Chem Lab report

Reactions of Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbon

Aim To differentiate an Cycloalkane from Cycloalkene and arene and to identify the
reaction occur
Hypothesis In combustion, cyclohexane is more reactive than cyclohexene by producing more
soot and have greater light intensity.
In bromine test, Cyclohexane and toluene decolourise with presence of uv light
while cyclohexene decolourise with and without the presence of uv light.
In oxidation test, Cyclohexane turn brown sediment with clear solution on top while
cyclohexene and toluene turn pale yellow sediment with colourless solution on top.

Material Tile, dropper, test tube, water bath, rubber band, labelling paper, wooden splinter,
and evaporating dish, black sugar paper, toluene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene,
Apparatus dichloromethane, acidified KMnO4, KmnO4solution 1%,4%bromine in
dichloromethane
Method A. combustion
1. 1ml of cyclohexane and cyclohexene were placed in two separate
evaporating dishes
2. Both compounds were ignited simultaneously with a burning wooden
splinter
3. The colour intensity of flame and soot given off were compared
4. The observation was recorded

B. Bromine test
1. 6 clean and dry test tubes A to F were labelled
2. 1ml cyclohexane was added to test tubes A and B, 1ml cyclohexene was
added to test tubes C and D, 1ml toluene was added to test tubes E and
F.
3. Test tube A,C and E were wrapped with black sugar paper
4. 4 to 5 drops of 4% bromine in dichloromethane were added into each
test tube.
5. Test tube A,C, and E were placed in the dark. While test tubes B,D and F
were placed under sunlight
6. All the test tubes were left for 10 minutes
7. The observations were recorded

C. Oxidation test with acidified KMnO4

1. 3 clean and dry test tubes G,H and I were labelled
2. 1 ml cyclohexane, cyclohexene and toluene were put into each test
tubes respectively
3. 3 drops of acidified KMnO4 were added into each test tube
4. The test tubes were heated in the water bath for 10 minutes
5. The observations were recorded
Result
Substances Combustion Bromine Bromine test in Oxidation test
test in dark uv light with acidified
KMnO4
Cyclohexane Less soot, No change Turn colourless 2 layers is formed
less Upper layer-
colourless
 intensity of Lower layer-
flame purple@brown
cyclohexene More soot, Turn Turn colourless 2 layers is formed
more colourless once the Upper layer-
intensity of once the bromine is colourless
flame bromine is added Lower layer- light
added yellow
Toluene - No change Turn 2 layers is formed
colourless@pale Upper layer-
yellow colourless
Lower layer -light
brown@light
yellow

Discussion combustion,
incomplete combustion have occurred due to the production of carbon which is
soot in the experiment. Cyclohexene burns and produces more soot because it
contain more carbon compared to cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12 + 9/2O2 --> 3CO + 6 H2O+3C
Cyclohexene: C6H10 + 4 O2 ---> 5 H2O + 3CO + 3 C

bromine test
Cyclohexane and toluene undergo substitution reaction with the presence of uv
light.The brown solution in the test tube decolourise as the hydrogen atom is
replaced with bromine atom. Below is the chemical equation for cyclohexane and
toluene:

However,cyclohexene decolourise rapidly once the bromine water is added with

and without presence of uv light due to addition reaction occur. The double bond of
the cyclohexene breaks and form single bonds which allow bromine atoms bonded
to each carbon atoms that shared the double bond. Thus, the brown solution turns
colourless as it forms dibromocyclohexane.

Oxidation test
In experiment, the purple cyclohexane solution form double layer with colourless
on upper layer and purple on the lower layer however the actual colour of lower
layer is brown due to potassium permanganate is reduced to manganese dioxide,
which is the brown precipitate. The double layer is due to the oil present in the
benzene ring of the cyclohexane.

the purple cyclohexene solution turn into double layer with colourless on upper
layer and light yellow on lower layer due to MnO4- is reduced to Mn2+. The double
bond break and oxygen is added to form hexan-1,6-dioic acid
C6H10 + H2O + MnO4- + H+  (CH2)4(COOH)2 + Mn2+
In experiment, the purple cyclohexane solution form 2 layer with colourless on top
and light brown on the bottom however the actual colour of bottom layer should be
pale yellow which is benzoic acid.
 Numerous of error were contribute to the error of colour observed in the oxidation
test. Misjudging of the brown sediment in cyclohexane and pale yellow sediment in
toluene was one of the error. Furthermore, the solutions were not observed
immediately after the water bath and cause further reaction in the solution and
changes in temperature.

Safety precautionary should be taken by wearing goggles, glove, lab coat, covered
shoe and mask. Black sugar paper must fully cover the test tube in bromine test
All the test tube must be dry and clean to avoid contamination. The dropper must
be labelled to prevent mess up with the substances and avoid contamination.
conclusion In incomplete combustion, cyclohexane produce more soot and have greater light
intensity than cyclohexene.
In bromine test, Cyclohexane and toluene undergo substitution reaction in the
presence of uv light while cyclohexene undergo addition reaction with and without
the presence of uv light.
In oxidation test, Cyclohexane ,cyclohexene and toluene undergo oxidation reaction