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I ̑]]D ‫ܷܐ ܰܙܙܗ‬ D]]D ‫ܐ ܰܙܙܗ‬
ܰ
P ̑]]X[ ‫ܙܙܘܟ‬
݂ ‫ܷܐ‬ D]]X[ ‫ܙܙܘܟ‬
݂ ‫ܐ‬
6J ܰ
I ̑]]D[ ‫ܷܐ ܰܙܙ ݂ܟ‬ D]]D[ ‫ܐ ܰܙܙ ݂ܟ‬
ܰ
P ̑]]L ‫ܷܐܙܙܝ‬ D]]L ‫ܐܙܙܝ‬
ܰ
I ̑]]L ‫ܷܐܙܙܝ‬ D]]L ‫ܐܙܙܝ‬
ܰ
 ̑]]̑Q ‫ܷܐܙ ܷܙܢ‬ D]]̑Q ‫ܐܙ ܷܙܢ‬
ܰ
3O  ̑]]R[X ݂ ‫ܷܐ ܳܙܙ‬ D]]R[X ݂ ‫ܐ ܳܙܙ‬
ܰ
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݂ ²]D[‫] ܰܙ ݂ܟ‬R[X
,PSHUDWLYH]X[‫ܙܘܟ‬ ݂ ‫ ܳܙ‬
,QILQLWLYHPD]OR
ܰ
9(5%&21-8*$7,21 

ܰ ܰ ‫ܳܐ‬
઻EF ‫ܐ‬, EF\ REDF²DȆF´WRZDQWµ ܷ‫–ܐ‬
  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 
ܰ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ
P REDF DȆF ܷ‫ܐ‬
ܰ
I ̑EFR ‫ܷܐ‬ DELFR ‫ܐ‬
ܰ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܐ‬
P ̑EFDW ܷ DELFDW
6J ܰ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܐ‬
I ̑EFDW ܷ DELFDW
ܳܰ ܰ
P REDFQR ‫ܐ‬ DȆFQR ܷ‫ܐ‬
ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܰܐ‬
I ̑EFRQR ܷ DELFRQR
ܰ
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ܰ
3O  ̑EFLWX ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܷܐ‬ DELFLWX ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬
ܰ ܰ ‫ܰܐ‬
 ̑EFLQD ‫ܷܐ‬ DELFLQD

,PSHUDWLYHLEDF ܰ ‫ܐ‬²LEDFX ܰ ‫ܐ‬


,QILQLWLYHLERFR ܳ ‫ܐ‬


ܰ ܳ
઻ʻF‫ ݂ܐܕܥ‬, \Gષ‫ ݂ ܥ‬RʻDF²Dʻ̑F´WRNQRZµ‫ܐ݂ ܷܕܥ‬ – ‫ܐ݂ ܰܕܥ‬

  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 
ܳ ܰ
P RʻDF ‫ܐ݂ ܰܕܥ‬ Dʻ̑F ‫ܐ݂ ܷܕܥ‬
ܰ
I ̑ʻFR ‫ܷܐ݂ܕ‬ DʻLFR ‫ܐ݂ܕ‬
P ̑ʻFDW
ܰ ‫ܐ݂ܕ‬ DʻLFDW
ܰ ‫ܰܐ݂ܕ‬
ܷ
6J ܰ ‫ܐ݂ܕ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܐ݂ܕ‬
I ̑ʻFDW ܷ DʻLFDW
P RʻDFQR ܰ‫ܳܐ݂ܕ‬ Dʻ̑FQR ‫ܐ݂ ܷܕ‬
ܰ

I ̑ʻFRQR
ܳ ‫ܐ݂ܕ‬ DʻLFRQR
ܳ ‫ܰܐ݂ܕ‬
ܷ
ܰ
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ܰ
3O  ̑ʻFLWX ‫ܷܐ݂ܕ ܘ‬ DʻLFLWX ‫ܐ݂ܕ ܘ‬
 ̑ʻFLQD
ܰ ‫ܷܐ݂ܕ‬ DʻLFLQD
ܰ ‫ܰܐ݂ܕ‬

,PSHUDWLYHLʻDF‫݂ ܰ ܥ‬ ‫ܐ‬²LʻDFX ܰ ݂ ‫ܐ‬


,QILQLWLYHPDʻFR ݂ ܰ
 9(5%&21-8*$7,21

E 9HUEVZLWKVHFRQGZHDNURRWFRQVRQDQW

7UDQVLWLYHYHUEVZLWK\‫ܝ‬DVVHFRQGURRWFRQVRQDQW
V\P ,VR\DP²V̑POH´WRGRWRPDNHµ ܶ ܷ – ܰ ܳ 

  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 
ܰ ܳ ܶ
P VR\DP V̑POH ܷ
I VD\PR
ܰ V̑POD
ܰ
ܷ
P VD\PDW
ܰ ܰ V̑POX[ ‫݂ܟ‬ ܷ
6J
I VD\PDW
ܰ ܰ V̑POD[ ݂ܰ ܷ
P VR\DPQR ܰ ܳ V̑POL ܷ
I VD\PRQR
ܳ ܰ V̑POL ܷ
 VD\PL
ܰ V̑PPH
ܶ ܷ
3O  VD\PLWX ‫ܘ‬ ܰ V̑P[X ݂ ܷ
 VD\PLQD
ܰ ܰ V̑PODQ
ܰ
ܷ

,PSHUDWLYHV̑P ܷ ²VXPX 

,QILQLWLYHV\RPR ܳ

,QWUDQVLWLYHYHUEVZLWK\‫ܝ‬DVVHFRQGURRWFRQVRQDQW
ܰ ܳ
߮\U ,: ߮R\DU߮D\̑U´WRIO\WRMXPSµ ܷ – ܰ 
  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 

P ߮R\DU ܰܳ ߮D\̑U ܷ


ܰ
ܰ ܰ
I ߮D\UR ߮D\LUR
ܰ ܰ
P ߮D\UDW ‫ܰܬ‬ ߮D\LUDW ‫ܰܬ‬
6J ܰ ܰ
I ߮D\UDW ‫ܰܬ‬ ߮D\LUDW ‫ܰܬ‬
P ߮R\DUQR ܰܳ ߮D\̑UQR ܷ
ܰ

I ߮D\URQR
ܳ ܰ ߮D\LURQR
ܳ ܰ
ܰ ܰ
 ߮D\UL ‫ܝ‬ ߮D\LUL ‫ܝ‬
ܰ ܰ
3O  ߮D\ULWX ‫ܘ‬ ߮D\LULWX ‫ܘ‬
 ߮D\ULQD
ܰ ܰ ߮D\LULQD
ܰ ܰ
9(5%&21-8*$7,21 

,PSHUDWLYH߮\DU ܰ ²߮\DUX‫ܰ ܘ‬ 
,QILQLWLYH߮\RUR ܳ 


7UDQVLWLYHYHUEVZLWKZ‫ܘ‬DVVHFRQGURRWFRQVRQDQW
ܳ
WZU‫ ܬܘܪ‬WEU ‫ ܬ‬,WRZDU²WZ̑UOH´WREUHDNµ ܶ ‫ܬܘܪ‬
ܷ – ‫ܬ ܰܘܪ‬

  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 
ܳ ܶ ‫ܬܘܪ‬
P WRZDU ‫ܬ ܰܘܪ‬ WZ̑UOH ܷ
ܰ ܰ ‫ܬܘܪ‬
I WDZUR ‫ܬܘܪ‬ WZ̑UOD ܷ
ܰ
P WDZUDW ‫ܬ ܰܘܪܬ‬ WZ̑UOX[ ‫ܬܘܪ ݂ܟ‬ ܷ
6J ܰ
I WDZUDW ‫ܬ ܰܘܪܬ‬ WZ̑UOD[
݂ܰ ‫ܬܘܪ‬
ܷ
ܳ
P WRZDUQR ‫ܬ ܰܘܪ‬ WZ̑UOL ‫ܬܘܪ‬ ܷ
ܰ
I WDZURQR ‫ܬ ܳܘܪ‬ WZ̑UOL ‫ܬܘܪ‬ ܷ
ܰ ܶ
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ܰ
3O  WDZULWX ‫ܬܘܪ ܘ‬ WZ̑U[X ݂ ‫ܬܘܪ‬ ܷ
ܰ ܰ ‫ܬܘܪ‬
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ܰ
,PSHUDWLYHWZDU‫ܬܘܪ‬²WZDUX‫ܬܘܪܘ‬
ܰ
,QILQLWLYHWZRUR ‫ܬܘܪ‬
ܳ


,QWUDQVLWLYHYHUEVZLWKZ‫ܘ‬DVVHFRQGURRWFRQVRQDQW
VZF‫ܥ‬  VEF ,VRZDF²VDZ̑F´WRKDYHHDWHQHQRXJKµ‫ܷ ܥ‬ ܰ – ‫ܳ ܰܥ‬

  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 

P VRZDF ‫ܳ ܰܥ‬ VDZ̑F ‫ܰ ܷܥ‬


I VDZFR
ܰ VDZLFR
ܰ
P VDZFDW
ܰ ܰ VDZLFDW
ܰ ܰ
6J ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ
I VDZFDW VDZLFDW
P VRZDFQR
ܰ ܳ VDZ̑FQR ܷ ܰ
I VDZFRQR
ܳ ܰ VDZLFRQR
ܳ ܰ
 9(5%&21-8*$7,21

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ܰ VDZLFL
ܰ
3O  VDZFLWX ‫ܘ‬ ܰ VDZLFLWX ‫ܘ‬ ܰ
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ܰ ܰ VDZLFLQD
ܰ ܰ

,PSHUDWLYHVZDF‫ܥ‬
ܰ ²VZDFX ܰ 

,QILQLWLYHVZRFR
ܳ


F 9HUEVZLWKWKLUGZHDNURRWFRQVRQDQW

7UDQVLWLYH9HUEZLWK\‫ܝ‬

ь]\‫ ܝ‬,ьR]Hь]HOH´WRVHHµ
ܶ ܶ - ܶܳ

  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 
ܶܳ ܶ ܶ
P ьR]H ь]HOH
I ь̑]\R ь]HOD
ܰ ܶ
ܷ
P ьR]DW ‫ܳ ܰܬ‬ ь]HOX[ ‫ܶ ݂ܟ‬
6J
I ь̑]\DW
ܰ ܷ ь]HOD[ ݂ܰ ܶ
P ьR]HQR
ܶܳ ь]HOL
ܶ
I ь̑]\RQR ܳ ܷ ь]HOL
ܶ
‫ܳ ܷܢ‬ ܶ ܰ
 ьR]̑Q ь]DOOH
3O  ьR]LWX ‫ܘ‬ ܳ ь]DO[X ݂ ܰ
 ьR]LQD
ܰ ܳ ь]HODQ
ܰ ܶ

,PSHUDWLYHь]D\ ‫ܰܝ‬ ²ь]D\X ܰ 

,QILQLWLYHь]R\R ܳ 





9(5%&21-8*$7,21 

,QWUDQVLWLYHYHUEVZLWK\‫ܝ‬

VP\ ,VRPHVDPL´WREHFRPHEOLQGµ ܰ – ܶ ܳ 

  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 

P VRPH
ܶ ܳ VDPL
ܰ
I V̑P\R ܷ VDP\R
ܰ
P VRPDW
ܰ ܳ VDPDW
ܰ ܰ
6J ܰ ܷ ܰ ܰ
I V̑P\DW VDP\DW
P VRPHQR
ܶ ܳ VDPLQR
ܰ
I V̑P\RQR ܳ ܷ VDP\RQR ܳ ܰ
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3O  VRPLWX ‫ܘ‬ ܳ VDPLWX ‫ܘ‬ ܰ
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ܰ ܳ VDPLQD
ܰ ܰ


,PSHUDWLYHVPD\
ܰ ²ь]D\X
ܰ 

,QILQLWLYHVPR\R
ܳ


7UDQVLWLYHYHUEVZLWKZ‫ܘ‬

N߭Z‫ܘ‬  NWE‫ܒ‬ ,NR߭DZN߭XOH´WRZULWHµ


ܶ ‫ ܘ‬- ‫ ܳ ܰܘ‬
݂ ݂ ݂

  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 
ܰ ܶ ‫ܘ‬
P NR߭DZ ‫݂ܳܘ‬ N߭XOH ݂
I N̑߭ZR ‫ܷ݂ܘ‬ N߭XOD
ܰ ‫ܘ‬
݂
P N̑߭ZDW ‫ܷ ݂ ܰܘܬ‬ N߭XOX[ ‫݂ ܘ ݂ܟ‬
6J
I N̑߭ZDW ‫ܷ ݂ ܰܘܬ‬ N߭XOD[ ݂ܰ ‫݂ܘ‬
ܰ
P NR߭DZQR ‫݂ܳܘ‬ N߭XOL ‫݂ܘ‬
I N̑߭ZRQR ‫ܷ ݂ ܳܘ‬ N߭XOL ‫݂ܘ‬
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3O  N̑߭ZLWX ‫ܷ݂ܘ ܘ‬ N߭X[X ݂‫݂ ܘ‬
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ܰ ‫ܷ݂ܘ‬ N߭XODQ
ܰ ‫ܘ‬
݂
 9(5%&21-8*$7,21

ܰ ܰ
,PSHUDWLYHN߭DZ‫ܘ‬ ݂ ²N߭DZX‫ܘܘ‬ ݂ 
ܳ
,QILQLWLYHN߭RZR ‫ܘ‬ ݂


,QWUDQVLWLYHYHUEVZLWKZ‫ ܘ‬
ܰ
\WZ‫ܘ‬ ,\RWDZ\DWX´WRVLWµ‫ ܰ ܘ‬- ‫ ܳ ܘ‬
  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 
ܰ
P \RWDZ ‫ܳ ܘ‬ \DWX ‫ܰ ܘ‬
I \̑WZR ‫ܘ‬ ܷ \DWLZR
ܰ
P \̑WZDW ‫ܰܘܬ‬ ܷ \DWLZDW ‫ܰ ܰܬ‬
6J
I \̑WZDW ‫ܰܘܬ‬ ܷ \DWLZDW ‫ܰ ܰܬ‬
ܰ ܳ
P \RWDZQR ‫ܘ‬ \DWXQR ‫ܰ ܘ‬
I \̑WZRQR ‫ܳܘ‬ ܷ \DWLZRQR
ܳ ܰ
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3O  \̑WZLWX ‫ܘ ܘ‬ ܷ \DWLZLWX ‫ܘ‬ ܰ
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ܰ
ܰ ܰ
,PSHUDWLYHLWDZ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬²LWDZX‫ܐ ܘܘ‬
ܳ
,QILQLWLYHLWRZR ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬

G 9HUEZLWKO DVWKLUGURRWFRQVRQDQW
,UUHJXODULVWKHSUHWHULWHRIWUDQVLWLYHYHUERQO\߂TO ,
3UlWHULWXP߂TLOH´KHERXJKWµ
ܶ 

 6LQJXODU 3OXUDO 

P ߂TLOH
ܶ
߂TsOOH
ܶ
ܰ ܷ
I ߂TLOD
P ߂TLOX[ ‫݂ܟ‬
߂TsO[X ݂ ܷ
I ߂TLOD[ ݂ܰ
P ߂TLOL ߂TLODQ
ܰ

9(5%&21-8*$7,21 

 6WHP,,

D 9HUEVZLWKILUVWDQGVHFRQGZHDNURRWFRQVRQDQWDUH
UHJXODU
E 9HUEVZLWKWKLUGZHDNURRWFRQVRQDQW
߂U\‫ܝ‬ ,,P߂DUH²P߂DUHOH´WRVWDUWµ ܶ ܶ ܰ - ܶܰ 

  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 

P P߂DUH
ܶܰ P߂DUHOH
ܶ ܶܰ
I P߂DU\R ܰ P߂DUHOD
ܰ ܶܰ
P P߂DUDW ‫ܰ ܰܬ‬ P߂DUHOX[ ‫ܰ ܶ ݂ܟ‬
6J
I P߂DU\DW ܰ ܰ P߂DUHOD[ ݂ܰ ܶܰ
P P߂DUHQR
ܶܰ P߂DUHOL
ܶܰ
I P߂DU\RQR ܳ ܰ P߂DUHOL
ܶܰ
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ܶ ܰܰ
3O  P߂DULWX ‫ܘ‬ ܰ P߂DUDO[X ݂ ܰܰ
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ܰ ܶܰ

,PSHUDWLYHP߂DUL‫ܝ‬ ܰ ²P߂DUH\X ܶ ܰ 
,QILQLWLYH߂HUR\R
ܳܶ


F 9HUEZLWKO DVWKLUGURRWFRQVRQDQW
,UUHJXODULVWKHSUHWHULWHYHUERQO\
߂\O ,,SUHWHULWHP߂D\HOH´KHDVNHGµ ܶ ܶ ܰ 

 6LQJXODU 3OXUDO 

P P߂D\HOH
ܶܶܰ
P߂D\DOOH
ܶ ܰܰ
I P߂D\HOD
ܰܶܰ
P P߂D\HOX[ ‫ܰ ܶ ݂ܟ‬
P߂D\DO[X ݂ ܰܰ
I P߂D\HOD[ ݂ܰܶܰ
P P߂D\HOL ܶܰ P߂D\HODQ
ܰܶܰ

,PSHUDWLYHP߂D\DO ܰ ܰ ²P߂D\HOX ܶ ܰ 


,QILQLWLYH߂H\ROR ܳܶ
 9(5%&21-8*$7,21

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D 9HUEZLWKILUVWZHDNURRWFRQVRQDQW
\OI ,,,PDZODI²PDZODIOH´WRWHDFKµ ܶ ܰ ܰ - ܰ ܰ
7\SZLWKGLSKWKRQJ

  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 

P PDZODI
ܰ ܰ PDZODIOH
ܶ ܰ ܰ
I PDZOIR
ܰ PDZODIOD
ܰ ܰ ܰ
P PDZOIDW
ܰ ܰ PDZODIOX[ ‫݂ܟ‬ ܰ ܰ
6J ܰ
I PDZOIDW
ܰ PDZODIOD[ ݂ܰ ܰ ܰ
P PDZODIQR
ܰ ܰ PDZODIOL
ܰ ܰ
I PDZOIRQR
ܳ ܰ PDZODIOL
ܰ ܰ
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ܰ PDZODIIH
ܶ ܰ ܰ
3O  PDZOILWX ‫ܘ‬ ܰ PDZODI[X ݂ ܰ ܰ
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ܰ ܰ ܰ

,PSHUDWLYHPDZODI
ܰ ܰ ²PDZOHIX ܶ ܰ
ܰ
,QILQLWLYHWDZOLIR ‫ܬܘ‬

7\SZLWKPRQRSKWKRQJ

  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 
ܰ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܳ
P PRODI PRODIOH
ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ
I PsOIR ܷ PRODIOD
ܰ ‫ܰ ݂ܟ‬ ܳ
P PsOIDW ܷ PRODIOX[
6J ܰ
I PsOIDW ܷ PRODIOD[ ݂ܰ ܰ ܳ
P PRODIQR
ܰ ܳ PRODIOL
ܰ ܳ
I PsOIRQR
ܳ PRODIOL
ܰ ܳ
ܷ

ܶ ܰ ܳ
PsOIL ܷ PRODIIH
3O  PsOILWX ‫ܘ‬ ܷ PRODI[X ݂ ܰ ܳ
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ܰ PRODIODQ
ܰ ܰ ܳ
ܷ
9(5%&21-8*$7,21 

,PSHUDWLYHPRODI
ܰ ܳ ²PROHIX ܶ ܳ 
ܶ
,QILQLWLYHWHOLIR ‫ܬ‬


E 9HUEZLWK\‫ܝ‬DVVHFRQGURRWFRQVRQDQW

V\P ,,,PDV̑P²PDV̑POH´WROHWPDNHµ ܶ ܷ ܰ - ܷ ܰ
  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 
ܶ
P PDV̑P ܷ ܰ PDV̑POH ܷ ܰ
ܰ
I PDVLPR
ܰ PDV̑POD ܷ ܰ
P PDVLPDW
ܰ ܰ PDV̑POX[ ‫݂ܟ‬ ܷ ܰ
6J
I PDVLPDW
ܰ ܰ PDV̑POD[ ݂ܰ ܷ ܰ
P PDV̑PQR ܷ ܰ PDV̑POL ܷ ܰ
I PDVLPRQR
ܳ ܰ PDV̑POL ܷ ܰ
ܰ ܶ ܷ ܰ
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3O  PDVLPLWX ‫ܘ‬ ܰ PDV̑P[X ݂ ܷ ܰ


ܰ
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ܰ ܰ PDV̑PODQ ܷ ܰ

,PSHUDWLYHPDV̑P ܷ ܶ ܰ ²PDVLPX ܰ
,QILQLWLYHWHVLPR ‫ܬ‬

F 9HUEZLWKWKLUGZHDNURRWFRQVRQDQW
ܶ ܶ ܰ
ьN\ ,,,PDьNHPDьNHOH´WRWHOOµ - ܶ ܰ
  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ
P PDьNH PDьNHOH
ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ
I PDьN\R PDьNHOD
ܰ ܰ ‫ܰ ܶ ݂ܟ‬
P PDьNDW PDьNHOX[
6J ܰ
I PDьN\DW ܰ ܰ PDьNHOD[ ݂ ܶ ܰ
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ
P PDьNHQR PDьNHOL
I ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ
PDьN\RQR PDьNHOL
 9(5%&21-8*$7,21

 ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ
PDьN̑Q ܷ PDьNDOOH
3O  PDьNLWX ‫ܘ‬ ܰ PDьNDO[X ݂ ܰ ܰ
 ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ
PDьNLQD PDьNHODQ

,PSHUDWLYHPDьNL
ܰ ²PDьNH\X ܶ ܰ 
,QILQLWLYHW̑ьNL\R ‫ـ‬ ‫ܷܬ‬

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ܰ ܰ
WOIQ ‫ܬ‬PWDOIDQ²PWDOIDQOH´WRPDNHDSKRQHFDOOµ ܶ ܰ - ܰ 

  3UHVHQW 3UHWHULWH 
ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ
P PWDOIDQ PWDOIDQOH
ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ
I PWDOIQR PWDOIDQOD
ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ
P PWDOIQDW PWDOIDQOX[ ‫݂ܟ‬
6J ܰ ܰ
I PWDOIQDW
ܰ PWDOIDQOD[ ݂ܰ ܰ
ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ
P PWDOIDQQR PWDOIDQOL
ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ
I PWDOIQRQR PWDOIDQOL
ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ
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ܰ ܰ ܰ
3O  PWDOIQLWX ‫ܘ‬ PWDOIDQ[X ݂
ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ
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KDGRPHJDZR\H LQQHURUJDQV ܶ ܳ ܰ ܶ ‫ ܰܗ ܳܕ‬-
ьDPDKKDGRPDQL /  RQHRIWKHVHRUJDQV
ܶ ‫ ܰ ܰ ܰܗ ܳܕ‬-
ܶ
KDQGEROHVILULʻR /  KDQGEDOO ݂‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰܗ ܳ ܆ ܐ‬
ܶ
KDQRIKD߭HSOKDQL WKLVWKHVH SO  ‫ ܰܗ‬، ‫ ܰܗ ݂ܬ‬، ‫ܰܗ‬
*E  WKDWWKRVH SO 
KDQLZD\QH" /  :DVWKDWDOO" ‫ ܰܗ ܰܘ ܶ ؟‬-
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KDQRZD /  7KDWZDVDOO ‫ ܰܗ ܰܘ‬-


KDQ\X߭R /  %RQDSSHWLW ‫ܰܗ ݂ܬ‬
KDUNH /  KHUH
ܶ ‫ܰܗܪ‬
ܰ
KDUNHZWDPR /  KHUHDQGWKHUH ‫ ܰܗܪ ܶ ܘܬ‬-
KDW /*EE  \RX\RXDUH FRSXOD ‫ܰܗܬ‬
VJ 

KDWX /*EE  \RX SO \RXDUH ‫ܰܗܬܘ‬


FRSXODSO 

KDZD I SOKDZDW /  DLUZLQGZHDWKHU ‫ ܰܗ ܰܘܬ‬،(‫ܰܗ ܰܘ )ܐܬ‬


KDZQR /  PLQG ‫ܰܗܘ‬
KDZQRQR\R PHQWDO ܶ ܳ ܳ ‫ ܰܗܘ‬، ܰ ܳ ‫ ܰܗܘ‬، ܳ ܳ ‫ܰܗܘ‬
IKDZQRQD\WR
SOKDZQRQR\H / 

KDZRKD\RKDQsN *E  WKDW ܷ ‫ ܰܗ‬، ‫ ܰܗ‬، ‫ܰܗܘ‬


KDZ[D /  VR
ܰ ݂ ‫ܰܗܘ‬

KHGLKHGL /  VORZO\ ‫ܶܗܕܝ ܶܗܕܝ‬


KH߂ /  \HW ‫ܶܗܫ‬
KsQQH /*E  WKH\ SO 
ܶ ‫ܷܗ‬

KsUJRSO+sUJH /  OHVVRQH[HUFLVHFODVV ܶ ‫ ܷܗܪ‬، ‫ܷܗܪ‬


XQLW

KLZKLZR RE\KZ\,S  LVJLYHQ ‫ܗ‬، ‫ܗ‬


SUHWHULWHRQO\VPLWDKZH  

KLZHOHGDUPRQH /  KHZDVSUHVFULEHG


ܶ ܳ ‫ܶ ܶ ܰܕܪ‬ ‫ܗ‬-
PHGLFDWLRQ

KL\D /*E  VKH ܰ‫ܗـ‬

KL\H /*E  KH ܶ‫ܗـ‬

KL\X߭R /  LGHQWLW\QDWLRQDOLW\ ‫ܗ ـ ݂ܬ‬


*/266$5<  

ܰ
LKL\X߭D\ʻL /  P\LGHQWLW\ ‫ ܐܝ ܗ ـ ݂ܬ ݂ ܝ‬-
KRZHKX\R²KDZL WREHFRPHWRKDSSHQ ‫ ܰܗܘ‬،‫ ܗܘ ܇ ܰܗܘܝ‬، ‫ܳܗ ܶܘ‬
KDZ\R KZ\,  
КDODEHNRUHNRZHPDPOR 2IWHQWKHUHDUH ܰ ܶܳ ܶܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ -
݂
ED\QGD\\ROXIHZGX GLVFXVVLRQVEHWZHHQWKH ܳ ܰ ‫ܰ ܰܕܝ ܳ ܶ ܘܕܘ‬
PDOIRQR /  VWXGHQWVDQGWKHWHDFKHU
NROR]DPGKRZLQDOH :HKDYHWRWDNHFDUHRI ܰ ‫ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܡ ܳܕܗܘ‬-
ܶ
КDODEHPRUR /  KLPYHU\PXFK ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ
݂
ܶ ܳ
‫ ܗܘ‬-
*M
KRZHEUL[R /  1LFH:HOOGRQH ݂
߂DILUR\RZJsGKRZH ,WLVQLFHDQGLWZLOOILW
݂ܰ ܰ‫ܳܗ ܶܘ ܐ‬ ܰ -
ܷ ‫ܘ‬
DFOD[ /  \RX

KZD\PRUROUXьX[ /  WDNHFDUHRI\RXUVHOI ‫ܘ ݂ܟ‬ ܳ ‫ܗܘܝ‬ ܰ -

KRZHOHKRZHOD²KDZLOH WRJHW ، ܶ ‫ ܳܗ ܶܘ ܰ ܇ ܰܗܘ‬، ܶ ‫ܳܗ ܶܘ‬


KDZLOD KZ\, 
ܰ ‫ܰܗܘ‬

ܰ ܳ ܰ ‫ ܰܗܘ‬-
KDZLODQsV\RQR߮DZZR 6KHKDVGHYHORSHGJRRG ‫ܘ‬ ܷ
EX]ZRQR ,QI]ZQ, Z ܳ ‫ܳܙܘ ܶܘܙ‬
H[SHULHQFHLQEX\LQJDQG
]HERQR ,QI]EQ,,  /  VHOOLQJ
ܶ
GORKRZDO[X߂XZROH ,I\RXGRQRWKDYHDQ\ ،ܶܶ ‫ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ܕ ܳܗ ܰܘ‬-
ьUHQHJsGFsEULQD /  ܰ ܷ
RWKHUTXHVWLRQVZHZLOO ܷ
HQWHU

ѽ

ьDIьʻR /  RQH ݂ ،ܰ


ܶ ܷ ܰ -
ьDPsQQH /  RQHRIWKHP

ьDʻLURIKDʻsUWRSO UHDG\SUHVHQW
ܶ ܰ ، ‫ ܰ ܪܬ‬، ܰ
݂ ܷ݂ ݂
KDʻLUH / 

ьDOZR /  PLON ܰ


ьDO\RIьOL߭RSOьDO\H QLFHEHDXWLIXOVZHHW ܶ ܰ ،݂ ، ܰ
/ 
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ьDO\X߭R /  VZHHWV ‫݂ܬ‬ ܰ


ьDPURSOьDPURQH ZLQH ܶܳ ܰ ، ܰ
/ 

ьDP߂RIьDPPs߂ /  ILYH ܷ ܰ ، ܰ


ܰ ܰ ܰ -
KDP߂DFVDU /  ILIWHHQ
ܶ ܳ ݁ ݁ܰ
ьDS߭RSOьDSSR߭H /  WDEOHWSLHFH ݂ ، ݂ ݁ܰ
ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ
ьDTOR I SOьDTOR߭H ILHOG ݂ ،(‫)ܐܬ‬
݂
/ 

ьDUR\RIьDUD\WRSO ODVWODWHVW ܶܳ ܰ ، ܰ ܰ ، ܳ ܰ
ьDUR\H /  
ELьDUD\WR /  LQWKHHQGDWWKHHQG
ܰܰ -
 ILQDOO\

LьDUD\WRGL߂DE߭R ZHHNHQG ݂ ܰ ‫ܕܝ‬ ܰܰ -


/ 
ܶ ܰ
ьD߭RIьD߭WRSOьD߭H QHZ ݂ ،‫ ܰ ݂ ܬ‬، ݂ ܰ
/ 

ьDZURSOьDZURQH /  IULHQG ܶ ‫ ܰ ܳܪ‬، ‫ܰ ܪ‬

ьDZUX߭R /  IULHQGVKLS ݂ ܰ


‫ܪܘܬ‬
ьD\H SO/  OLIH ܶܰ
EDььD\H /  LQOLIHDOLYH ܶܰ ܰ -
ܶ ܰ
ьD\ORSOьD\OH /  SRZHU ، ܰ
EьD\OR /  VWURQJLQJRRGKHDOWK ܰ -
ьD\ZDQSOьD\HZsQ DQLPDO ܶ ܰ ܰ ، ܰ ܰ ܰ ،‫ ܰ ܶ ܷ ܢ‬،‫ܰ ܰ ܢ‬
ьD\ZDQDWьD\ZDQH
/ 

ьʻRʻH HDFKRWKHU ‫݂ ܳ ݂ ܶܕ‬


‫݂ ܳ ݂ ܶܕ‬ ܰ -
FDPьʻRʻH /  WRJHWKHU

OsьʻRʻH /  WRHDFKRWKHU


‫ ܷ ݂ ܳ ݂ ܶܕ‬-
*/266$5<  

ьHʻsU /  DURXQGFD ‫ܶ ݂ܷܪ‬


ьHʻsU6XIIL[VJ VRPHRQHVRPHWK 
ܶ
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ܰ ܰ
ьHʻRUD\\HьHʻRUD\[X DURXQGWKHPDURXQG\RX ݂ ‫ ܶ ݂ ܳܪ‬، ܶ ‫ܶ ݂ ܳܪ‬
ьHʻRUR ,QIьʻU,,  SUHSDUDWLRQ ‫ܶ ݂ ܳܪ‬
/ 

ь̑ʻUL\HьsʻUL\DW /  SUHSDUDWLRQ ܰ ‫ ܷ ݂ܪ ـ‬، ܶ ‫ܷ ݂ܪ‬

ьHOR\R /  HDUO\ LQWKHPRUQLQJ 


ܳܶ

ьsP߅R I SOьsP߅H FKLFNSHDFKLFNSHDVRXS ܶ ܷ ،(‫)ܐܬ‬


݂ ܷ *M
/ 

ьsPWR /  KLJKIHYHU ܷ


ܶ ܳ
ьs߂OR߭H /  MHZHOOHU\ ݂ ܷ
ܶ ܳ
ьIL߮X߭RSOьIL߮ZR߭H DFWLYLW\ ‫݂ܬ‬ ، ‫݂ܬ‬
/ 

ьL߅RIьs߅WRSOьL߅H ILW ܶ ،‫ ܷ ܬ‬،


/ 

ьL߅X߭RGJX߂PR /  ILWQHVV ‫݂ܘܬ ܕ‬


ьPRURIьPDUWRSO GRQNH\
ܶ ܳ ،‫ܰ ܬ‬ ، ܳ
ьPRUH / 

ьRODTь̑OTR²ьOsTOH WRVKDYHWRFXWKDLU ، ܶ ܷ ‫܇‬ ܷ ، ܳ


ܰ
ьOsTOD ьOT,  * 
ܰ
ܷ
ьRODZьsOZR²ьOXOH WRPLON ، ܶ ‫܇‬ ܷ ، ܳ
ܰ
ьOXOD ьOZ, 
ܰ

EX\DZPRWDUWHNRUH :HPLONWKHFRZVWZLFHD
ܶ ܳ ܶ‫ܬܰܪܬ‬ ܰ -
ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ
NRьsOZLQDDWWDZUR߭H GD\ ‫ܐܬ ܬܘܪ ݂ܬ‬ ܷ ܳ
/ 

ьRORSOьRORQH /  XQFOH PRWKHU·VVLGH 


ܶ ܳܳ ، ܳ
ܶ ܳ ܳ
ьR߭RSOьR߭R߭H /  VLVWHU ‫ ݂ ݂ܬ‬، ݂ ܳ
 */266$5< 

ьR\DUьD\UR²KsUOH WRZDWFK
ܰ ܶ ܰ ،ܰܳ
ܷ ، ܷ ‫܇‬
KsUOD ь\U,  
ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ
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FDOX߮XNRVRGJDZDGL ZHOO
ܰ ‫ܳ ܕ ܰ ܰ ܗ ܕܝ ܕܘ‬
GXNDQR /  
ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ -
ьD\ULQDEXJDERьUHQR /HW·VORRNDWWKHRWKHU
/  VLGH
ܰ ܶ ، ܶ ܶ ‫܇‬
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K]HOD ь]\,  
KDUNHODOWDьNRьR]LWX %HORZ\RXFDQVHHWKH ‫ܘ‬ ܳ ܳ ‫ܰܚ‬ ܰ ܶ ‫ ܰܗܪ‬-
JX߂PRGs]FXUR /  ERG\RIDFKLOG ‫ܪ‬ ‫ܷܕܙ‬
ܰ‫ܐܝ ܰ ܪ‬ ܰ ܰ
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PD]UDFWR" /  WKHIDUP OLWKRZGLG\RX
VHHWKHIDUP "

ьUHQRIьUHWRSOьUHQH RWKHU ܶܶ ،‫ ܶܬ‬، ܶ


/ 

ь߂DPWR /  GLQQHU ܰ

ь߂DZWR /  PDWKV ‫ܰ ܬ‬


ь߂RZRSOь߂RZH /  ELOO
ܶܳ ، ܳ
ьXER I  /  ORYH 
ܶ
ьXʻURSOьXʻUH /  DVVRFLDWLRQXQLRQFOXE ‫݂ܕܪ‬ ، ‫݂ܕܪ‬
ьXOPRQR /  KHDOWK ܳ
ܶ ܳ
ьXOWRSOьXOWR߭H /  DXQW PRWKHU·VVLGH  ‫݂ܬ‬ ،
ьX߂DERSOьX߂DEH /  6XQGD\ZHHN
ܶܰ ، ܰ
ܶ ܳ ܰ
ьZDU߭RSOьZDU\R߭H IULHQG I  ݂ ‫ ܪ‬، ‫ܰ ݂ܪܬ‬
/ 

ь]LUsQ /  -XQH ‫ܷܢ‬


ь]LURSOь]LUH /  SLJ
ܶ ،
*/266$5<  

ь]R\R ,QIь]\,  /  VLJKWVHLQJ ܳ

,

LʻD /  LILQFDVH ݂ܰ ‫ܐ‬


LʻR I SOLʻR߭HLʻH /  KDQG ܶ ݂ ‫ ܐ‬، ܶ‫ ܐ ݂ ܳ ݂ܬ‬،(‫)ܐܬ‬
݂ ݂‫ܐ‬
LOsQ /  6HSWHPEHU ܷ ‫ܐ‬
LORQRSOLORQH /  WUHH
ܶ ܳ ‫ܐ‬، ܳ ‫ܐ‬

*M
ܰ ܰ
LQDTOD /  ZKHQ ‫ܐ‬
ܰ ܰ‫ܐ‬-
LQDTOD\R /  WKHQ
ܶ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ
LTDU߭RSOLTUR߭HLTDU\RᒸH IDPLO\ ݂ ‫ ܐ‬، ‫ ܐ ݂ܬ‬، ‫ܐ ܰ ݂ܬ‬
ܶܰ ܰ
LLTDU߭D߭H /  WKLVIDPLO\ ‫ ܐܝ ܐ ݂ܬ ݂ܬ‬-
L\\DU /  0D\ ܰ‫ܐـ‬

-

MsGGRSOMsGGRQH /  JUDQGIDWKHU ܶ ‫ ܷ ܳܕ‬، ‫ܷ ܕ‬

MLUDQSOMLUDQH /  QHLJKERXU ܶܰ ،‫ܰ ܢ‬


MRUHMsU\R²MDULMDU\R WRKDSSHQ ܰ ،‫ ܷ ܆ ܰ ܝ‬، ܶ ܳ
MU\,  
NRMRUHJ̑G߂HPXE\R߮R 'RDFFLGHQWVKDSSHQ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳ -
ܷ
ܶ
GDIIRT̑F\R߭H" /  ZKHQOLJKWLQJILUHZRUNV" ‫ܰܕܦ ܳ ܷ ܳ ݂ ؟‬
ܶ
MXORSOMXOH /  FORWK ،
ܳܶ ܰ ܶ
MXOHWDьWR\H /  XQGHUZHDU ‫ܬ‬ -

.

NDIRGZDUGH /  IORZHUERXTXHW ‫ܰܕܘ ܶܪܕ‬ ܰ


ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ
NDКDWSONDКDWDWND»DWH SDSHUZDOOSDSHU ݂ ،‫ ݂ ܬ‬، ݂ ܰ
/ 
 */266$5< 

NDOERSONDOEH /  GRJ


ܶ ܰ ، ܰ
ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ
NDOHNDOD /  WKHUH KH LVWKHUH VKH  ،
LV

NDPXGRINDP̑GWRSO GDUN FRORXU  ‫ܶܕ‬ ܰ ،‫ ܰ ܷ ܬ‬،‫ܕ‬ ܰ


NDPXGH / 

NDUPRSONDUPH /  YLQH\DUG


ܶ ܰ ، ܰ

NDU\RINUL߭RSONDU\H VKRUW ܶ ܰ ،݂ ، ܰ
/ 

ND߂R /  KRFNH\


ܰ
ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ
NDWIR I SONDWIR߭H VKRXOGHU ݂ ،(‫)ܐܬ‬
݂
/ 

ND\LZRIND\XWRSO VLFN
ܶ ‫ ܰ ـ ـ‬،‫ ܰ ܬ‬، ‫ܰ ـ‬
ND\LZH / 

NHIR I SONHIH /  VWRQH


ܶ ܶ ،(‫ܶ )ܐܬ‬
݂
NHZRSONHZH /  LOOQHVVSDLQGHVHDVH
ܶܶ ، ܶ
NHZRGXJDZR /  VWRPDFKSDLQ ܰ ‫ ܶ ܕܘ‬-
NHZRGXьD߅R /  EDFNSDLQ ܰ ‫ ܶ ܕܘ‬-
NHZRGXOHER /  KHDUWSDLQ
ܶ ‫ ܶ ܕܘ‬-

NsO\RQR SUREOHPKLQGHU ܳ ܷ
OD\WNsO\RQR /  WKHUHLVQRSUREOHP ܳ ܷ ܰ -

NsUH I SONsUDW /  UHQW ‫ ܷ ܰ ܬ‬،(‫)ܐܬ‬ ܶ


݂ ܷ
NsWSUHWVXI *E  WRKDYH  ܷ
ܰ
PsQZROL߭RNsWODLVNDOH" :KDWLVWKHIXQFWLRQRI ‫ܐܝ‬ ܷ ݂ ‫ ܶ ܷ ܳܘ‬-
/  WKHVNHOHWRQ" ‫ܰ ؟‬
ܶ ܳ -
NPR\ROXIHNsW[XEX +RZPDQ\VWXGHQWVGR ݂ ܷ
VsGUR" /  \RXKDYHLQWKHFODVV" ‫ܷ ܪ؟‬
NsW&RSXODDVVXIIL[ WREH  ܷ
*F*D  
*/266$5<  

FDOGNsW\RXOL߂RQD\ʻL %HFDXVHLWLVP\ ‫ܳܰ ܝ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ܷ‫ܕ‬ ܰ -


/  ODQJXDJH
FDOL߮sEOL߭R«NsWZD $WWKHWDEOH«WKHUH ... ݂ ܰ -
ܷ ‫ܐܝ‬
LTDU߭R+RODQGD\WR /  ZDVD'XWFKIDPLO\ ܰ ܰ ‫ܷ ܰܘ ܐ ܰ ݂ܬ ܳܗ‬
NLEH PVJ NLED FDQFRQVLVW
ܶ݁ ݁ ‫ ܰ ܇‬، ܶ
ܷ
IVJ SONsSSH 
L߂DWRNLEDWOs߭PRZ $\HDUFRQVLVWVRI ݂ ܷ‫ܰ ܬ‬ ܰ ‫ ܐܝ‬-
ܶ ܰ ‫ܘ ܷܐ ܝ‬ ܰ‫ܘ‬
ьDP߂RZs߂WL\DZPH /  GD\V
‫ܰ ܐܘ‬ ܰ ܳ‫݂ܟ ܐ‬ -
NLEX[REDWODQXь߂RZR" &DQZHKDYHWKHELOO
‫؟‬ ܳ
/  SOHDVH"

NLORSONLORZDW NLOR ‫ ܳ ܰܬ‬،


NLORZIDOJH /  RQHDQGDKDOINLOR ܶ ܰ‫ܘ‬ -
NLVRSONLVH /  EDJ
ܶ ،
NLWaNLWR *D  WKHUHLV
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NPR" /   +RZPDQ\"VRPH ‫؟‬
NQR߂R ,QINQ߂,  /  VZHHS ܳ
ܰ ، ܰ ‫܇‬ ܶ
NROHNXO\R²NDOLNDO\R WRVWRSWRZDLW ، ܳ
NO\, 

NRPRINsPWRSONRPH EODFN
ܶ ܳ ،
ܷ ، ܳ
NRQD߂NsQ߂R²NQs߂OH VZHHS ، ܶ ܷ ‫ ܷ ܇‬، ܰܳ
NQs߂OD NQ߂,  
ܰ
ܷ
ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ
NRNsQ߂LQDDVV߮DELOH :HVZHHSWKHVWDEOHV ‫ܐܣ ـ‬ ܷ -
/ 

NRQXQьDUR\R /  -DQXDU\


ܳܰ ‫ܳ ܢ‬

NRQXQTDPR\R /  'HFHPEHU ܳ ܰ ‫ܳ ܢ‬


 */266$5< 

NRUD[NXU[R²NDUs[ WRVHDUFKWRZDONDURXQG ݂ ܰ ،‫ܪ ݂ ܇ ܰ ܷ ݂ܟ‬ ،‫ܳ ܰ ݂ܟ‬


NDUL[R NU[,  
ܰ
PDZ[DD\NRGNRZsQ 7KHUHIRUHWKH\ORRN ݂ ‫ ܰ ݂ܰ ܐ ܕ ܳ ܷ ܢ ܳ ܪ‬-
NRNXU[LFDOьʻRʻH /  ܰ ݂ ‫݂ ܳ ݂ ܶܕ ܪ‬ ܰ
IRUHDFKRWKHUQR
PDWWHUZKHUHWKH\OLYH 

NRUHNXU\R²NDULNDU\R WREHFRPHVKRUW
ܰ ،‫ܪ ܇ ܰ ܝ‬ ،ܶ ܳ
NRUH WLPHV
ܶܳ
ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ
WDUWHNRUHNRьsOZLQDDW :HPLONWKHFRZVWZLFH ‫ܰ ܐܬ‬ ܷ ܳ ܳ ‫ ܬ ܶܪܬ‬-
ܰ
WDZUR߭H /  ‫ܬ ܳܘܪ ݂ܬ‬
NRVRSONRVH /  JODVVFXS
ܶ ܳ ، ܳ
NRVRGьDPUR /  DJODVVRIZLQH  ܰ‫ ܳ ܕ‬-
ܰ
NR߭DZNs߭ZR²N߭XOH WRZULWHWRUHJLVWHU ، ܶ ‫ ܷ ݂ ܘ ܇ ݂ ܘ‬،‫ܳ ݂ ܘ‬
N߭XOD N߭Z,  /
ܰ‫ܘ‬
 ݂
NR\DZND\ZR²ND\X WRKXUW LQWU 
ܰ ، ܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ،ܰܳ
ND\LZR N\Z,  

XUL߂RGORNR\DZOR $KHDGWKDWGRHVQRW ،ܰܳ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܪ‬-


NROR]DPOH߂X߂HIR /  KXUWGRHVQRWQHHGD ܶ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳ
EDQGDJH

NR\DZOHNR\DZOD² WRIDOOLOOWREHFRPHVLFN ، ܶ ܰ ‫ ܳܰ ܰ ܇‬، ܶ ܰܳ


ND\XOHND\XOD N\Z, 
ܰ ܰ

NUDZDSONUDZDW /  WLH ‫ ܰ ܰܘܬ‬، ‫ܰ ܰܘ‬


ܰ
N߭DZWR /  ZULWLQJWH[W ‫݂ ܘܬ‬
ܳ ܳ
N߭RZRSON߭RZH /  ERRN ‫ ݂ ܶܘ‬، ‫݂ ܘ‬
NXьOR /  H\HOLQHUPDNHXS

NXO /  HDFK ‫ܠ‬


ܶ ܶ ‫ܠ‬ -
NXOPHGH /  HYHU\WKLQJ
ܶ -
NXOOH /  DOORIWKHP
ܶ ܳ
NXOL߭RSONXO\R߭H /  NLGQH\ ݂ ،݂
*/266$5<  

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PD߮ED[SOPD߮HEs[ NLWFKHQ ، ݂ܰܰ ܰ ،݂ܷ ܶ ܰ ،݂ܰ ܰ
PD߮ED[DWPD߮ED[H / 
݂ܶ ܰ ܰ

PD߮sUPD߮LUR²PD߮sUOH WROHWIO\WROHWSDVVJRE\ ، ܶ ܷ ܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܰ


ܷ
PD߮sUOD ߮\U,,,  VOHHS 
ܰ ܰ
ܷ
PD߮UR /  UDLQ ܰ
 */266$5< 

PDZʻDFPDZʻFR² WRLQWURGXFHWRQRWLI\ ، ܶ ‫ ܰ ݂ܕ ܇ ܰ ݂ ܰܕ‬،‫ܰ ݂ ܰܕܥ‬


PDZʻDFOHPDZʻDFOD 
ܰ ‫ܰ ܰܕ‬
݂
઻ʻF,,,\ʻF  /  
ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫ܰܕ ܰܘܪ‬
EXGDZUDQR\DOsI LQWKLVFRXUVHKHOHDUQHG ‫ܐ ܰܪ‬ -
D\GDUERPDZʻDFUXьH KRZWRLQWURGXFHKLPVHOI ܶ ‫ܰ ݂ܕܥ ܪܘ‬
/ 

PDZORGRSOPDZORGH ELUWKELUWKGD\ ܶ ܳ ܰ ، ܳ ܰ
/  

XPDZORGD\ʻD[ \RXU I ELUWKGD\ ‫ ܐܘ ܰ ܳ ܰ ݂ ܰ ݂ܟ‬-


XPDZORGD\ʻX[ \RXU P ELUWKGD\ ‫ ܐܘ ܰ ܳ ܰ ݂ ݂ܘܟ‬-
ELUWKGD\
ܳ ܰ‫ܕ‬ ܰ -
\DZPRGPDZORGR

PDZTDʻPDZTʻR² EXUQ WU  ، ܶ ݂ܰ ܰ ‫݂ ܆‬ ܰ ،݂ ܰ ܰ


PDZTDʻOHPDZTDʻOD 
ܰ ݂ܰ ܰ
\Tʻ,,,  
QR߂HQR߂HNRPDZTʻL 6RPHSHRSOHJHWEXUQW ‫݂ܝ‬ ܰ ܳ ܶܳ ܶܳ -
UXьD\\H /  ܶ ‫ܪܘ ܰ ـ‬

PDZ߅HPDZ߅\R² WRRUGHUWRLQVWUXFW ، ܶ ‫ ܰ ܨ ܆ ܰ ܶܨ‬،ܷ ‫ܰ ܶܨ‬


PDZ߅HOHPDZ߅HOD
ܰ ‫ܰ ܶܨ‬
Z߅\,,,  / 

PDZWR P  GHDWK ‫ܰ ܬ‬
PDZ[D /  WKHUHIRUHVR
݂ܰ ܰ

PD[sIPD[LIR²PD[sIOH WRUHOLHYHWROLJKWHQ ، ܶ ܷ݂ ܰ ‫܇‬ ݂ ܰ ، ܷ݂ ܰ


PD[sIOD [\I,,,  / 
ܰ ݂ ܰ
 ܷ
PD\NR" /  )URPZKHUH" ‫؟‬ ܰ

PD]OR ,QI઻]O,  /  WULS ܰ

PD]UDFWR /  IDUP ‫ܰ ܰܪ‬


PED\QRIPED\DQWR VSHFLDOVSHFLILF
ܶ ܰ ، ܰܰ ، ܰ
SOPED\QH / 
*/266$5<  

PED\]DUPED\]UR² WREDUJDLQWRQHJRWLDWH ، ܶ ‫ܰ ܰܪ‬ ‫ܰ ܪ ܇‬ ،‫ܰ ܰܪ‬


PED\]DUOHPED\]DUOD 
ܰ ‫ܰ ܰܪ‬
E\]UE]U,,  /  

PED\]DUUHFDP߂sUNDW 7KH\QHJRWLDWHGZLWK ܰ ܷ ܰ ‫ܰ ܰ ܶܪܪܗ‬


-
КDODEH /  PDQ\FRPSDQLHV ܶ ܰ ܰ
݂
PFDODTPFDOTR² WRKDQJ ‫ ܰ ܇‬، ܰܰ
PFDODTOHPFDODTOD
ܰ ܰܰ ، ܶ ܰܰ

FOT,,  / 

PFDZDQPFDZQR² WRKHOSWRDVVLVWWRFDUH  ، ܶ ܰܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ،‫ܰ ܰ ܢ‬


PFDZDQOHPFDZDQOD
ܰ ܰܰ
FZQ,,  / 

PFD\DʻPFD\ʻR² WRFHOHEUDWHWR ، ܶ ݂ܰܰ ‫ܰ ݂ ܇‬ ،݂ ܰ ܰ


PFD\DʻOHPFD\DʻOD FRQJUDWXODWHVR
ܰ ݂ܰܰ
F\ʻ,,  6RWKDWWKH\ZLVKHDFK
OD߂DQGsPFD\ʻLьʻRʻH RWKHU+DSS\ (DVWHU  ‫ ܰ ܰ ܷܕ ܰ ݂ ܝ ݂ ܳ ݂ ܶܕ‬-
/  0HUU\&KULVWPDV 

PFD\DQPFD\QR² WRH[DPLQH ، ܶ ܰܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ،ܰܰ


PFD\DQOHPFD\DQOD 
ܰ ܰܰ
F\Q,,  
ܳ ‫ ܐܘ ܬܰ ݂ ܳ ܪ‬-
0S
XWD[WRUNRPFD\DQX 7KHGRFWRUH[DPLQHVWKH ‫ܰ ܰ ܐܘ‬
ND\LZR /  SDWLHQW . ‫ܰ ـ‬
PFD\DQD /  H[DPLQDWLRQ ܰܰܰ

PFD\DUPFD\UR² WRRUJDQLVHWRSODQWRVHW ، ܶ ܰܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܰܰ


PFD\DUOHPFD\DUOD WKHFORFN 
ܰ ܰܰ
F\U,,  
DQQDFLPHORPFD\DUUH 7KHFKLOGUHQKDYHQRW ܶ ܶ ‫ܰ ܰ ܶܪܗ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫ ܐܰܢ‬-
PHGH /  SODQQHGDQ\WKLQJ

PGDEDUPGDEUR² WRPDQDJHWRFRQWURO ، ܶ ܰܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܰܰ


PGDEDUOHPGDEDUOD 
ܰ ܰܰ
GEU,,  
 */266$5< 

XPXьRNRPGDEDUX 7KHEUDLQFRQWUROVWKH ‫ܰ ܰ ܐܘ‬ ܳ ‫ ܐܘ‬-


JX߂PRNXOH / ZKROHERG\
ܶ

PGDEURQR P  PDQDJHUFKDLUGLUHFWRU ܶܳ ܰ ،݂ ܳ ܰ ، ܳ ܰ
PGDEURQL߭R I SO
PGDEURQH / 

PGDU߂X߭R /  WUDLQLQJ ‫ܰܪ ݂ܬ‬


PGDZDPPGDZPR² WRFRQWLQXHWRODVWWRWDNH  ، ܶ ‫ܰ ܰܘ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܰ ܘ‬،‫ܰ ܰܘܡ‬
PGDZDPOHPGDZDPOD
ܰ ‫ܰ ܰܘ‬
GZP,,  / 

PGD\ORQRIPGD\ORQL߭R ZDLWHUVWHZDUGIZDLWUHVV
ܶ ܳ ܰ ،݂ ܳ ܰ ، ܳ ܰ
PGD\ORQH / 

PHGHSOPHGRQH /  VRPHWKLQJWKLQJVRPH ܶ ܳ ܶ ،ܶ ܶ


PHGHьUHQR / 
ܶ ܶ ܶ -
VRPHWKLQJHOVH

PHQH /  IURPKLP


ܶܶ

PHTsP /  EHIRUHDJR ܷ ܶ


PsGGH /  SHULRGRIWLPHWLPH  ‫ܷ ܶܕ‬
PsIUD߂PsIUR߂R²IUL߂ WRVHSDUDWH LQWU  ، ‫܇‬ ܳ ܰ
ܷ ،‫ܷ ܫ‬
IUL߂R IU߂,S 

PsI߅DKPsI߅RьR²I߅Lь WRHQMR\WREHKDSS\ ، ‫܇‬ ܳ ܷ ،‫ܷ ܰܚ‬


I߅LьR /  I߅ь,S   ܶ ܰܰ ܰ ‫ـ ـ‬
I߅LьLQDEL]\DUD߭H /  :HKDYHHQMR\HGWKLV ‫ܙ ݂ܬ‬ -
YLVLW
ܰ ܰ
PsIWDNDUPsIWDNUR² WRWKLQN ‫܆‬ ܷ ، ܰ ܷ
ܰ ܰܰ ܶ ܰ
PsIWDNDUOHPsIWDNDUOD ܷ ، ܰ ܷ
/  IWNU 

Psь]DQPsь]RQR²ь]LQ WREHVDGWREHPRXUQIXO ، ‫ ܷ ܳ ܆‬،‫ܷ ܰ ܢ‬


ь]LQR ь]Q,S  

ORPsь]RQDW /  'RQ·WEHVDG ܰܳ ܷ -


*/266$5<  

Psь]HPsь]R\R²ьD]L WREHVHHQ ܰ ،‫ ܷ ܳ ܇ ܰ ܝ‬، ܶ ܷ


ьD]\R ь]\,S  
OD߂DQXVXUJRʻRPsь]H ,QRUGHUWRKDYHDQLFH ܶ ܷ ݂ ܳ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ ܰ ܰ ܐܘ‬-
ܶܳ ܶ
߂DILURNRPDьWLQDHEH FDOHQGDUZHGHFRUDWHLW ‫ܰ ܐ ܶ ܨ ܷܪܬ ݂ܬ‬ ܰ ܳ ، ܰ
߅sUWR߭H /  ZLWKSLFWXUHV

PsMКDOPsMКROR²MКLO VSHDNWDON ‫݂ܳ ܇‬ ܷ ، ݂ܰ ܷ


MКLOR SUHWP̑MКHOH  ݂ ، ݂
P̑MКHOD MКO,S  /   ( ݂ ܷ ، ܶ ݂ܶ ܷ )
ܰ ܶ
ORPsMКRODWD߂߂XURQH 'RQ·WVSHDNZDOOVKDYH ܶ ‫ ܷ ܳ ݂ ܰ ܐܰܫ ܳܪ‬-
ܰ ܶ
NsWWHDʻQH /  HDUV . ܶ ‫ܷ ܬܗ ݂ܐܕ‬
PsMКDOOHFDP߂sUNDW 7KH\VSRNHZLWKPDQ\
ܰ ܷ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܷ -
݂
КDODEH /  FRPSDQLHV
ܶ ܰ ܰ
݂
ܳ ܰ
P̑N߭DZP̑N߭RZR² WREHZULWWHQWREH ، ݂ ‫ ܷ ݂ ܘ ܆‬،‫ܷ ݂ ܘ‬
N߭LZN߭LZR N߭Z,S  UHJLVWHUHG ݂
/  
ܰ
D\\DZPHGDььX߂DEH 7KH6XQGD\V)HDVWDQG ‫ ܰܕܥ‬، ܶ ܰ ‫ ܐܝ ܶ ܰܕܚ‬-
ܳ
GDFFHʻHZGDEED߮ORQH +ROLGD\VDUHZULWWHQLQ ‫ܶ ݂ ܰܘܕܒ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܷ ݂ ܘܝ‬
NRPsN߭RZLEJDZQR UHG ܳ ܶ ܰ
VHPRTR / 

PsO\XQSOPsO\XQH PLOOLRQ ܶ ܷ ،‫ܢ‬ ܷ


0S
/ 
ܰ ‫ܳ ܇‬ ܶ
PsPOHPsPOR\R²PDOL WREHFRPHIXOO ، ܷ ، ܷ
PDO\R PO\,S  /  ܰ

PDO\RLGXNDQR
ܰ ‫ܐܝ ܕܘ‬ ܰ -
WKHVKRSLVIXOO ZLWKFORWKHV 

PsQ /  ZKDW ܷ


PsQьUHQR" /  :KDWHOVH"6RPHWKLQJHOVH" ‫ܶ ؟‬ ܷ -
PsTTD" /  +RZPXFK" ‫ܷ ܰ ؟‬
ܳ ܰ
PsT߮DFPsT߮RFR²T߮LF WREHFXWRIIWRJHW ، ‫܇‬ ܷ ، ܷ
T߮LFR T߮F,S  /  GLVFRQQHFWHG
 */266$5< 

ܰ ܶ ܰ
Ps߂WDFHPs߂WDF\R² WRSOD\ ‫܇‬ ܷ ، ܷ
Ps߂WDFHOHPH߂WDFHOD
ܰܶ ܰ ܶܶ ܰ
ܷ ، ܷ
߂WF\  / 
ܰ
Ps߂WDZWIRQRI SDUWLFLSDQW ، ܳ ‫ܘܬ‬ ܷ
ܰ
Ps߂WDZWIRQL߭R ، ݂ ܳ ‫ܘܬ‬ ܷ
SOPs߂WDZWIRQH / 
ܶ ܳ ‫ܰ ܘܬ‬ ܷ
ܶ ܳܰ
Ps߂WX߭RSOPs߂WDZR߭H ZHGGLQJ ‫ܘ ݂ܬ‬ ܷ ، ‫݂ܘܬ‬ ܷ
/ 

Ps߭QDьPs߭QRьR²߭QLь WRUHVW RQHVHOI  ، ݂ܳ ܷ ، ݂ܰ ܷ


‫܆ ݂ܬ‬
߭QLьR ߭Qь,S  /  ‫݂ܬ‬
PIDODКPIDOКR² WRVKDUHGLVWULEXWH ‫ ܰ ݂ ܇‬،݂ ܰ ܰ
PIDODКOHPIDODКOD
ܰ ܰ ܰ ، ܶ ܰ ܰ
 ݂ ݂
IOК,,  
ܶ ‫ܐܰܕ ܕ‬ ܰ ܰ
PIDODККHDGG̑߂QH 7KH\GLVWULEXWHGWKH ݂ܶ ݂ -
/  SUHVHQWV

PIDQHPIDQ\R² WRDQVZHU ، ܶܶܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ،ܶܰ


PIDQHOHPIDQHOD IQ\,, 
ܰܶܰ

/ 

PIDTDVPIDTVR² WRDSSODXGWRFODS ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܰܰ


PIDTDVOHPIDTDVOD 
ܰ ܰܰ ، ܶ ܰܰ
ITV,, 

PIDUTDFPIDUTFR² WROLJKW ILUHZRUNV WR ‫܆‬ ܰ ، ܰ ܰ


PIDUTDFOHPIDUTDFOD H[SORGH WU 
ܰ ܰ ܰ ، ܶ ܰ ܰ
IUTF  
ܰ ܰ ܳ -
NRPIDUTFLDI 7KH\OLJKWWKHLU ‫ܐܦ‬
ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳ
IRT̑F\R߭D߭߭H /  ILUHZRUNV ‫ܷ ݂ ݂ܬ ݂ܬܗ‬
PКD\DUPКD\UR²PКD WRFKDQJH ‫ ݂ܰ ܇‬، ܰ ݂ܰ
\DUOHPКD\DUOD К\U,,  
ܰ ܰ ܰ ، ܶ ܰ ܰ
݂ ݂
ORPКD\DUOHXIsNUD\ʻH +HGLGQRWFKDQJHKLV ܶ‫ܰ ݂ ܰ ܶ ܐܘ ܷ ܰ ݂ ܗ‬ -
RSLQLRQ
*/266$5<  

PKDOD[PKDO[R² WRZDONWRJRRQIRRWWR ‫ ܰ ݂ ܇‬،݂ܰ ܰ


ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ
PKDOD[OHPKDOD[OD GULYH FDU  LQWU  VKRS  ݂ ، ݂ܰ ܰ
KO[,,, VPDOD[ WRGRJRRGEXVLQHVV

PKDQHPKDQ\R² WRFRQJUDWXODWH ، ܶܶܰ ‫܆‬ ܰ ،ܶ ܰ


PKDQHOHPKDQHOD KQ\
ܰܶܰ
,,  / 

PьDʻDUPьDʻUR² WRSUHSDUH ، ܶ ‫ܰ ݂ ܰܪ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܪ ܇‬ ،‫ܰ ݂ ܰܪ‬


PьDʻDUOHPьDʻDUOD
ܰ ‫ܰ ݂ ܰܪ‬

ьʻU,,  /  
ܳ
NROR]DPPьDʻURQRL , I KDYHWRSUHSDUH
ܰ ‫ܰ ݂ ܳܪ ܐܝ‬ ‫ ܳ ܰܡ‬-
ь߂DPWR /  GLQQHU / 

PьDODIPьDOIR² WRFKDQJHWRH[FKDQJHWR ‫܇‬ ، ܰܰ ܰ


PьDODIOHPьDODIOD ьOI,,  UHSODFH
ܰ ܰܰ ، ܶ ܰܰ

PьDODTPьDOTR² WRWKURZWRMXPS ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܰܰ


PьDODTOHPьDODTOD ܰ ܰܰ ، ܶ ܰܰ
ьOT,,  * 

PьD߂ZRQRI FDVKLHU ݂ ܳ ܰ ، ܳ ܰ
PьD߂ZRQL߭R / 

PьD߮RSOPьD߮H /  QHHGOHLQMHFWLRQYDFFLQDWLRQ


ܶ ܰ
، ܰ 0S
ܶ
PьLORIPьsOWRSO ZHDN ، ܷ ،
PьLOH / 

PLED߮PLER߮R²EL߮EL߮R WRH[SORGH LQWU WROLJKW ، ‫܆‬ ܳ ، ܰ


E\߮,S  LQWU 
EUL߂DG߂DWRNRPLED߮ 'XULQJ1HZ<HDU·V(YH ܰ ܳ ܰ‫ܰ ܕ‬ -
ܶ ܳ ܳ
IRTsF\R߭H /  ILUHZRUNVDUHEHLQJOLW . ݂ ܷ
PLFD\DQPLFD\QR² WREHH[DPLQHG ،ܰܰ ‫ ܰ ܆‬،ܰܰ
PFD\DQPFD\QR
ܰ
F\Q,,S  / 

PLʻDFPLʻRFR²LʻLF WREHNQRZQ ، ݂ ‫݂ܳ ܇ ܐ‬ ،‫݂ ܰܥ‬


LʻLFR ઻ʻF,S   ݂‫ܐ‬
 */266$5< 

LLTDU߭D߭HNRPLʻRFREX 7KLVIDPLO\LVNQRZQE\
ܳ ܶ‫ ܐܝ ܐ ܰ ݂ܬܰ ݂ܬ‬-
݂ܳ
s߂PRG%H0DUDZJH /  WKHQDPH%H0DUDZJH ܶ ‫ܕ ܶ ܰ ܰܘ‬ ‫ܷܐ‬
PLG̑TPLGRTR²GLT WREHNQRFNHGWREH ‫ ܕ‬، ‫ ܳ ܇ ܕ‬،‫ܷ ܩ‬
GLTR G\T,3  SUHVVHGWREHUXQJ
GLTX]DJRGXED\WR 7KHKRPHEHOOZDVUXQJ . ܰ ‫ܕܘ‬ ‫ܐܘ ܰܙ‬ ‫ܕ‬-
PLʻHG /  EHFDXVH ‫݂ ܶܗ ܕ‬
PLIDODКPLIDOКR²IOLК WREHGHYLGHG ‫ܰ ݂ ܇‬ ،݂ ܰ ܰ
IOLКR IOК,S  /  ݂ ،݂
PLJDZODFPLJDZOFR² QDXVHD ‫܆‬ ܰ ، ܰ ܰ
PJDZODFPJDZOFR  ܰ ، ܰ ܰ
JZOF,,S  
OHELNRPLJDZODF /  ,IHHOQDXVHD
ܰ ܶ - ܰ ܳ

PLьDZDOPLьDZOR² WREHPRYHGWREH ‫ ܰ ܆‬،‫ܰ ܰ ܠ‬


PьDZDOPьDZOR ьZO,,S  WUDQVIHUUHG ܰ ،‫ܰ ܰ ܠ‬
ܰ
X$EURK̑PPьDZDOOX $EURK̑PZDVPRYHGWR ‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܳ ܷܗܡ ܰ ܰ ܠ‬-
WKHKRVSLWDO
ܶ ݂ ܶ
EH߭NULKH / 

PLUIPLUR SUHWHULWHV WREHVDLG ،


PLWDZPDU  ઻PU,S  
ܶܶ
PLUHOH /  LWZDVVDLGWRKLP -
PLTDZDPPLTDZPR² RYHUZKHOPHG E\DQ ،‫ܰ ܰ ܡ‬ ‫܆‬ ܰ ،‫ܰ ܰ ܡ‬
PTDZDPPTDZPR DFFLGHQWLOOQHVVHWF 
ܰ ܰ
TZP,,S FDO 
ܰ
D߭PsOPTDZPRFDOX <HVWHUGD\$EURK̑P ‫ܰ ܘ‬ ܰ ܷ ‫ ܐ ݂ܬ‬-
ܰ
$EURKsP /  EHFDPHLOO ‫ܐ ܳ ܷܗܡ‬
ܰ ܰ
PLWDGFDUPLWDGDFUR² WREHUHWXUQHG ‫܆‬ ‫ܰܕ‬ ،ܰ‫ܕ‬
ܰ ܰ
PWDGFDUPWDGDFUR ‫ܰܕ‬ ،ܰ‫ܕ‬
GFU,,,S  / 
ܰ ܶ ܰ
PLWDKZHPLWDKZ\R² WREHJLYHQ ‫ܗܘ ܆‬ ، ‫ܗܘ‬
ܰ ܶ ܰ
PWDKZHPWDKZ\R ‫ܗܘ‬ ، ‫ܗܘ‬
RE\KZ\,,,S VKLZ
*/266$5<  

ܰ ܰ
PLWDNDZPLWDNLZR² WRJHWKXUW ‫܇‬ ، ܰ
ܰ ܰ
PWDNDZPWDNLZR  ، ܰ
N\Z,,,S  /  
ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫ ܐܰܓ‬-
DJJDUPHNRQs߮ULDK 7KHERQHVSURWHFWWKH
‫ܝ ܐܗ‬ ܷܳ
KDGRPHJDZR\H RUJDQH  LQQHURUJDQVRIWKHERG\VR ‫ܶ ( ܕܘ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܗ ܳܕ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܶ )ܐܳܪ‬
ܰ ܰ ܰ
GXJX߂PRGORPLWDNLZL WKDWWKH\GRQRWJHWKXUWLI
‫ܝܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬
LQDTODGьDTR\D߭E RQHEXPSVLQWRVRPHWKLQJ ݂ ‫ܕܰ ܳ ݂ܰ ܘ‬
GXN߭R / 
ܰ ܰ
PLWDZEDOPLWDZEOR² WREHFDUULHGDZD\WREH ‫܆‬ ‫ܘ‬ ، ܰ‫ܘ‬
ܰ ܰ
PWDZEDOPWDZEOR EURXJKW ‫ܘ‬ ، ܰ‫ܘ‬
઻EO,,,S  
ܳ ܰ ܰ ‫ܰܘ‬
PWDZEDOOXWD[WRU /  KHZDVEURXJKWWRWKH ‫ܬ݂ ܪ‬ -
GRFWRU
ܰ ܰ
PL߮DNDVPL߮DNVR² WRJHWRUJDQLVHGJHW ‫܆‬ ، ܰ
ܰ ܰ
P߮DNDVP߮DNVR ߮NV,,S  HVWDEOLVKHG ، ܰ
/ 

PMDUDEPMDUER² WRWU\ ‫܇‬ ܰ ،‫ܰ ܰ ܒ‬


PMDUDEOHPMDUDEOD 
ܰ ܰ ܰ ، ܶ ܰ ܰ
MUE,,  /  , I ZLOOJRDQGWU\LW
ND]]LPMDUEDOOH /  GUHVV 
ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ
‫ ܙܙܝ‬- 0S
PMDZDEPMDZER² WRDQVZHUWRUHSO\ ‫܇‬ ܰ ،‫ܰ ܰ ܒ‬
PMDZDEOHPMDZDEOD 
ܰ ܰ ܰ ، ܶ ܰ ܰ
MZE,,  
ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳ -
QR߂RORPMDZDEOHDFOL 1RRQHUHSOLHGWRPH ‫ܐ‬
PNDPDOPNDPOR² WRILQLVKWRFRPSOHWH ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܷ ܰ
PNDPHOHPNDPHOD 
ܰ ܶ ܰ ، ܶ ܶ ܰ
NPO,,  /  
ܶ ܳ ܰ ‫ ܐܰܗ ܰܗ ܳܕ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܘ‬-
DKKDGRPHEDUR\HZ 7KHH[WHUQDODQGLQWHUQDO
‫݂ ܳ ݂ ܶܕ‬ ܰ ܳ
JDZR\HNRPNDPOLьʻRʻH RUJDQVFRPSOHWHHDFK
/  RWKHU

PNDVHPNDV\R² WRFRYHU ، ܶ ܶ ܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܶ ܰ


 */266$5< 

PNDVHOHPNDVHOD NV\,, 
ܰ ܶ ܰ
/ 

PQDTHPQDT\R² WRFKRRVH  ، ܶ ܶܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܶܰ


PQDTHOHPQDTHOD
ܰ ܶܰ

QT\,,  / 

PRьHP̑ь\R²PьHOH WREHDWWRKLW ، ܶܶ ܷ ،ܶ ܳ
‫܇‬
PьHOD Pь\,  
ܰܶ
7KH\IRXJKWDQGKLWHDFK
ܶ ܰ ‫ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܘ‬-
PTDWDOOHZPьDOOHOs
ьʻRʻH RWKHU ‫ܷ ݂ ܶ ݂ ܶܕ‬
PRGD I SOPRGDW IDVKLRQ ‫ ܳ ܰ ܬ‬،(‫)ܐܬ‬
݂ ܰ ܳ
/ 

PRODIPsOIR²PRODIOH WRWHDFK ، ܶ ܰ ܳ ‫܇‬ ܰ


ܷ ، ܳ
PRODIOD \OI,,,  /  
ܰ ܰ ܳ

PRURSOPRUH /  RZQHU


ܶ ܳ ، ܳ
ܰ ، ܰ ‫܇‬ ܶ
PR߮HP̑߮\R²PD߮L WRDUULYHWRULSHQ IUXLW  ܷ ، ܳ
PD߮\R P߮\,  
X$EURK̑PPD߮LOX ܰ ‫ ܐܘ ܐܰ ܳ ܳܗܡ‬-
$EURK̑PKDVDUULYHGDW
ED\WR ܰ
KRPH

PR\DGPD\GR²PsGOH WRWDNH  ، ܶ ܷ ‫܇‬ ܰ ،ܰ ܳ


PsGOD P\G,  / 
ܰ
 ܷ
LQDTOD\R JsGPD\GDOOH
ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ‫ܐ‬-
7KHQ, I ZLOOWDNHLW ܷ ܰ
XIsV߮DQ  /  WKHGUHVV  ( ܷ)
PSDUNDUPSDUNUR² WRSDUN ‫ ݁ܰ ܷ ܇‬، ܰ ܰ݁
PSDUNDUOHPSDUNDUOD
ܰ ܰ ܰ݁ ، ܶ ܰ ܰ݁
SUNU  * 

PTDEsO G  /  DJDLQVWRSSRVLWH (‫)ܕ‬ ܷ ܰ


PTDIHPTDI\R² WRILQG /  ، ܶ ܶ ܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܶ ܰ
PTDIHOHPTDIHOD TI\,, 
ܰ ܶ ܰ


PTDUDZ²PTDUDZOH WRFHOHEUDWHWKHPDVV
ܶ ‫ܰ ܰܘ‬ ‫ܰ ܰܘ ܇‬
*/266$5<  

TUZ,,,  SULHVW 
ܰ ܰ
PTDWDOPTDWOR² DUJXHILJKW ‫܇‬ ،‫ܰ ܠ‬
PTDWHOHPTDWHOD TWO,, 
ܰ ܶ ܰ ، ܶ ܶ ܰ

PVDIDUPVDIUR² WRWUDYHO ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܰ ܰ


PVDIDUOHPVDIDUOD VIU,, 
ܰ ܰ ܰ ، ܶ ܰ ܰ
* 

PVDPDьPVDPьR² WRIRUJLYH  ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܰ ܰ


PVDPDьOHPVDPDьOD 
ܰ ܰ ܰ ، ܶ ܰ ܰ
VPь,,  *  
$ььDZURQHPVDPDььH 7KHIULHQGVKDYHIRUJLYHQ ܶ‫ܰ ܰ ـ‬ ܶ ‫ ܐܰܚ ܰ ܳܪ‬-
ьʻRʻH HDFKRWKHU . ‫݂ ܳ ݂ ܶܕ‬
P߅DZDUP߅DZUR² WRGUDZWRSDLQWWR ، ܶ ‫ܰ ܰܘܪ‬ ‫ܰ ܘܪ ܇‬ ،‫ܰ ܰܘܪ‬
P߅DZDUOHP߅DZDUOD SKRWRJUDSK
ܰ ‫ܰ ܰܘܪ‬
߅ZU,, 

P߂DPDVP߂DPVR² WRVXQEDWK ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܰ ܰ


P߂DPDVOHP߂DPDVOD 
ܰ ܰ ܰ ، ܶ ܰ ܰ
߂PV,,  / 

P߂DUHP߂DU\R²P߂DUHOH WRVWDUWWREHJLQ ، ܶ ܶܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ،ܶ ܰ


P߂DUHOD ߂U\,,  / 
ܰ ܶܰ
0S
P߂DWVRQRIP߂DWVRQL߭R IRXQGHU ،݂ ܳ ܰ ، ܳ ܰ
SOP߂DWVRQH / 
ܶܳ ܰ

P߂D\DOP߂D\OR² WRDVN ، ܶܶܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܰܰ


P߂D\HOHP߂D\HOD ߂\O,,  
ܰܶܰ
‫݂ܟ‬ ܰܰ -
NLELP߂D\DOQROX[ &DQ, P DVN\RX
PHGH" /  VRPHWKLQJ" ‫ܶ ؟‬
ܶ
ܰ ܰ
PWDOIDQPWDOȊQR² WRFDOO ‫ܷ ܇‬ ، ܰ
ܰ ܰ ܰ ، ܶ ܰ
ܰ
PWDOIDQOHPWDOIDQOD 
WOIQ  

PH]DEQRO]DEQR )URPWLPHWRWLPHWKH\ ܰ ‫ ܶ ܰܙ‬-


ܰ ܳ
NRPWDOIsQLOsьʻRʻH /  FDOOHDFKRWKHU ‫ܷ ݂ ܳ ݂ ܶܕ‬ ܷ
 */266$5< 

ܰ ܰ
P߮DNDVP߮DNVR² WRDUUDQJHWRRUJDQLVH ‫܇‬ ، ܰ
P߮DNDVOHP߮DNDVOD
ܰ ܰܰ ، ܶ ܰ
ܰ
WNV,,  / 

PXьRSOPXьH /  EUDLQ ܶ ،


PXNOR ,QI઻NO, SO IRRGGLVK
ܶ ܳ ،
PXNORQH /  
PXNORьDUR\R /  GHVVHUW
ܳܰ -
PXNORUL߂R\R /  PDLQGLVK ܳ ‫ܪ‬ -
PXNOR߂DUZR\R /  DSSHWL]HU ‫ܰ ܳܘ‬ -
PXUR\RSOPXUR\H FRPSHWLWLRQSOD\ ܶ ‫ܳܪ‬ ، ‫ܳܪ‬
/  WRXUQDPHQW

PX]RSOPX]H EDQDQD ‫ܶܙ‬ ،‫ܙ‬


PYD\D]PYD\]R WRDSSO\IRUYLVDWRJHWD ، ܶ ܰ ݂ܰ ‫܇‬ ݂ܰ ، ܰ ݂ܰ
YLVD
ܰ ܰ ݂ܰ
PYD\D]OHPYD\D]OD
*  
ܶ ܳ
P[LUX߭RSOP[sUZR߭H HQJDJHPHQW ‫݂ ܷ ܘ ݂ܬ‬ ، ‫݂ ݂ܘܬ‬
/  V߮ORER 

P६LGRIP६̑GWRSO ODLGRXWVWUHFKHG ܶ ̰ ، ‫ܷ ̰ܕܬ‬ ، ̰


P६LGH / 

1

QD ZHDUH FRSXODSO  ܰ

QDFLPRIQDFsPWRSO FKLOGVPDOO
ܶ ܰ ، ܷܰ ، ܰ
QDFLPH // 

QDI߂R VUXьR  VRXOVSLULWSHUVRQVHOI ܰ


QDI߂HQDI߂D KLPVHOIKHUVHOI ܰ ܰ ، ܶ ܰ -
PD[OD߅QDI߂H /   WKDW KHVDYHVKLPVHOI ܶ ܰ ܰ ݂ ܰ -
KHUHWRPDVWH UDODQJXDJH 
*/266$5<  

QDь߂RSOQDь߂H /  VWUHWFKHU ܰ

QH WKH\DUH FRSXODSO  ܶ

QsV\RQRSOQsV\RQH H[SHULHQFH
ܶܳ ܷ ، ܳ ܷ
/ 

QьLURSOQьLUH /  QRVH


ܶ ،
QLVsQ /  $SULO ܷ
QL߂DQSOQL߂DQH HQJDJHPHQWHQJDJHPHQW
ܶܰ ،ܰ
SDUW\

QL߂RSOQL߂H JRDOWDUJHW ܶ ،
QL߂RUL߂R\R /  PDLQJRDO ܳ ‫ܪ‬ -
QR ,DP FRSXODVJ 
ܰ ، ܷ ܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ
QRIDOQsIOR²QDIsO WRIDOOWRIDOOGRZQ ܷ ، ܳ
QDILOR QIO,  / 
ܰ ، ܷ ܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ
QRIDTQsITR²QDIsT WRFRPHRXWWRGHSDUWWR ܷ ، ܳ
QDILTR QIT,  /  OHDYHWREHSXEOLVKHG
EX߂XUR\RGNXO߂DWR $WWKHEHJLQQLQJRIHDFK ܰ ‫ܳܪ ܕ ܠ‬ -
݂ ܰ ݂ ܳ ‫ܪ‬ ܰܳܳ
0S
NRQRIDTVXUJRʻRьD߭R \HDUDQHZFDOHQGHUFRPHV
/  RXW

QRTDьQsTьR²QTsьOH WRVPHOO ، ܶ ܷ ‫܇‬ ܷ ، ܰܳ


QTsьOD QTь,  / 
ܰ
ܷ
QRTDOQsTOR²QTLOH WRPRYHWRUHORFDWH ،ܶ ‫܇‬ ܷ ، ܰܳ
QTLOD QTO,  / 
ܰ

QRTDUQsTUR²QDTsU WRSDLQWRGULOO ܰ ، ܷܰ ‫܆‬ ܷ ، ܰܳ


QDTLUR QTU,  
UL߂LNRQRTDU / 
ܰܳܳ ‫ܪ‬-
,KDYHDKHDGDFKH

QRTs߅ /  OHVVIHZHU ܷܳ


QR߂RSOQR߂H /  SHUVRQKXPDQSOSHRSOH ܶܳ ، ܳ
 */266$5< 

ܰ
QR߮DUQs߮UR²Q߮sUOH WRSURWHFWWRZDLW ، ܶ ܷ ‫܇‬ ܷ ، ܳ
Q߮sUOD Q߮U,  / 
ܰ
ܷ
ܰ
QR߮DUQDZIR /  JRDONHHSHU ، ܰ ܳ
TDOFDɟLSOTDOFDɟL\H ܶ ̰ ܰ ܰ ،̰ ܰ ܰ

QR\DьQD\ьR²QD\sь WRKHDO LQWU  ܰ ، ܷܰ ‫܆‬ ܰ ، ܰܳ


QD\LьR Q\ь,  
ܶ
ORQD\sьOH /  +HGLGQRWJHWZHOO ܷܰ -
QTRьR ,QIQTь,  /  VPHOOLQJ
ܳ

QTRUR ,QIQTU,  /  SDLQ


ܳ
ܰ
QTRURGLDʻQR HDUSDLQ ‫ ܳ ܕܝ ݂ܐܕ‬-
QTRURGXFDU߂R WRRWKSDLQ
ܰ ‫ ܳ ܕܘ‬-
QTRURGXUL߂R KHDGDFKH ‫ ܳ ܕܘ ܪ‬-

2
ܳ
RE /  $XJXVW ‫ܐܒ‬
ܰ ܰ ܳ
REDFsEFR²DEsFDELFR WRZDQW ‫ܐ‬، ܷ‫܇ܐ‬ ‫ ܷܐ‬، ܰ ‫ܐ‬
઻EF,  / 

REHRER²KXOHKXOD WRJLYH 
ܰ ‫ ܗܘ‬، ܶ ‫ ܐܳ ܳ ܇ ܗܘ‬، ܶ ܳ‫ܐ‬
઻E\\KE,  /  
&DQ\RXJLYHXVWKHELOO ‫ܰ ܐܘ‬ ܰ ܳ‫݂ܟ ܐ‬ -
NLEX[REDWODQX
SOHDVH" ‫؟‬ ܳ
ь߂RZR" / 

KDZOL /  *LYHPH ,PSHUDWLYHVJ  ‫ ܰܗܘ‬-


 WKDW KHVRFLDOLVHVZLWK
ܰ ܰ ܳ ‫ ܐܳ ܶ ܘ‬-
REHZ߂RTDOFDP / 
ܳ
RʻDU /  0DUFK ‫݂ܐ ܰܕܪ‬
ܰ ܰ ܳ
RʻDFsʻFR²DʻsFDʻLFR WRNQRZWRUHDOLVHWREH ‫ ݂ܐܕ‬،‫ ܷ ݂ܐܕ ܇ ܐ݂ ܷܕܥ‬،‫݂ܐ ܰܕܥ‬
઻ʻF,  /  DZDUHRI
*/266$5<  

RPDUsPPR²PsUOH WRVD\ ، ܶ ܷ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܷܐ‬، ܰ ܳ‫ܐ‬


PsUOD ઻PU,  / 
ܰ
 ܷ
ܰ ܰ ‫ܰܗ‬ -
KDPDPDU /  DOPRVWDURXQG\RXFDQVD\
ܳ
RQR /  , ‫ܐ‬
ܳ ܰ ܳ
RV\RWD[WRU /  GRFWRU ‫ܪ‬ ݂‫܆ ܬ‬ ‫ܐ‬
ܶ ܰ‫ܕ‬ ܳ ܰ ܳ
RV\RWD[WRUGDFFDU߂H GHQWLVW ‫ܪ‬ ݂‫ܬ‬ ‫ܐ ܆‬ -
ܶ ܰ‫ܕ‬ ܳ ܰ ܳ
RV\RWD[WRUGDFFD\QH RSKWKDOPRORJLVW ‫ܪ‬ ݂‫ܬ‬ ‫ܐ ܆‬ -
ܶ ܰܰ‫ܕ‬ ܳ ܰ ܳ
RV\RWD[WRUGL VXUJHRQ ‫ܪ‬ ݂‫ܬ‬ ‫ܐ ܆‬ -
FDPDOL\H 
SV\FKRORJLVW ܰ ‫ ܐܳ ܆ ܬܰ ݂ ܳ ܪ ܕ‬-
RV\RWD[WRUGLQDI߂R
FRQVXOWDQWVSHFLDOLVW ܳ ܳ ‫ ܐܳ ܆ ܬܰ ݂ ܳ ܪ ܕ‬-
RV\RWD[WRUGLORQR\R
JHQHUDOSUDFWLWLRQHU ܰ ‫ ܐܳ ܆ ܬܰ ݂ ܳ ܪ ܕ‬-
RV\RWD[WRUGXED\WR
RV\RWD[WRUGXJDOGR GHUPDWRORJLVW ܰ ‫ ܐܳ ܆ ܬܰ ݂ ܳ ܪ ܕ‬-
FDUGLRORJLVW
ܶ ‫ ܐܳ ܆ ܬܰ ܳ ܪ ܕܘ‬-
RV\RWD[WRUGXOHER ݂
LQWHUQLVW ܳ ܰ ‫ ܐܳ ܆ ܬܰ ݂ ܪ‬-
ܳ
RV\RWD[WRUJDZR\R
ܰ ܰ ܶܳ
R߭Hs߭\R²D߭LD߭\R WRFRPH ‫ ܐ ݂ܬ‬،‫ ܷܐ ݂ܬ ܇ ܐ ݂ܬܝ‬، ‫ܐ ݂ܬ‬
઻߭\,  
ܰ + ܶ‫ ܐܳ ݂ܬ‬-
R߭HFDO WRILWWRORRN FORWKLQJ 
ܶ ܰ ܰ ‫ܰܙܪ‬ ܰ ‫ ܐܘ‬-
XJDZQR]DUTRКDODEH 7KHFRORXUEOXHORRNVYHU\ ݂ ܰ ܶ
NR߭HDFOD[ /  QLFHRQ\RX ݂ ܰ ‫݂ܬ ܐ‬
ܶܳ ܳ
R߭R I SOR߭H /  IODJVLJQV\PERO ‫ ܐ ݂ܬ‬، ‫ܐ ݂ܬ‬
ܰ ݂ ، ܶ ܳ
R[DOX[OR²[LOH[LOD WRHDW ݂ ‫ ܐܘ ݂ ܇‬، ܰ ݂ ‫ܐ‬
ܰ ܰ
D[LOHD[LOD  ઻[O,   ( ܰ ݂ ‫ ܐ‬، ܶ ݂ ‫)ܐ‬
PsQJëGX[OLWX" :KDWZRXOG\RX SO  ‫ܘ؟‬ ݂ ‫ ܷ ܷ ܐܘ‬-
 OLNHWRHDW"
ܰ ݂ -
NX[OLQD ZHHDW
 */266$5< 

3

SDQ߮URQSOSDQ߮URQDW WURXVHUV ܰܳ ܰ ݁ ،‫ܳ ܢ‬ ܰ݁


/ 

SDUN SDUNLQJSODFH ‫݁ܰ ܟ‬


SsUWDTDQL /  RUDQJH 
ܰ ܰ‫݁ ܷ ܬ‬
ܶ ܳ݁ ݁
SLQJSRQJHVILU߮sEOL߭R WDEOHWHQQLV ‫܆ܐ‬
/  ݂ܷ
SODQSOSODQDW /  SODQIORRUSODQ
ܰܰ ݁ ، ܰ ݁

4

TDьZD I SOTDьZDW FRIIHHFDIH ‫ ܰ ܰ ܬ‬،(‫)ܐܬ‬


݂ ܰ ܰ
/ 

TDьZRQR\RI EURZQ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ ،‫ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܬ‬، ܳ ܳ ܰ


TDьZRQD\WRSO
TDьZRQR\H / 

TDPR\RITDPD\WRSO ILUVWLQWKHILUVWSODFH  ܶ ܳ ܰ ، ܰ ܰ ، ܳ ܰ
TDPR\H / 
ܰ ܰ -
ELTDPD\WR ILUVW
ܳ ܰ
TDQVHUVDU߮RQR /  FDQFHU ‫ܰ ܶ ܆‬
TDQ\RSOTDQ\H /  SHQ ܶ ܰ ، ܰ
ܶ ݁ܰ
TDS߅XORSOTDS߅XOH FDSVXOH ‫ ܘ‬،‫ܰ݁ ܘ‬
/ 

TDULZRITDUXWRSO FORVH
ܶ ܰ ، ‫ ܰ ܘܬ‬، ܰ
TDULZH

TD߅D /  FDVKUHJLVWHU ܰܰ

TD߂RSOTD߂H /  SULHVW ܶ ܰ ، ܰ

TD߂߂RSOTD߂߂H /  JUDQGIDWKHU ܶ ܰ ، ܰ


*/266$5<  

ܶ ܳ ܰ
TD߂WRSOTD߂WR߭H /  JUDQGPRWKHU ‫݂ܬ‬ ، ܰ
ܶ ܳ ܰ
TD߮sQWRSOTD߮LQR߭H PLQXWH ݂ ، ܷ ܰ
/ 

TD߮LUR /  \RJKXUW


ܰ

TD߮PRQRITD߮PRQL߭R JUH\
ܶܳ ܰ ،݂ ܳ ܰ ، ܳ ܰ
SOTD߮PRQH / 

TD\" /  :K\" ‫ܰ ؟‬


TD\LURITD\sUWRSO FROGFRRO
ܶ ‫ ܰ ـ‬،‫ ܰ ܬ‬، ‫ܰ ـ‬
ܷ
TD\LUH / 

TD\R߅RITD\D߅WRSO KDLUGUHVVHU ܶ ܳ ܰ ،‫ ܰ ܰ ܬ‬، ܳ ܰ


TD\R߅H / 

TD\߮R /  VXPPHU


ܰ

TGR߂H SO  /  QHFNODFHV ܶ ܳ


ܶܳ
TʻRORSOTʻROH /  QHFNWKURDW ݂ ، ݂ܳ
ܶ ܳ ܰ ܶ
THOD\WRSOTHOR\R߭H URRP ݂ ، ܰ ܶ
/ 

TsPYRU6XIIL[TXP« LQIURQWRI ‫ܡ‬ ‫ܷ ܇‬


ܶ ܳ ܶ ، ܶ
THPsVWRSOTHPsV\R߭H VKLUW ݂ ܷ ܷ
/ 

TsP߭RSOTRPR߭H /  VNLUW


ܶ ܳ ܳ
݂ ،݂ ܷ 4U
Ts߮URSOTs߮UH /  SUREOHP
ܶ
ܷ ، ܷ
TOLʻRSOTOLʻH /  NH\ ݂ܶ ،݂
TORFR ,QITOF,  GULYLQJ
ܳ
ܶ ܳ
TORFRGEsVsNOHW /  ELF\FOHULGLQJF\FOLQJ ܷ ܷ‫ܕ‬ -
TPRUR ,QITPU,  /  ZLQQLQJ ܳ

TRGDUTXGUR²TDGsU FDQWREHDEOHWR
ܰ ،‫ܕܪ ܇ ܰ ܪ‬ ،‫ܳ ܰܪ‬
ܷ
TDGLUR TGU, 
 */266$5< 

TRODITXOIR²TOsIOH WRSHHO VWK  ، ܶ ܷ ‫܇‬ ، ܰ ܳ


TOsIOD TOI,  
ܰ
ܷ
TODIXьDEX߂R 3HHOWKHDSSOH . ܰ ‫ܐܘ‬ ܰ -
TRUHTXU\R²TUHOHTUHOD WRUHDGWRVWXG\
ܰ ܶ ، ܶ ܶ ‫ ܪ ܇‬،ܶ ܳ
TU\,  / 
ܰ ܳ
TR߮DOTX߮OR²T߮LOHT߮LOD WRNLOO ، ܶ ‫܇‬ ،
T߮O, 
ܰ

TR\DPTD\PR²TD\sP WRVWDQGXSWRZDNHXS ‫ ܰ ـ‬، ܷܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ ، ܰܳ


TD\LPR T\P,  /  

TsP /  6WDQGXS+HUHOHW·VJR ܷ -


TR\D߭TD\߭R²TD\s߭ WREXPSWRWRXFK ݂ ‫ ܰ ـ‬،݂ܷ ܰ ‫ ܰ ݂ ܇‬،݂ܰ ܳ
TD\L߭R T\߭,  / 

TUD\H I  /  VWXGLHVVWXG\ ܶܰ

TUD\WR UHDGLQJVWXG\
ܰ
ܶ ܳܰ
TUL߭RSOTsU\DZR߭H /  YLOODJH ‫ ܷ ݂ܬ‬، ݂
TXEFRSOTXEFH /  KDWFDS
ܶ ،

5

UDEsF /  6SULQJ


ܰ
ܷ‫ܪ‬
UDERIUDE߭RSOUDEH ELJ
ܶ ‫ ܰܪ‬، ݂ ‫ ܰܪ‬، ‫ܰܪ‬
/ 

UDEX߭R /  VL]HPHDVXUH ‫݂ܬ‬ ‫ܰܪ‬


ܰ ܰ
UDɟHWDSOUDɟHWDW /  SUHVFULSWLRQ ‫ ܰܪ ܶ ̰ ܬ‬، ̰ ܶ ‫ܰܪ‬
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܰ
UDКOR I SOUDКOR߭H IRRW ݂ ‫ ܪ‬، ݂ ݂ ‫ ܪ‬،(‫)ܐܬ‬
݂ ݂ ‫ܰܪ‬
UDКOH / 

UDK߮RьL߅R /  UXQQLQJUDFHUXQ ‫ܰܪܗ‬


*/266$5<  

UDьXTRIUDьsTWRSO IDU
ܶ ‫ ܰܪ‬، ܰ ‫ܰܪ‬
ܷ‫ܪ‬،
UDьXTH

UDNLZRIUDNXWRSO VHWWOHGILWVFRQVLVWV RI 
ܶ ‫ ܰܪ‬، ‫ ܰܪ ܬ‬، ‫ܰܪ‬
UDNLZH /  
LVNDOHGXQR߂RPDJ ܰ ܳ ‫ ܐܝ ܰ ܶ ܕܘ‬-
7KHKXPDQVNHOHWRQ
JDUPHUDNXWR\R /  FRQVLVWVRIERQHV ‫ܰ ܶ ܰܪ ܬ‬
UDPьsO /  WRPRUURZ
ܰ
ܷ ‫ܪ‬
UDTPRSOUDTPH /  QXPEHUGLJLW
ܶ ‫ ܰܪ‬، ‫ܰܪ‬
ܰ ܳ ܳ
UDVWRUDQWSOUDVWRUDQWDW UHVWDXUDQW ،‫ ܰܪ ܰܪ ܬ‬، ‫ܰܪ ܰܪ‬
ܶ ܰܳ ܰ
UDVWRUDQWH /  ‫ܪ ܪ‬
UDP߂R /  HYHQLQJ ‫ܰܪ‬
ܶ
UH]R I  /  ULFH (‫)ܐܬ‬ ݂ ‫ܪܙ‬
UsF\RQRSOUsF\RQH RSLQLRQWKRXJKWLGHD
ܶܳ ‫ ܪ‬، ܳ ‫ܪ‬
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UsК߂RSOUsК߂H IHHOLQJVHQVH ܶ ‫ܪ‬، ‫ܪ‬
݂ ܷ ݂ ܷ
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݂ ܷ
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ܷ ܷ
UIRIRSOUIRIH /  V VHFRQGVQDWFKVKRUWWLPH 
ܶ ܳ‫ܪ‬، ܳ‫ܪ‬
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ܰ ‫ ܪ ܰ ܕܝ‬-
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Uʻ\,  / 

URьDPUsьPR²UьsPOH WRORYHWROLNH ، ܶ ܷ‫܆ܪ‬ ‫ ܷܪ‬، ܰ ‫ܳܪ‬


UьsPOD UьP,  / 
ܰ
ܷ‫ܪ‬
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UDKL߮R UK߮,  / 

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UDNLZR UNZ,  /  WRVHWWOHWRFRQVLVW RI 
URNDZFDO WRILW
ܰ + ܰ ‫ ܳܪ‬-
ܰ ܰ ܰܳܳ ܰ
PDNRURNDZ߮DZZR GRHVLWILWPHZHOO" ‫؟‬ ‫ܘ ܐ‬ -
DFOL" / 

UR߂DPUs߂PR²U߂sPOH WRGUDZ ، ܶ ܷ ‫܇ܪ‬ ‫ ܷܪ‬، ܰ ‫ܳܪ‬


U߂sPOD U߂P,  / 
ܰ ‫ܪ‬
ܷ
ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ
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UDZL[R UZ[,  /  FDU WRWDNH WKHSODQH 

URZHUDZ\R²UDZL WRJHWGUXQN ‫ ܰܪܘ‬،‫ ܰܪܘ ܆ ܰܪܘܝ‬، ‫ܳܪ ܶܘ‬


UDZ\R UZ\,  / 

UXFRSOUXFH /  TXDUWHU RI 


ܶ ‫ ܪܘ‬، ‫ܪܘ‬

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UXьR VQDI߂R  VSLULWVRXOSHUVRQVHOI ‫ܪܘ‬


UXьD /  KHUVHOI ܰ ‫ ܪܘ‬-
UXьH /  KLPVHOI ܶ ‫ ܪܘ‬-
ܰ ܰ ܰ
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PD[OD߅UXьHEXOL߂RQR 'XWFKODQJDXJH … ܰ ‫ܳ ܳܗ‬
ܳ ܶ ‫ܪܘ‬
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UX߂PR\L߭ /  RIILFLDO ݂ ‫ܪܘ‬


UZLьRIUZsьWRSO ZLGHEURDG ܶ ‫ ܪܘ ـ‬، ‫ ܷܪܘ‬، ‫ܪܘ ـ‬
UZLьH / 
*/266$5<  

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$UWLNHOVXVLVD DW SUHSRVLWLRQDUWLFOH  ‫ ܰܣ‬، ، -
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ܰ ܰ ،(‫)ܐܬ‬
݂ ܰ ܰ
V߂RF߭R 

VDFUR /  KDLU ܰ


ܶܰ ܰ
VDORSOVDOH /  EDVNHW ،
VDP\RIVPL߭RSO EOLQG ܶ ܰ ،݂ ، ܰ
VDP\H 
ܰ ܰ ܶ -
PHQDFPX߭DVPL߭R\R 6KHLVEOLQGVLQFHKHU ݂ ‫݂ܬܗ‬
FKLOGKRRG

VDTR I SOVDTDW /  OHJ


ܶ ܰ ،(‫ܰ )ܐܬ‬
݂
VDU߮RQRTDQVHU /  FDQFHU
ܶ ܰ ‫ܰ ܳ ܆‬

VD߭ZR /  ZLQWHU ‫ܰ ݂ܘ‬


VDZDO /  OLYHVWRFN ‫ܰ ܰܠ‬
VHIRTRSOVHIRTH /  GLVKHVSOWKLQJV
ܶܳ ܶ ، ܳ ܶ

VHPRTRIVHPDTWRSO UHG ܶ ܳ ܶ ، ܰ ܶ ، ܳ ܶ
VHPRTH /  
GDUNUHG ‫ܕ‬ ܰ ܳ ܶ -
VHPRTRNDPXGR / 
ܶ
VsGURSOVsGUH /  FODVV ‫ ܷ ܪ‬،‫ܷ ܪ‬
VsV\RSOVsV\H /  KRUVH  ܶ ܷ ، ܷ
VьR\R ,QIVь\,  /  VZLPPLQJVKRZHULQJ ܳ 6߅߂
VLG6XIIL[ *E  DWZLWKEHVLGHVQH[WWR …
VLTXPRSOVLTXPH /  GDWH 
ܶ ،
ܰ ܰ ܶܰ
VNDOH I VNDODW /  VNHOHWRQ ،(‫)ܐܬ‬
݂
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VORTR ,QIVOT,  FOLPELQJ ܳ


VORTRG߮XUR /  FOLPELQJDPRXQWDLQ ‫ܕ ܪ‬ ܳ -
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/ 

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Vь\,  / 
ܰܶ

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VDP\R VP\,  ܰ

VRZDFVDZFR²VDZsF WREHVDWLVILHG IXOO  ،‫܇ ܰ ܷ ܥ‬ ܰ ،‫ܳ ܰ ܥ‬


VDZLFR VZF,  /  ܰ


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VsPOD V\P,  /  
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ܷ
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,KDYHQRWKLQJWRGR
/  
VsP /  GR LPSHUDWLYHVJ  ܷ -
VSRU //  VSRUW
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ܶ
VWH /  DOVRDVZHOOWRRHYHQ

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/ 
ܶܳ
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ܶ ܰ ܰ
V߮DEsOSOV߮DELOH /  VWDEOH ‫ ـ‬، ܷ ‫ـ‬
VXUJRʻRSOVXUJRʻH FDOHQGDU ݂ܶ ܳ ‫ܪ‬ ،݂ ܳ ‫ܪ‬
/ 

VZLьX߭R /  PRWLYDWLRQ ‫݂ܬ‬


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ܳ ܷ ܶ ܶ ܰ -
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/ 
*/266$5<  

ߞ

߅DGURSO߅DGURQH /  EUHDVW ܶ ‫ ܰܨ ܳܕܪ‬، ‫ܰܨܕܪ‬

߅DIUR /  PRUQLQJ ‫ܰܨ‬


߅DORQSO߅DORQH /  SDUW\ KDOO
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/ 
ܶ ܳ ܰ
߅DZFR I SO߅DZFR߭H ILQJHU ݂ ‫ ܨܘ‬،(‫)ܐܬ‬
݂ ‫ܰܨܘ‬
/ 
ܶ
߅EX߭RSO߅sEZR߭H /  PDWWHULVVXH ‫ ܨ ܷ ܳ ݂ܬ ܆‬، ‫ܨ ݂ܬ‬
ܰ ܶ
PlVlOHSOPlVlODW ܷ ܰ ܱ ، ܱ ܱ ،ܱ ܱ
PlVD\sO

߅sQFD I SO߅sQFDW /  RFFXSDWLRQSURIHVVLRQ


ܰ ‫ ܨ‬،(‫)ܐܬ‬ ܰ ‫ܨ‬
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߅sUWRSO߅sUWR߭H /  SLFWXUH SKRWRJUDSK ‫ ܨܷܪܬ ݂ܬ‬، ‫ܨܷܪܬ‬
߅OLERSO߅OLEH /  FURVV
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ܶ ܳ ܰ
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߂DERNRSO߂DERNH ZLQGRZ
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߂DE߭RSO߂DEH /  ZHHN


ܶܰ ،݂ ܰ

߂DFX߭RI߂DFs߭WRSO \HOORZ
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߂DFX߭H / 

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ܶ ܰ ،‫ ܰ ܷ ܬ‬، ܰ
߂DILUH / 

߂DUZR\RI߂DUZD\WRSO EHJLQQHU ܶ ‫ ܰ ܳܘ‬، ‫ ܰ ܰܘ‬، ‫ܰ ܳܘ‬


߂DUZR\H
 */266$5< 

GDZUR߂DUZR\R /  EHJLQQHUV·FRXUVH ‫ ܰܕܘܪ ܰ ܳܘ‬-


߂DWRSOs߂QH /  \HDU
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EDQs߂QH /  RYHUWKH\HDUV
ܶ ‫ ܰ ܷܐ‬-

߂DZER I  /  FROGIOX ܰ

߂DZFRI߂ZDF /  VHYHQ ‫ ܰܥ‬، ܰ


ܶܳ ܰ
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߂D\URSO߂D\UH /  DUPEDQG
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ܶ
߂ELORSO߂ELOH /  ZD\SDWK KHUHPHWKRG  ،
ܰ
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߂sUNHSO߂sUNDW /  FRPSDQ\
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߂sUXE /  V\UXS PHG  ‫ܷ ܘܒ‬


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߂ORPR /  KHOOR ILUVWSHUVRQ
ܳ
WRJUHHW 

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، ܷ ܰ ‫܇‬ ܰ
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߂DILFR ߂IF,  /  ܰ

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߂DPLFR ߂PF,  /  ܰ


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߂TO,  
ܰ
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RERZ߂XTORFDP /   WKDW VKHVRFLDOLVHVZLWK ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬-
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ܰ
߂UsьOD ߂Uь,  / 
ܰ
 ܷ
*/266$5<  

ܰ ܶ ، ܶ ܶ ܶ
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߂U\, 
ܶ ܶ
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߂W\,  / 
ܰ ܶ

ܰ
߂WD\X /  GULQN LPSHUDWLYHSO  ! -
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,  / 

߂UROR /  FRUUHFWWUXWK


ܳ

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ܳ
,  / 

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݂
߂XКORQHGODZКsO KRXVHZRUN
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݂ܷ ݂
߂XьORIRSO߂XьORIH VHDVRQFKDQJH
ܶ ܳ ، ܳ
/ 

߂XTR I SO߂XTH /  VKRSSLQJFHQWUH


ܶ ،(‫)ܐܬ‬
݂
FLW\FHQWUH 

߂XURSO߂XURQH /  ZDOO ܶ ‫ܳܪ‬ ،‫ܪ‬


߂XUR\R /  VWDUWEHJLQQLQJ ‫ܳܪ‬
߂X߂D\H I SO߂X߂D\DW ERWWOH ܰ ܰ ݂ ܶܰ
،(‫)ܐܬ‬
/ 

߂X߂HIR I SO߂X߂HIH FORWKWRZHOEDQGDJH


ܶ ܶ ،(‫)ܐܬ‬ ܶ
݂
/  6߅߂
ܶܳ
߂ZRORSO߂ZROH /  TXHVWLRQ ، ܳ
߂\RUR ,QI߂\U,  /  VOLGHVNLLQJ ܳ
 */266$5< 

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ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ
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ܰ ܰ
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ܰ
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ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ
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ܰ ܰ
WDьWHWDьWD XQGHUKHU ‫ܬ ܗ܇‬
ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ
SOWDьWD\\HWDьWD\[X XQGHUWKHPXQGHU\RX ݂ ‫ ܬ‬، ܶ‫ܬ ـ‬
ܰ
ODOWDь /  OOWDьW  EHORZGRZQGRZQVWDLUV ‫ܰ ܚ‬
WDьROR I SOWDьRORQH ZLIHRIXQFOH PRWKHU·V
ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ‫ ܬ‬،(‫)ܐܬ‬
݂ ܳ‫ܬ‬
ܰ
/  VLGH 

WDODIRQSOWDODIRQH WHOHSKRQH ܰ ܳ ̇ ܰ ܰ‫ ܬ‬، ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ‫ ܬ‬، ܳ ܰ ܰ‫ܬ‬


WDODIRQDW / 
ܰ
WDOJR /  VQRZ ‫ܬ‬
ܰ
WDPs] /  -XO\ ܷ‫ܬ‬
ܰ
WDPR /  WKHUH ‫ܬ‬
ܰ
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WDUFRSOWDUFH /  GRRU
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ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ
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ܶ ܰ ܰ
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ܰ
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ܰ ܰ ܰ
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WD[WRUDWWD[WRUH /  
VRV\R

WHQRSOWHQH /  ILJ ܶ ܶ‫ ܬ‬، ܶ‫ܬ‬


*/266$5<  

WsFPLUR ,QIFPU,,,  /  WREXLOG ‫ܷܬ‬


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݂ ‫ ܷܬ‬، ݂ ‫ܷܬ‬
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JX߂PR / 

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VsV\H / 

WsUPL߂R ,QIUP߂,,,  PRYLQJPRYHPHQW ‫ܷܬܪ‬


/ 
ܶ ܳ ܰ
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ܶ
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ܶ ܳ ܶ
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Ws߂UsQьDUR\R /  1RYHPEHU
ܳܰ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܷܬ‬
ܷ
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ܷ
ܶ ܳܳ
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WOH߭L /  WKLUW\ ‫ܬ ܶ ݂ܝ‬
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WPRQHZWOH߭L /  WKULW\HLJKW
‫ ܬ ܳ ܶ ܘܬ ܶ ݂ ܝ‬-

WOR߭RIWOs߭ /  WKUHH ݂ ܷ‫ ܬ‬،݂ ܳ‫ܬ‬


WPDQ\RIWPRQH /  HLJKW
ܶܳ‫ܬ‬، ܰ‫ܬ‬
ܰ ܰ ܳ
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WDFLER WFE,  /  H[KDXVWHG
ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ
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7[
WD\LPR W\P,  / 

WUDFVDU /  WZHOYH ܰ ‫ܰܬܪ‬


ܳ ܶܳ ܳ
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WUDNWRUDW / 
 */266$5< 

ܶ ܰ ܶ
WUHIWDUWH /  WZR ‫ ܬܪܬ‬، ‫ܬܪ‬
WDUWHNRUH /  WZRWLPHV
ܶ ܳ ܶ‫ ܬܰܪܬ‬-
WDUWHZьDP߂L /  ILIW\WZR ܰ ‫ ܬܰܪܬܶ ܘ‬-
ܰ ܶ
WUHZDUEFL /  IRXUW\WZR ‫ ܬܪ ܘܐܪ‬-
WUHZIDOJH /  WZRDQGDKDOI ܶ ܰ ‫ ܶܬܪ ܘ‬-
ܰ ܰ
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ܰ
/ 

ࠐ
ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ
߮DIURSO߮DIUR߭H /  ILQJHUQDLOWRHQDLO ‫݂ܬ‬ ،
ܰ ܰ ܰ
߮DZZRI߮DZWRSO JRRGZHOO ‫ ܶܘ‬، ‫ ܬ‬، ‫ܘ‬
߮DZZH /  
ܰ
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߮FRPR ,QI߮FP,  WDVWLQJ
ܳ

߮FR\R ,QI߮F\,  /  IRUJHWWLQJ


ܳ

߮HERSO߮HEH QHZV
ܶܶ ، ܶ
ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ -
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/ 

߮sEED[ $XJXVW ܼܰ ܷ
߮sEEHSO߮sEEDW /  EDOOIRRWEDOO ܰ ،ܶ
ܷ ܷ
ܶ ܶ ܶ
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