
Ketone is reduced to an alkane using amalgam and hydrochloric acid.
O
II
CH₃ – C – CH₃ + 4 [H] → CH₃ – CH₂ – CH₃ + H₂O
Acetone Zn-Hg/HCl Propane

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CHAPTER No 8 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

22-Convert acetylene into disilver acetylide. (See acidic nature of alkynes)

23-Write polymerization of ethene. (See polymerization of ethene)
24-Convert ethyne into oxalic acid. (See oxidation of ethyne)

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CHAPTER No 8 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

PREPARED BY:- SYED FAIZ ALI