A Project Report on

LAN & OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

Submitted by:
SOURAV BAG
MOLOY PAL
CHINMOY BHATTACHARYA
DEBKANTI PAL
SUBHAJEET BISWAS
TANMAY BERA
HIMANSHU SEKHAR
SOUMYA BANERJEE
RAJIV DAS

ACKNOLEDGEMENT

I take this opertunity to express my sincere gratitude to our instructor

Mr. Manas Kumar Mukharjee for his nobel involvement & valuable guidanc
e during the training. We are indebted to him for his kind help and timely encou
ragement in making this project work professionally stimulating and personally s
atisfying.
I would also like to thank the other teachers of Netaji Subhas Chandra b
ose Telecom Training Centre, Kalyani for their continuous support and encouragem
ent during our training period.

……………………………..

ABSTRACT
Being able to send announcements to your employees is crucial to any company’s suc
cess. LAN Messenger allows company to inform their personnel about any important
event or incidents in a matter of seconds. LAN Messenger is compatible with Wind
ows 95/98, Windows Me, Windows NT 4.0 as well as Windows 2000 and XP. It runs on
any TCP/IP based Local Area Network (LAN). The LAN messenger is optimized for m
inimum network traffic and features and intuitive user interface allowing compan
y employees to spend very little time learning this software. LAN messenger main
function is of intra-office communication. It can support number of users and n
o configuration is required and it easily works after installation. It does not
require a server. It has the facility of automatic detecting users. It can send
and receive instant messages efficiently. It also encrypts the data which is tra
nsferred for better security. It is compatible in all
major versions of Windows. LAN messenger is an office popup which replaces WinPo
pup (Winpop) messenger which is also a LAN messenger that is supplied with
Windows 9x/NT and unfortunately it does not work in Windows 2000 and XP.

INTRODUCTION

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World s 7th largest Teleco
mmunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in
India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service,
MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc. Within a span of five years it
has
become one of the largest public sector unit in India. BSNL has installed Qualit
y Telecom Network in the country and now focusing on improving it.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
(BSNL) main building in in southern
Mumbai.
Expanding the network, introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in
villages and wining customer s confidence. Today, it has about 47.3 million lin
e basic telephone capacity, 4 million WLL capacity, 20.1 Million GSM Capacity, m
ore than 37382 fixed exchanges, 18000 Available at 7 BTS, 287 Satellite Station
s, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable,
63730 Rkm of Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5
.5 Lakhs villages. BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and
planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fac
t there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide ne
twork giving services in every nook & corner of country and operates across Indi
a except Delhi & Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier and
North-eastern region of the country. BSNL serves its customers with its wide bo
uquet of telecom services. BSNL is numero uno operator of India in all services
in its license area. The company offers vide ranging & most transparent tariff s
chemes designed to suite every customer. BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has mor
e than 17.8 million cellular customers, garnering 24 percent of all mobile users
as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth mobile user in the coun
try has a BSNL connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals.
OBJECTIVE
1. To provide high speed Internet connectivity (upto 8 Mbps)
2. To provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) service to the broadband customers
3. To provide dial VPN service to MPLS VPN customers.
4. To provide multicast video services, videoon- demand, etc. through the Broadb
and
Remote Access Server (BRAS).
5. To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based or
volume based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to selec
t the services through
web server
6. To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband services

National Internet Backbone (NIB) of BSNL

The National Internet Backbone of BSNL consists of 432 Point of Presen
ce( POP) that gives it the capability of transporting IP traffic from every hook
and corner of the country. This network provides internet services to more than
1 million dial-up customers including about 3.5 lakh customers on CLI basis. 2n
d in the line of IP network, BSNL commissioned a state-of-the-art Multi Protocol
Label Switching (MPLS) NETWORK TAKING India into the next stage of the IP evolu
tion. This network has 10 physical nodes with all district headquarters designat
ed as virtual nodes. This network has opened up a new market segment of secure a
nd reliable Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) for Corporate customers. The latest
endeavor of BSNL is a world-class multi-gigabit multi-protocol, convergent IP in
frastructure which will provide voice, data and video services through the same
backbone. In terms of infrastructure for broadband services, this would put Indi
a at par with more advanced nations. Designated as NIB-II this will be implement
ed in the form of four projects.
All the above projects in form of NIB-II are at different stages of implementati
on and as per schedule .They will be operational in the third quarter of this ye
ar. The services that will be available to customers when NIB-II is in place:
1. Narrowband and broadband Internet access.
2. Virtual Private Network.
3. Managed OPE
4. Value Added Services like encryption, firewall and NAT
5. Messaging: Plain Vanilla and feature rich
6. Data Center Services: web hosting and webcollocation.
7.Content based Services: e.g. video multicast, video on demand, interactive gam
ing.

SERVICES
BSNL provides almost every telecom service in India. Following are the main tele
com services provided by BSNL:
1. Universal Telecom Sevices : Fixed wireline services & Wireless in Local loop
(WLL) using CDMA Technology called bfone and Tarang respectively. As of December
31,2007, BSNL has 81% marketshare of fixed lines.
2. Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is major provider of Cellular Mobil
e Telephone services using GSM platform under the brand name CellOne[2]. Prepaid
cellular services of BSNL are known as Excel. As of March 31, 2007 BSNL has 17%
share of mobile telephony in the country.
3..Internet: BSNL provides internet services through dial-up connection (Sanchar
net) as Prepaid, (NetOne) as Postpaid and ADSL broadband (DataOne). BSNL has ar
ound 50%
market share in broadband in India. BSNL has planned aggressive rollout in broad
band for current financial year. Intelligent Network (IN): BSNL provides IN serv
ices like
televoting, toll free calling, premium calling etc. If we talk about broadband t
han following types of services are provided by the company and is forward looki
ng to improvize the services.
Services available through Broadband are:
1.High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with
speed
ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps(Through optical fiber,wifi,wimax)
2.Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services for application in d
istance
education, telemedicine etc
3.Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private net
work
securely over the NIB-II infrastructure.
4.Video and Audio Conferencing.
5.Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and tim
e
shifted TV.
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
The main function of an exchange is to process call from a calling subscriber an
d make
the connection to the called subscriber. This connection can be direct or via an
other
exchange. This requires all parts of the exchange to work as a unit to ensure th
e call is
properly handled.
CALL PROCESSING ARCHITECTURE
The main function of the exchange is to process subscriber calls. The exchange d
oes this
by connecting an incoming line or trunk to another line or trunk.
In order to process the calls the exchange must perform four basic switching fu
nction.
• Supervision:
• Detects and reports service requests, acknowledgements and requests to terminate
service.
• Signaling:
• Transmits information about lines and trunks and information about other aspects
of
call handling to control switching equipment.
• Routing.
• Converts address information to the location of the corresponding call line or t
o the
location of a trunk on the way to that line.
• Alerting.
• Notifies a subscriber of incoming calls.
BASIC CALL TYPES
Subscriber calls are grouped in to categories that distinguish one call from ano
ther. These
categories are referred to as call types. The basic call types are
• Intra exchange calls: - these are calls between two subscribers served by the sa
me
exchange. These calls are normally line to line calls.
• Inter exchange calls: - these are calls that involve two or more exchanges. With
in a
given exchange there are different types of inter exchange calls.
An outgoing call is a call that goes out of the exchange via a trunk. If the cal
l originated
in the same exchange, it is called an originating outgoing call.
An incoming call is a call that comes into the exchange via a trunk. A tandem ca
ll is a call that comes into the exchange on one trunk and leaves the
exchange on another trunk. Thus a tandem call is both incoming and out going.
OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION(OFC)
The use of visible optical carrier waves or light for communication has been com
mon for
many years. Simple systems such as signal fires, reflecting mirrors and, more re
cently
signaling lamps have provided successful, if limited, information transfer. More
over as
early as 1880 Alexander Graham Bell reported the transmission of speech using a
light
beam. The photo phone proposed by Bell just for years after the invention of the
telephone modulated sunlight with a diaphragm giving speech transmission over a
distance of 200m.
• In microwave system if we double the distance the loss will be increased by 6db.
• For the shorter distance the loss is higher.
• In ofc system Optical wire is small size, light weight, high strength and flexib
ility. Its
transmission benefits includes wide band width, low loss and low cost.
• They are suitable for both analog and digital transmission.
• It is not suffered by digging, electrical interference etc. problems.
Wi-MAX
Broadband wireless sits at the confluence of two of the most remarkable growth s
tories of the telecommunications industry in recent years. Both wireless and bro
adband have on their own enjoyed rapid mass-market adoption. The staggering grow
th of the Internet is driving demand for higher-speed Internet-access services,
leading to a parallel growth in broadband adoption.
Broadband wireless is about bringing the broadband experience to
a wireless context, which offers users certain unique benefits and convenience.
There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services. The
first type attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditi
onal fixed-line broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission. This
type, called fixed wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive alter
native to DSL or cable modem. The second type of broadband wireless, called mobi
le broadband, offers the additional functionality of portability, nomadicity and
mobility. Wi-MAX is an acronym that stands for World-wide Interoperability for
Microwave Access and this technology is designed to accommodate both fixed and m
obile broadband applications.
SALIENT FEATURES OF WIMAX:-
• OFDM-based physical layer
• Very high peak data rates
• Scalable bandwidth and data rate support
• Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC)
• Link-layer retransmissions
• Support for TDD and FDD OFDMA
• Flexible and dynamic per user resource allocation
• Support for advanced antenna techniques
• Quality-of-service support
• Robust security
• Support for mobility
• IP-based architecture
WIRELESS-FIDELITY (WI-FI)
Wi-Fi is a registered trademark by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The products tested and a
pproved as "Wi-Fi Certified" are interoperable with each other, even if they are
from different manufacturer. It is Short form for “Wireless-Fidelity” and is meant
to generically refer to any type of ‘802.11’ network, whether ‘802.11’b, ‘802.11’a, dual-ba
d, etc.
General description of Wi-Fi Network:
A Wi-Fi network provides the features and benefits of traditional LAN technologi
es such as Ethernet and Token Ring without the limitations of wires or cables. I
t provides the final few meters of connectivity between a wired network and the
mobile user thereby providing mobility, scalability of networks and the speed of
installation.
WIFI is a wireless LAN Technology to deliver wireless broad band speeds up to 54
Mbps to Laptops, PCs, PDAs , dual mode wi-fi enabled phones etc.

CONCLUSION
With the help of our guide our training was completed successfully . Thi
s training give us a perfect view of a modern Telephony exchange. It also consis
t of Telephone system and the Internet connection. This training gives us basic
idea of MSB,MSC, Working Station, modem etc, and various type of communication c
omponent.
In Telecommunication System:-
• Increased speed and density of Integrated Circuits (Moores Law).
• Enhanced Transmission capacities on Optic Fibre Networks and Networking Flexibil
ity (Gilders Law).
• Distributed and Open Platform-based Communication Software.
• Capacity Growth and new Application Services on Wireless.
• Emergence of Next-Generation Networks (IP based).
• Ubiquity of networks through RFID & IPv6 (Next Generation Internet).
FUTURE PROSPECTS
Cellular service – BSNL CDMA Service
Wireless Connection – Wi-Fi Connection
Data Service- Hi-Speed BroadBand Connection, 3G Data card, 1.1X CDMA Data Connec
tion,
Land Line- Optical connection at Home.
Now 3G service is most popular for internet service.
LIMITATIONS
1. Limited range of services - Only Plain Leased Line Service, Data cards s
upport only up to 64 kbps, no support for N x 64 Kbps.
2. From Operator point of view in case of Leased Line Circuit different box
es from different vendors so difficult to manage & control.
3. No Centralized Monitoring or alarm or performance monitoring.
Therefore we should have a control to all this, we are able to identify before t
he customer know which circuit has gone faulty. The solution to this is MLLN.
REFERENCE:
www.iec.org
Study materials from RTTC MYSORE, BRBRITT JABBALPUR, NSCBTTC KALYANI
www.bsnl.com
www.google.co.in
www.ieee.edu
www.wikipedia.org