11.

1- Florida Statute 316.003 identifies terms and definitions related to state uniform traffic control
including:
- Roadway
- Vehicle
- sign descriptions
o that an officer will use in documenting a traffic crash incident

2- every device in, upon, or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn upon a
highway, excepting devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks.
o Vehicle

3- any self-propelled vehicle not operated upon rails or guide way, but not including any bicycle,
motorized scooter, electric personal assistive mobility device, or moped
- motor vehicle

4- any person afoot

- pedestrian

5- a highway the roadway of which is divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for
vehicular traffic
- laned highway

6- a street or highway especially designed for through traffic and over, from, or to which owners or
occupants of abutting land or other persons have no right or easement, or only a limited right or
easement, of access, light, air, or view
- limited access facility

7- as otherwise provided in paragraph (53)(b), any privately owned way or place used for
vehicular travel by the owner and those having express or implied permission from the owner,
but not by other persons
- private road or driveway

8- any highway designated as a state-maintained road by the Department of Transportation

- state road

9- That portion of a highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of
the berm or shoulder; in the event a highway includes two or more separate roadways, the term
roadway as used herein refers to any such roadway separately, but not to all such roadways
collectively.
- Roadway

10- (a) the entire width between the boundary lines of every way or place of whatever
 nature when any part thereof is open to the use of the public for purposes
of vehicular traffic;
(b) any privately owned way or place used for vehicular travel by the owner and
those having expressed or
implied permission from the owner,
(c) any area, such as a runway, taxiway, ramp, clear zone, or parking lot, within the
boundary of any airport owned by the state, a county, a municipality, or a political
subdivision, which area is used for vehicular traffic but which is not open for
vehicular operation by the general public; or
(d) any way or place used for vehicular traffic on a controlled access basis within
a mobile home park recreation.
- street or highway

11- (a) the area embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curblines; or, if
none, then the
lateral boundary lines of the roadways of two highways which join one another at,
or approximately at, angles;
(b) where a highway includes two roadways 30 feet or more apart, then every crossing
of each roadway of such divided highway by an intersecting highway shall be regarded
as a separate intersection;
- intersection

12- a) that part of a roadway at an intersection included within the connections of the lateral
lines of the
sidewalks on opposite sides of the highway, measured from the curbs or, in the absence
of curbs, from the edges of the traversable roadway
(b) any portion of a roadway at an intersection or elsewhere distinctly indicated
for pedestrian crossing by lines or other markings on the surface
- Cross walk

13- that portion of a street between the curbline, or thelateral line, of a roadway and the
adjacent property lines,
intended for use by pedestrians
- sidewalk

14- Any road, path, or way that is open to bicycle travel, which road, path, or way is physically
separated from motorized vehicular traffic by an open space or by a barrier and is located
either within the highway right-of-way or within an independent right-of-way.
- Bicycle path

15- An injury to any person, including the driver, which consists of a physical condition that
creates a substantial risk of death, serious personal disfigurement, or protracted loss or
impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ
- serious bodily injury
16- An injury resulting in an individual’s death within a 30 day period after the traffic crash
accident
- fatal injury

17- Visible/non-visible signs of injury, such as a bleeding wound or distorted member,

usually requiring hospitalization and transport to a medical facility
- incapacitating injury

18- Visible/non-visible signs of injury or complaint of injury, not requiring transport from the
scene
- non-incapacitating injury—

19- What Florida Statutes are important for an officer to understand when conducting a
traffic crash investigation?
- 316.027 Crash involving death or personal injuries.
- 316.061 Crashes involving damage to vehicle or property.
- 316.062 Duty to give information and render aid.
- 316.063 Duty upon damaging unattended vehicle or other property.
- 316.064 When driver unable to report.
- 316.065 Crashes; reports; penalties.
- 316.066 Written reports of crashes.
- 316.067 False reports.
- 316.068 Crash report forms.
- 316.070 Exchange of information at scene of crash.
- 316.193 Driving under the influence; penalties.
- 316.1932 Tests for alcohol, chemical substances, or controlled substances;
implied consent; refusal.
- 316.1933 Blood test for impairment or intoxication in cases of death or serious
bodily injury; right to use reasonable force.

20- What does Officer safety and the protection of traffic crash victims depend on?
- an officer’s safe arrival at the scene

21- In what situations will can scene become quickly out of control?
- Fire
- hazardous materials
- chemicals

22- What can prevent further injuries?

- Parking the patrol vehicle quickly and safely
- How rapidly and accurately the officer assesses the crash scene
- requests necessary assistance
23- _Crash management_, process where the law enforcement responsibility is to control and
normalize a traffic crash scene.

24- Name the 10 steps in crash management process.

The traffic crash management process involves the following ten steps:
Step 1: Respond to the traffic crash scene safely.
Step 2: Assess the scene of the crash.
Step 3: Secure a safe work environment at the crash scene.
Step 4: Provide emergency medical assistance to injured people, if necessary.
Step 5: Obtain pertinent information.
Step 6: Investigate to determine how and why the crash occurred.
Step 7: Return the scene to normal as quickly as possible, if appropriate.
Step 8: Complete driver exchange of information.
Step 9: Take enforcement action.
Step 10: Document the crash.

25- When do an officer begin the traffic crash management process?

- as he or she approaches the scene

26- What information would you want to obtain before arriving to a crash location?
- street names
- address
- mile marker

27- Upon approaching the traffic crash scene, an officer should view it from?
- a distance

28- What do you want to determine from a distance?

- The type and extent of the crash

29- What are several potential dangers?

- Fire
- Fluids on the ground
- clouds of gases and/or smoke
- people running away
- falling down
- lying injured in the roadway
- hazardous materials
- electrocution from downed wires
- flooding
- caveins

30- Crash debris poses additional threats to both vehicle and pedestrian traffic.

31- What can puncture a tire or be struck by a passing vehicle could be hurled, striking other
vehicles, pedestrians, or emergency responders?
 - pieces of metal or glass

32- What can cause motorists to swerve to avoid running into the debris and cause additional
crashes?
- Large parts from the crashed vehicles

33- Before approaching the scene where a commercial motor vehicle is involved in a traffic
crash, what should you do?
- determine if the vehicle’s contents are hazardous
- locate the placard on the vehicle
- refer to the Department of Transportation Emergency Response Guide (DOT ERG)
- verify the contents

34- Once an officer has determined that it is safe to move closer to the scene, what should the
officer do?
- assess where to park his or her vehicle
- assess what assistance to request

35- What are some additional units or help that might be needed at a traffic crash scene?
- fire department
- Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
- Department of Transportation (DOT)
- Motor Carrier Compliance
- Hazardous materials (HazMat) team

36- Who will officer request , receive, or give information to?

- Dispatch

37- What should officer be able to conclude by locating the vehicles and property damaged in the
incident?
- the parameters of the actual crash scene

38- What can be determined by examining the marks and debris left by the vehicles?
- the path of the vehicles

39- What can witnesses provide?

- inform the officer of property damaged by the crash
- vehicles that were involved and may have left the scene
- other involved vehicles not immediately obvious during the initial scene assessment

40- What must officer identify and protect?

- any fragile
- trace
- time sensitive evidence
41- Scenes and evidence should be…
- photographed
- gathered as soon as possible

42- The crash scene should be handled by the jurisdiction where…

- the first harmful event or the first damage-producing event in a traffic crash occurred

43- What is the the term used for the first damage producing event in a traffic crash and that
determines the exact time, location, and type of crash.
- First harmful event

44- What does AOC stand for?

- Area of collision

45- How can an officer calculate the area of collision (AOC)?

- by determining the location of the first harmful event

46- How might the AOC be indicated?

- crash debris
- fixed property damage
- broken glass
- gouge marks
- scrape marks

47- when the jurisdiction of a traffic crash cannot be determined, what should be done?
- Call the Florida Highway patrol
- FHP has statewide jurisdiction

48- What qualifies a crash as a hit and run?

- If one of the vehicles involved has left the scene

49- How can a hit and run vehicle be contacted?

- officer should ask witnesses at the scene for a description of the vehicle
- contact dispatch
- send out a BOLO alert

50- T/F At times a traffic crash will involve only a single vehicle.
- True

51- What are single vehicle crashed related to?

- Driver error or condition
52- To prosecute someone for a criminal offense that resulted in a single-vehicle crash, what
must the officer do?
- search for evidence that places the driver behind the wheel at the time of the crash

53- What could be evidence officer should look for?

- skin and blood found on deployed airbags
- bruises or scratches on an injured person’s head that are consistent with damage to
the windshield
- fingerprints on the steering wheel or the keys in the ignition

54- If a traffic crash results in life-threatening injuries or in the death of a person injured as a
direct result of the crash, what happens to the vehicles?
- Become evidence
- must not be removed from their final resting places

55- If a traffic crash results in life-threatening injuries or in the death of a person injured as a
direct result of the crash, what should the officers do to the scene?
- protect the scene
- notify his or her supervisor
- request a traffic homicide investigator
- request crime scene unit
- request victim advocate to assist
- treat as a crime scene

56- What should officers do if there is a vehicle fire?

- Always request assistance

57- If the fire is small enough and appropriate for the type of fire extinguisher in the officer
patrol vehicle, what should the officer do?
- extinguish it

58- When there is a vehcle fire, what should officer never allow to happen?
- Do not allow fire to get between the officer and his or her means of escape

59- How should the fire be attacked?

- with the wind to his or her back
- never turn, but back away from it

60- If there is a vehicle fire, officer still must control the scene by…
- Keeping an eye on the fire or extinguished fire
- Not overlook crash damage
- Note crash damage in incident report
- decide if passengers in the vehicle can be removed safely
61- How far should people be evacuated away from a small vehicle fire if there are no other
hazards present
- 20 to 25 feet

62- If other hazards, such as toxic fumes or the risk that the fire could reach gas tanks, are
present, what is the distance DOT Emergency Response Guide (ERG) recommend?
- a minimum evacuation of 80 to 160 feet in all directions

63- How can officer conduct the evacuation?

- use verbal commands
- hand signals
o to direct all persons away from the fire toward a safe location

64- If there is a large number of people to evacuate, what can officer use to assist him or her?
- patrol vehicle’s PA system

65- When deciding on a safe location to evacuate to , what should the officer consider?
- Location
- buildings in the area
- the amount of traffic
- the weather
- If there is any breeze, people should be directed upwind
11.2

1- Traffic crashes attract motorists’ attention, as a result, what does this cause?
- “gawking”
- “rubber necking”
o slows the traffic flow

2- Why might secondary crashes occur?

- lack of attention
- drivers are focused on the crash and not driving around the crash

3- Why do Nighttime crash scenes compound this hazard?

- vision is already limited
- the lights from the patrol vehicle and flares distract drivers’ attention and obscure
their vision
- trouble adjusting from the bright lights around the crash scene

4- _Effective_ traffic control can help reduce the chance of additional crashes.

5- Whether during the day or night, what can sometimes make the crash scene difficult to see?
- Traffic conditions

6- What traffic conditions can reduce/impact vision?

- heavy traffic - speed limits
- movement on and off the roadway - buildings
- signs - curves
- hills - trees
- rain - smoke
- fog

7- _Low_ light conditions add to the visibility problems of motorists approaching a crash scene.

8- What can confuse and cause some drivers to not see what is going on in front of them?
- The number of emergency vehicle lights

9- Whenever possible, officers should work facing _oncoming_ traffic, so they will see
hazardous situations as they develop.

10- What is the primary tool to control traffic and warn motorists of the hazards at a traffic crash
scene?
- The patrol vehicle

11- When positioning the patrol vehicle, an officer should locate a safe location, which would
be?
- Location that can be clearly seen by oncoming vehicles
 - is away from hazards or threats at the scene
- redirects the flow of traffic around the crash and injured people

12- A properly placed patrol vehicle will allow drivers…

- time to slow down before coming upon the crash scene

13- How can the emergency lighting on an officer’s parked patrol vehicle help?
- It can warn oncoming traffic
- Can be seen from long distances
- are universally recognized as a caution or alert

14- T/F The emergency lights should be used throughout the traffic crash investigation.
- True

15- An officer should place the headlights on _low beam_ so as not to blind drivers approaching
the scene from the opposite direction unless agency policy directs otherwise.

16- What scenes might an officer preserve for investigative purposes?

- a fatality
- serious injury crash
- hit-and-run crashes
- involving government vehicles
- vehicles used in a crime

17- Officer should be sure not to park on evidence such as?

- skid marks
- debris
- fluids from the crash

18- Nothing should be touched or moved at the traffic crash scene, except…
- injured parties

19- If the injured are treated (or there are no injuries) and the vehicles are drivable, and if there is
no specialty investigator en route to investigate the crash, what should the officer consider?
- moving the vehicles off the roadway

20- Sections 316.027(3) and 316.061(2), F.S., require drivers of vehicles involved in crashes to…
- move their vehicles
- “so as not to obstruct the regular flow of traffic”

21- If the crash is major and vehicles are moved off the road, all debris and vehicle parts (glass,
plastic) must be removed from the road after they have been…
- Photographed
- placement noted in field notes
22- If injuries or death resulted from the crash, the vehicles should not be moved until…
- after the traffic homicide investigator assesses the scene
- Evidence documented
- until otherwise directed

23- What is a very important part of the traffic homicide investigation?

- the final resting point of the vehicles

24- What are some other equipment useful in protecting the crash scene other than the
patrol vehicle?
- traffic cones (size and visibility)
- flares
- other warning devices
- barricades (size and visibility)
- posts (size and visibility)

25- What is another name for a flare?

- Fuses

26- _Flares _ are small and easily used warning devices that may be stored in cases in the
patrol vehicle trunk.

27- When can flares be used?

- At night and during the day

28- What is an officer’s first step in placing warning devices?

- assess the scene determining what type of warning devices to use
- where they should be placed
- how many will be required to complete the protection
- the safe distance required to prevent further damage or injury

29- Before using flares, what should an officer do?

- make sure there are no flammable items, liquids, or chemicals
- keep clear of combustible materials

30- Safe distance for damage and debris is determined by

- the amount of space required for people involved in the crash to get out of the
vehicles safely
- for any emergency vehicles to get to the injured people or damaged vehicles
- for the officer to investigate the crash and crash evidence

31- What does the “extent of the scene” consist of?

- the area between the first signs of evidence of crash avoidance
- damage to vehicles or property
 - the final resting places of vehicles property
- debris
- including the immediate surrounding area for access to the scene

32- The number of warning devices an officer will have to use is dependent on what?
- the size of the area to be protected
- the first evidence (usually skid marks) to the final resting place of vehicles and
debris from the crash.
- the number of traffic lanes affected
- the normal speed of travel on the roadway
- Environmental conditions

33- Selecting the location for the warning devices includes what?
- deciding how far away to begin placement
- deciding the pattern to use in placement

34- To determine how far away from the crash to place the cones or flares, an officer must first
consider…
- how fast the traffic is moving
- the impact of reaction time on stopping

35- The faster the traffic is moving, the _further_ away from the scene the officer will have to
place warnings.

36- What is a good technique for preventing further crashes at a traffic crash scene?
- Posting an officer at the scene’s access point

37- Officers directing traffic or investigating the crash should be _visible_ to oncoming traffic.

38- What are tools for making officers more visible?

- Flashlight
- wand attachment
- orange or reflective gloves
- reflective hat bands

39- What type of gear should officers wear?

- A reflective traffic vest

40- When there is no safe way to protect motorists as they go around damage, evidence, or
a hazardous material, what should be set up?
- a roadblock must be used to block off the road and re-route traffic

41- What should be used when traffic is rerouted?

- using a route, street, or road that
- avoiding residential areas, schools, and playgrounds
42- Who should be notified about the obstruction and roadblock location?
- dispatch
- supervisor of the

43- Who should the responding officer coordinate with during a traffic crash?
- other jurisdictional agencies Florida Highway Patrol (FHP)
- city or county law enforcement agencies
- departments of transportation (DOT)
- the local public works department
- specialized cleanup companies
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection.

44- If a vehicle crash exposes occupants’ property such as a purse, suitcase, or briefcase that
could be taken by observers, what should officers do?
- take action to secure those items
- place in a patrol vehicle
- give to vehicle occupants, place in vehicle’s trunk, compartment (if uninjured)

45- When a vehicle is towed from the scene, what should officer be sure to document?
- any property left in the crashed vehicle (clothing, CDs, cell phones, laptops)

46- During the initial call reporting the crash, dispatch should ask if there are any
_injured_ victims at the scene.

47- Who will be called to a scene if there are injured victims?

- EMS
11.3

1. When can the officer begin the traffic crash investigation?

- Once an officer has secured the scene
- aided the injured
- set up traffic direction

2. To determine how to investigate a traffic crash, officers must understand the three phases of a
traffic crash which are?
- pre-collision
- at-collision
- post-collision

3. The earliest possible time the driver could have become aware of a potential danger or hazard
is called the point of possible perception, in what phase does this occur?
- In the pre-collision phase

4. Anything directed through one of the five senses that makes the driver aware of a potential
danger or hazard is called the…
- point of perception

5. Any action the driver takes that alters the speed or direction of the vehicle, such as applying
the brakes or turning the steering wheel is called
- The start of evasive action

6. The length of time from when a person perceives a given situation as a hazard to when he or
she reacts to his or her perception is called…
- reaction time

7. The point in time when the crash is inevitable, no matter what evasive actions the
drivers may attempt is called…
- The point of no escape

8. _Encroachment_ occurs when two objects begin to enter the same space at the same time.

9. In what phase is the first harmful event, (injury or damage) the point of initial impact
or contact,
- In the at-collision phase

10. What is considered crucial to the crash investigation?

- The first harmful event
- Must be documented in diagram section

11. What is the key concept an officer must remember?

- No contact = no crash = no report!
12. In what phase does maximum engagement, disengagement, and final rest occur?
- In the post-collision phase

13. What is point at which the vehicles or other objects are crushed together to the
greatest extent?
- maximum engagement

14. What is the when the vehicles separate, either naturally or artificially?
- Disengagement

15. A second impact is known as _re- engagement_.

16. _Re-engagement_ occurs in chain reaction collisions or when one vehicle glances off another
into the path of a third driver.

17. What is the point when all activity from the crash comes to a halt?
- Final

18. When gathering information on the traffic crash, the officer must…
- Locate
- Separate
- interview
o the witnesses and other involved parties

19. Who are considered independent witnesses and are more likely to be objective?
- Witnesses to the crash who are not involved with a vehicle or damaged property

20. What information should officer get from the drivers?

- drivers’ licenses
- vehicle registrations
- insurance information

21. What should officer verify?

- driver’s identity
- check for outstanding warrants

22. If a driver does not have a valid driver’s license, what should the officer do?
- cite the driver for a violation of driving without license
- request another form of identification
- Do not allow driver to operate a motor vehicle

23. If a driver does not have their driver’s license, what other form of ID an officer should ask
for?
- photographic identification
 - military identification
- reliable personal confirmation
- imprint the driver’s fingerprint on the citation issued for the violation

24. What is the obligation of any driver of any vehicle involved in a crash resulting in damage to
a vehicle or property?
- immediately stop
- remain at the scene

25. What information should drivers exchange?

- Name
- Address
- Registration number of vehicle

26. If there is any injured persons what are drivers required to do?
- Render reasonable assistance
- arranging for their transportation hospital

27. What must driver of a vehicle that collides with an unattended vehicle or other property do?
- immediately stop
- leave a written notice with all of the driver’s information
- notify the nearest law enforcement agency of the crash without unnecessary delay

28. What is the law enforcement officer at the scene of the crash required to do?
- instruct the driver of each vehicle involved in the crash to report
o the name and address of the owner and the driver of the vehicle
o the license number of the vehicle
o the name of the liability insurance carrier for the vehicle

29. What does the traffic crash investigative stage begin with?
- obtaining statements from witnesses
- collecting physical evidence

30. Who should statements be obtained from?

- all people at the scene with knowledge of the crash
o the involved drivers
o pas
sengers
o
pedestri
ans
o passing drivers (and their passengers)

31. What can physical evidence be obtained from?

- the vehicles
- condition of and marks on the highway
- traffic videos
 - property damage (tree, gouges or flattened mailboxes, debris)

32. What are sometime the only thing upon which a traffic crash investigator can rely on when
determining what occurred?
- Witness statements
- Witness account

33. T/F Witness and passengers are legally obligated to give any information or provide
a statement about the crash.
- False

34. An officer must assess each witness’ ability to understand the request for a statement and
should note any indications of impairment caused by:
- Injury
- Dementia
- Mental retardation
- Intoxication
- medication
- any other cause that could affect the witness’ comprehension and memory.

35. What some safe places officers can ask for witnesses, passenger, and drivers to stand or sit?
- being away from oncoming traffic
- being protected from environmental conditions
- being out of the path of emergency vehicles at the scene

36. In what situation would separating witnesses be inadvisable?

- when dealing with injured family members

37. What witness should officers get statements from first?

- Independent witnesses

38. To help witnesses recall specific events and details of the crash, the officer should interview
them _near_ where they were at the time of the crash.

39. What type of questions should officers ask witnesses?

- open-ended questions

40. When might an interview be delay?

- interviewee was injured in the crash
- was taken to a hospital

41. When interviews must be delayed, the officer should consider asking drivers, passengers, and
witnesses to provide _written_ statements about the crash.
42. Why is having the witnesses to write statements about what they saw and heard beneficial?
- allows an officer to obtain valuable information while performing other necessary tasks
- collect more accurate information by prompting people to record their information
as soon as possible

43. Written statements should include the witness’…

- full legal name
- physical address (no P.O. boxes)
- telephone numbers
- witness’s recollection of the crash sights and sounds
- observed actions of the involved parties
- witness should sign and date the statement as well

44. If the owner of an unattended crash-damaged vehicle cannot be identified from people at the
scene, dispatch should be able to identify the registered owner of a vehicle by using the…
- vehicle tag number

45. If property other than a vehicle is damaged in a crash, such as a structure, billboard,
or Mailbox, who should be notified?
- the owner of the damaged property
- notified in person,

46. If a security breach results from the crash, the owner should be advised to take action
to safeguard the building; the officer may need to stay at the scene until the property is
_secured_.

47. If an officer sees indicators of impairment, what should be done?

- a criminal investigation for Driving Under the Influence (DUI)

48. T/F Drivers do not have the right to refuse to answer questions about a crash, since nothing
they say to the investigating officer can be used against them in court. (crash privilege)
- True

49. Who does the crash privilege apply to?

- a simple fender-bender
- criminal conduct

50. If an officer investigating a crash has reason to believe that one of the drivers was driving
under the influence, which investigation should the officer conduct first?
- crash investigation is completed first
- then the officer begins the criminal DUI investigation

51. T/F Once the crash investigation changes into a criminal investigation (DUI
investigation), the crash privilege no longer applies.
 - True

52. When should Miranda be read?

- before asking questions that call for potentially incriminating answers

53. Officers cannot use the suspected driver’s admission that he or she was driving one of
the cars involved in the crash in the DUI case unless…
- there is other evidence to put the suspect behind the wheel

54. The prosecutor must be able to prove two things to obtain a conviction:
- a crime was committed
- the defendant committed it

55. Define corpus delicti.

- Body of offense
- claims it must be proven that a crime has occurred before a person can be convicted
of committing that crime

56. People who are available at a crash scene that can establish that the suspected driver
was behind the wheel are called…
- “wheel witnesses”

57. In a single car crash, late at night on a sparsely traveled road, there may be no wheel witness,
and when the officer arrives, the driver may be outside of the vehicle, what evidence can
prove that the driver was behind the wheel?
- Fingerprints
- the vehicle’s keys in the suspect’s pocket
- airbag dust on the suspect’s clothing and skin

58. Would the facts that the vehicle is registered to the person sitting outside, no one else is
around, and the person has injuries consistent with damage to the interior of the vehicle be
sufficient to prove he or she was behind the wheel when the crash occurred?
- Yes

59. T/F If the person gives an admission after Miranda is read, it can be used in court to suppor
corpus delicti.
- True

60. After gathering evidence that the suspect driver was behind the wheel?
- a DUI investigation with Standardized Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs) can begin

61. T/F A person MUST be under arrest in order to be offered a breath test.
- True

62. If the subject refuses to submit to the breath test, what must be read to the subject?
 - Florida’s Implied Consent Warning

63. If subject refuses, what action should be taken?

- Complete a DUI citation
- Complete a refusal affidavit
- driver’s license should be confiscated

64. If a physical arrest cannot be made due the DUI driver’s incapacitating injuries, what kind of
test should be done?
- a legal blood sample can be drawn
- blood test

65. T/F There is NO refusal right or implied consent issue in crashes resulting in serious bodily
injury or death of another driver, passenger, or pedestrian.
- True

66. If the officer has SUBSTANTIAL physical evidence that the person was under the influence
at the time of the crash based on observations and the results of the SFST, what action should
be taken?
- the subject may be arrested and booked on a DUI charge
- pending the blood test results
11.4

1. What type of evidence should be identified and measured

first? - Temporary evidence
- short-lived evidence

2. Give an example of Temporary evidence.

- squeegee marks

3. How long does temporary evidence

last? - only a few minutes

4. How long does short lived evidence

last? - several hours or days

5. When should the officer measure the temporary and short-lived

evidence? - immediately after photographing it

6. When should permanent items be measured?

- as soon as possible

7. Give an example of short-lived evidence at a crash scene.

- tire prints - skid-mark smears
- furrows - puddles (e.g., gasoline, oil, and water)
- vehicle debris - vehicle position in a roadway
- vehicle position off a roadway - position of injured or deceased people

8. What are some examples of evidence at a crash that would last longer than a few days?
- Roadway dimensions - sight distances
- grade or slope - locations of traffic-control devices
- distances between landmarks

9. What does AOC stand for?

- Area of collision

10. How do you identify the area of collision (AOC), a natural place to start?
- by examining the damage to the vehicles
- by looking at how the damage “flows”
- the direction of the damage on the vehicle
- going backwards to the first appearance of damage

11. Vehicle damage falls into three types which are:

- Contact
- Induced
- Preexisting
12. _Contact_ damage is damage to a vehicle resulting from the direct pressure of any object in a
collision or rollover.

13. _Induced_ damage is damage to a vehicle other than contact damage, often occurring as
bending, breaking, crumpling, and distortion of the vehicle.

14. _Pre-existing_ damage is damage that existed before the crash.

15. Damage that appears as scrape marks or striations on the body of the vehicle, material rub-
off, such as paint from the other vehicle (called paint transfer), rubber, or tree bark, or as a
puncture to or imprint on a bumper, guard rail, or other fixed object is what type of damage?
- Contact Damage

16. The twisting or buckling of the metal of a vehicle without direct contact is another is
an example of what type of damage?
- Induced damage

17. Damage that is usually identifiable as damage that does not fit the pattern of the crash
or damage that appears rusted, dirty, or weathered is an example of what type of
damage?
- Pre- existing damage

18. How can the impact area on a vehicle be identified?

- by looking at the contact damage

19. By looking at the contact damage, the officer can also determine what part of the vehicle was
_first_ contacted and damaged by another vehicle or object.

20. An officer should reach a conclusion about each vehicle’s actions based on what?
- the physical evidence
- statements from the drivers, passengers, and witnesses

21. What should contact damage be consistent with?

- other physical evidence
- statements from persons involved
- statements from independent witnesses

22. Crash evidence that could identify the AOC could include…
- marks on the roadway made by the vehicle during the crash
- gouges
- scrapes
- liquid runoffs and pools
- debris

23. A _gouge_ is a cut into the surface of the roadway where the road surface material has been
removed by a metal part from the vehicle.
24. _Runoff_ is a liquid pool, fluid trail, or line of flow from fluids escaping from a vehicle as a
result of impact.

25. A _scrape_ is a broad area of a hard surface covered with many scratches, striations, or
streak marks made without great pressure by a sliding metal part.

26. _Debris_ is loose material strewn about the road as the result of a traffic collision and can be
comprised of dirt, liquids, vehicle parts, and other materials from the involved vehicles.

27. When a bolt on the underside of a vehicle cuts into the pavement, leaving a trench or gouge
in the road surface at the area of impact, what type of mark is that in the road?
- A gouge (property damage not vehicle damage on report)

28. _Scrapes_ occur between the area of impact and the point of the vehicle’s final rest.

29. During a hard impact radiators, hoses, and brake lines can burst causing liquid to run out off
onto the roadway, not pinpointing the exact location of the AOC, but giving the general
location is an example of what type of marks on the road?
- Runoff

30. Glass that has been on the roadway for some time has a tendency to become _rounded _
on the edges.

31. New glass has _sharp_, well-defined edges.

32. Locating parts of a vehicle such as bumpers, metal frames around headlights, radiator grills,
etc., also indicates what?
- the location of the vehicles upon impact
- the direction they were traveling

33. T/F Vehicle parts continue to move in the direction of the force of the impact until stopped
by an object or the resistance of the roadway surface.
- True

34. What do all vehicles tend to accumulate on their undercarriers?

- road grime
- grease
- dust
- other foreign matter and dirt

35. The _forces_ involved in collisions cause this debris to become dislodged from
the undercarriage and the debris falls downward and in the direction of the force.

36. The final information an officer will use in determining the AOC is _vehicle dynamics_.
37. _Vehicle dynamics_ is the movement of vehicles during and after collision.

38. In a crash investigation, what is usually that external force?

- another moving vehicle
- a stationary object (tree or building)

39. At a four-way intersection divided into quadrants where a vehicle traveling east is struck by a
vehicle traveling north, based on the laws of physics, officers can expect the two vehicles to
travel into the _northeast_ quadrant.

40. What will the result of this crash be dependent upon?

- Size
- weight
- speed

41. If a vehicle is traveling south, and the other is traveling west, the two vehicles can
be expected to come to rest in the _southwest_ quadrant.

42. By understanding the concept of vehicle dynamics, an officer will be able to evaluate
the travel _patterns_ of vehicles involved in a traffic crash.

43. Identifying Items that were struck and moved officer might be able to determine the AOC
by?
- showing the path a vehicle followed either prior to or after the crash

44. Define surface marks or marks?

- number of types of surface marks a vehicle can leave on the road way.

45. What should be done with every mark left on the road?
- identified and measured for the traffic crash report
- labeled as to which vehicle it came from
- labeled as to which tire on the vehicle it came from

46. How can an officer obtain the minimum speed a vehicle was traveling when the
skid occurred?
- By applying a math formula to the skid mark measurement

47. A _skid_ mark is a black mark left by a tire that is sliding and not free to rotate.

48. “Skid marks tend to be _straight_, although they can exhibit some curvature.

49. How can a skid mark exhibit curving?

- due to asymmetrical braking (not all brake pads locking simultaneously)
- due to the crown of the road
50. T/F Front tire skid marks tend to be darker than rear tire marks
- True

51. T/F The outside edges of the mark may be darker than the inside area, due to over deflection
of the tire (weight shift, again).
- True

52. Rear tire skid marks tend to be _even_ in appearance, that is, no dark outside edges.

53. What does Skid marks generally indicate?

- the beginning of the braking of a vehicle

54. The beginning point of braking leaves a discoloration on the roadway that is called
an _incipient skid_ mark.

55. The beginning of this part of the skid is called the skid mark _loading point_.

56. What part of the skid mark is the start of the skid mark that should be measured?
- loading point

57. When will the loading point of a skid mark no longer be visible?
- 15 to 20 minutes after the marks are made

58. _Intermittent skid_ marks are a series of skid marks with long gaps (30’ or more) between
heavy skid marks.

59. What is this pattern caused by?

- rapidly applying and releasing the brakes

60. _Skip skid_ marks are a series of skid marks usually short in length with irregular intervals
between the skid marks.

61. What is this pattern caused by?

- when a vehicle has a sudden load shift while braking hard
- weight shift causes a bouncing
- more typical of vehicles with trailers
- car skidding on a bumpy road

62. An _offset_ mark is a skid mark indicating an abrupt change of direction of a tire mark due
to collision forces.

63. What item is the only item of evidence that pinpoints the exact AOC on the roadway?
- offset skid marks

64. The _offset_ skid mark is the direct result of the movement of the vehicle by the force
of collision and occurs at the moment of collision.
65. _ABS Scuff_ Marks are the pattern left by a vehicle with anti-lock brakes when a driver
brakes hard.

66. What is the function of the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)?

- to prevent the wheels from locking
- by rapidly applying and releasing the brake
- allowing the driver to remain in control of steering

67. Vehicles equipped with ABS may leave what on the roadway?
- faint
- Intermittent
- visible skid marks

68. How long will these marks from vehicles equipped with ABS last?
- no longer be visible 15 to 20 minutes after the marks are made

69. A _squeegee_ mark is a strip of dry pavement remaining after a vehicle skids on a wet
roadway.

70. What type of evidence is squeegee marks?

- temporary evidence

71. A _furrow_ mark is a type of trench dug by locked tires when driven on a softer surface such
as gravel, sand, or dirt.

72. What marks are shallow at the beginning of the skid and deepens with a piling of the surface
material in front of the tire at the place where the vehicle finally rests?
- Furrow marks

73. A _scuff_ or _yaw_ mark occurs when a vehicle loses tire traction in a turn or curve as a
result of entering a curve too fast or over steering and slides off the curve.

74. In what markings will the tires continue rotating but slide sideways at the same
time, producing a screeching sound and leaving rubber marks on the roadway?
- Scuff or yaw marks

75. The scuff or yaw marks may be evidence of what?

- when the driver began to lose control of the vehicle

76. How will scuff or yaw marks always appear?

- curved
- showing a sideways striping or striation from the side motion of the tires

77. An _acceleration scuff_ mark results from rapid acceleration, usually from a stop, causing
the tires to produce a dark tire mark that gradually fades.
78. A _tire print_ is a mark left by a tire that is rolling over a soft material such as sand, dirt, or a
liquid such as oil on a hard surface and leaves an identifiable pattern matching the tread of
the tire.

79. What should provide a fairly accurate location of the AOC or area of impact on the
road surface?
- examining the scene of the crash
- examining the surrounding areas for marks, debris, and damage
- examining the force of the crash (cause vehicle parts to travel great distances)

80. If no offset skid marks are located, the area of impact will usually be accurate within
how many feet?
- 2 to 3 ft

81. T/F Statements from driver, passengers, and witnesses should be compared with evidence.
- True

82. From the events related to the crash, the officer must determine what?
- which of these events is the
o first event
o primary factor
- that caused the crash

83. _Primary collision factor_, is defined as where the first injury element or driving
action which describes the main or primary cause of the crash.

84. The first event, more accurately described as the first harmful event, is defined as…
- where the first injury or damage occurs
- the time, place, and type of crash

85. The best way to preserve evidence found at the crash scene is with a combination of…
- Photographs
- Measurements
- Paint

86. Generally, what do law enforcement agencies issue for marking purposes?
- common spray paint
- lumber crayons

87. What is the most common color paint as it is easily visible and located for
subsequent measuring?
- Bright orange
- yellow

88. Why are Photographs necessary and important part of the crash scene?
 - they record the scene’s physical condition
- supplement other documentation
- help to reconstruct the crash
- aid the officer in drawing conclusions about the crash
- serve as evidence to prosecute traffic violators
- help document the amount of damage

89. When should officer photograph the crash scene?

- immediately after the emergency is under control
- before the vehicles have been moved
- before the road surface has been disturbed with crayon or paint-measurement marks

90. When photographing vehicle damage, an officer should, at a minimum, take pictures from all
_four_ corners of the vehicle and of the entire scene from all _four_ compass points (N,S,E, W).

91. Officer should take measurements to document what?

- distances
- locations
- size
o of evidence

92. Instruments that can be used to measure evidence include:

- rolling measuring wheels
- fiberglass
- steel measuring tapes of various lengths
- laser measuring devices

93. What is some evidence that should be measured?

- area of collision
- final rest positions of vehicles and bodies
o cars, trucks, bicycles, pedestrians, etc.
- tire marks on pavement and surrounding terrain related to the collision
o skid marks, scuff marks, or tire prints
- gouges and scratches on the road surface
- debris of any type such as undercarriage, vehicle parts, or liquids
- any items which were scarred or marked as a result of the collision

94. Skid marks to measure include:

- plain skid marks,
- incipient skid
- offset skids
- skip skids
- intermittent skids

95. If there is space skid marks due bouncing, what will be the feet in between?(pg 469)
 - less than 3 to 4 feet apart

96. When might there be space in skid marks?

- the wheel strikes a pothole
- bump on the roadway

97. What type of skids is the portion of the skid mark that represents the most efficient braking
of the wheel?
- incipient skid
- impending skid

98. How should an offset mark be measured?

- in two parts
- with the two lengths recorded separately
o the distance from beginning to the offset beginning
o the offset beginning to the end of the skid

99. To prepare to measure skid marks, an officer must locate…

- the beginning and the end of each skid mark made by each wheel
- all gaps in between

100. The procedures for measuring skid marks include determining…

- how many wheels were skidding
- the beginning and ending of each skid mark

101. The beginning and end of each skid mark should be noted with what?
- a numbered marker
- crayon, paint
- some other marking object

102. T/F Each skid should be measured individually and Each surface should be measured
and recorded separately
- True

103. When the skid mark has a gap of 30 feet or more, such as an intermittent skid,
what should the officer do?
- count the skid mark as two skid marks

104. The _total_ skidding distance is the sum of the separate skid parts.

105. The officer should record the locations and lengths of all skid marks in a _field_ sketch.

106. Common mistakes or issues that can affect accurate measurements are?
- the type of surfaces the skid marks are made on
- the incorrect identification of the beginning of a skid mark
- the inclusion of gaps in the skid measurement
107. A common crash cause is excessive _speed_.

108. What is the skid formula?

- (S=√30df)

109. _Minimum_ speed is defined as the slowest speed the vehicle could have been traveling
to leave the skid marks on that roadway surface.

110. To determine the minimum speed of a vehicle, what information is needed?

- coefficient of friction

111. The measure of the friction generated between a vehicle tire and the road surface is the…
- drag factor
- coefficient of friction

112. What refers to the phase of brake application beginning with pedal depression and
ending with any resulting change in wheel rotational velocity?
- mechanical delay

113. T/F Tire marks are also created during mechanical delay.
- False

114. _Spin-down_ begins at the end of mechanical delay and ends when the total four-wheel
lockup or skid begins.

115. The beginning of spin-down can be seen at the beginning of a skid?

- as a shadow
- a faint or light mark produced as the wheels begin slowing just prior to full lock
o incipient or impending skid

116. A _sketch_ is a hand-generated drawing of the scene as an officer perceives it on arrival.

117. T/F A sketch a rough drawing and is not made to scale.

- True

118. What should the sketch include?

- only significant factual
- observable items
- not opinions or conclusions
11.5

1- All law enforcement traffic crash reports should include enough information to allow others
to _reconstruct_ the crash scene at a later date.

2- A _crash_ report form is a convenient and standardized means for storing crash-related
information.

3- What are some of uses of a traffic crash report?

- recording facts into permanent record
- providing a source for officer evaluation
- providing statistical data
- providing reference material

4- What are three things an officer can inspect?

- drivers’ licenses
- vehicle registration/license plate
- proof of insurance

5- What do Law enforcement officers in Florida use to report traffic crashes to the DHSMV?
- Florida Uniform Traffic Crash Report

6- Traffic crashes can be reported by the use of two forms commonly referred to as…
- Short form
- Long form

7- What is a short form?

- Driver’s Exchange of Information

8- What does a long form include?

- a narrative
- diagram
- any necessary update
- continuation report

9- What type of form is required for crashes that involve death or personal injury, leaving the
scene involving damage to attended vehicles or property and driving while under the
influence; any crime involving a criminal violation?
- A Long form

10- Who creates and publishes the uniform traffic crash report forms?
- DHSMV

11- What are some other forms used in traffic crashes?

- HSMV 90003 Florida Traffic Crash Report—Long Form
 - HSMV 90004 Update/Continuation Form
- HSMV 90005 Narrative/Diagram Form
- HSMV 90006 Law Enforcement Short Form Report, Driver Report of HSMV 90006
Law Enforcement Short Form Report, Driver Report of Traffic Crash, Driver exchange
of Info.

12- A specific DHSMV numbered form will be referred to as a “_form_.”

13- The set of forms that would go into a crash report will be referred to as the “_report_.”

14- What must HSMV 90005 form be submitted with?

- Long Form report

15- Where will most of the information learned through the investigation of the scene
be recorded on the report form?
- standardized blocks
- in the report narrative
- on the crash diagram portion of the report

16- T/F Exchanging driver information is important, not only because the law requires it, but also
because it serves the purpose of providing insurance companies with the necessary
information to process claims for damage.
- True

17- What does Florida Statute §316.061 requires a driver of a motor vehicle involved in a traffic
crash involving damage to a vehicle or property to do?
- to stop at the scene (or close to the scene if there are no injuries)

18- What does Statute §316.062 states about the information of both drivers?
- information must be exchanged
o Name, address, registration number if vehicle

19- F.S. §316.066(3)(c) provides that each person involved in the crash must provide _proof_ of
insurance

20- Based on F.S. §320.0605, an operator of a vehicle must possess and present upon demand of
a law enforcement officer a certificate of _registration_.

21- A registration certificate could include:

- Official or copy of certificate
- copy of rental or lease agreement
- replacement vehicle registration
- internet electronic renewal temporary receipt
- cab card issued under the International Registration Plan
22- Florida Statute §316.066(1) requires that “the driver of a vehicle which is in any manner
involved in a crash resulting in bodily injury to or death of any person or total damage to all
property to an apparent extent of $500 shall, within 10 days after the crash, forward a
_written_ report of such crash to the department.

23- The _on-scene_ officer should explain the use, purpose, and requirements for the exchange
of information to the vehicle operators.

24- If a written report is not required for the crash, an officer should furnish each party involved
in the traffic crash a driver’s report form to complete and instruct each party to mail a copy of
the completed form to _DHSMV_.

25- What is the purpose of the HSMV 90006 form?

- Florida Traffic Crash Report (Short Form)
o when the law enforcement officer is called to the scene of the traffic crash
where a report must be completed
- Driver Exchange of Information form when no report is required
- Driver Report of Traffic Crash report form

26- What boxes should be checked on the short form?

- “Law Enforcement Short Form Report”
- “No further action required by you, report completed by law enforcement agency”

27- If a citation is written, the officer should fill out the report completely in case he or she has to
give a deposition or testify in court.
- True

28- When the form is used as Driver Report of Traffic Crash: What are some situations where an
officer is not required to complete a report, but a driver is required to do so?
- when a crash meets the required monetary limit in statute of $500 vehicle and/or
property damage
- No injuries
- No one left the scene or was driving under the influence

29- If the officer decides not to report the crash, then the driver must complete the form and send
a copy to the _DHSMV_.

30- When used as Driver Exchange of Information Form, what box should be checked?
- Box marked “Driver Exchange of Information”

31- What should officer explain to the drivers involved in the crash?
- how to complete the driver exchange form
- what fields to complete
- to print legibly
- to use a black ballpoint pen
- where to sign the form
 - copy of the completed form goes to each driver

32- What would cause a driver to not adequately read or complete the form?
- Their language
- physical limitations

33- In this situation, how can the driver assist the driver?
- complete the form for a driver
- just have the driver sign the form

34- If the officer determines that the questionable driving ability of one of the drivers caused or
contributed to the crash, what can the officer request?
- a mandatory retesting of the licensed driver
o by checking the “Recommend Re-exam” block

35- Who does F.S. 322.221(1) give authority to require a re-examination of a driver from a traffic
crash report?
- The DHSMV

36- Under FS 322.126(2), (3), what persons having knowledge of any licensed driver’s or
applicant’s mental or physical disability to drive are authorized to report such knowledge to
the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles?”
- any physician
- person
- agency

37- What should the narrative section include?

- a description of all key events in the crash
- pre-collision
- actual collision
- post-collision phases

38- If an officer determines that a driver reexamination should be conducted, he or she should
include the _explanation_ in the narrative for the request to be accepted.

39- What should be placed in the next section of the form?

- any additional passengers involved in the crash

40- If there are no additional passengers, a _diagonal_ line is drawn through the section.

41- Under the additional passenger information, there is space provided for
additional _citations_.

42- Following the additional citation information is space to record the _witnesses_ to the crash
and their addresses.
43- Where should additional witness be recorded?
- Narrative/ diagram
- Update/ continuation form

44- The final three lines on the front of the form are for recording?
- injury treatment information
- investigation information
- officer and department identification

45- The continuation form contains additional sections for information on the following areas:
- vehicles
- pedestrians
- witnesses
- passengers
- additional property damage
- additional violations
- the traffic crash narrative

46- Where would Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) results, insurance information, any injury
status change or hit and run follow-up information be located?
- On an Update/ Continuation form

47- On a Update/ continuation form what box would be marked with an “X”?
- Where it says Update
- or the box marked “Continuation”

48- when numbering the pages, where do you start?

- With the front of the long form

49- What are some of the most common errors on crash reports?
- using military time as opposed to 12- hour clock system
- not putting the HSMV Crash Report Number in the proper box or narrative/diagram page
- incorrectly counting the number of lanes
- failing to include an estimated dollar amount (entering the word “totaled”)
- Leaving blanks when information is unknown (write UK)
- fail to correctly indicate if the vehicle owner is the driver (same as driver)
- failing to enter the correct required endorsement for the vehicle being operated by
the driver
- leaving test results for Blood Alcohol Concentration blank
- incorrectly entering the race and sex
- failing to correctly identify the AOC on the roadway or the first thing that caused damage
or injury
- Failing to follow posted special speed limits for construction zones
- failing to include DOT numbers
- using old codes on newer forms
 - incorrectly using work zone codes

50- What must always be entered on a crash report?

- A dollar amount

51- What is the final step for completing the crash report?
- the completion of the diagram

52- Completing a diagram involves?

- carefully preparing a proportional drawing of the field sketch notes
- using a traffic crash template

53- How should the final diagram be prepared?

- in ink
- with all
appropri
ate o
entries
o measurement
o legend of symbols

54- All drawings should include the compass direction for _North_.

55- The following information should be shown on a crash diagram:

- location of crash (road names)
- roadway width of each lane and roadway markings
- North directional arrow being placed upward or to the right when looking at the page
- any physical evidence on the roadway (skid marks, ruts, holes, standing water, etc.)
- each vehicle’s position prior to, at, and post- crash. This would include where the vehicle
was located at final rest upon the officer’s arrival on the scene even if the vehicle was
moved.
- traffic conditions in effect
- fixed objects, road defects, other physical factors present
- road obstructions
- possible view obstructions
- traffic control devices such as signs, lights, lane markings, etc.
- labels or a legend of any symbols used in the diagram

56- Measurements that should be included in the crash diagram include:

- skid mark length
- roadway
- positioning of any pedestrian victims or victims thrown clear of their vehicles
- the area of collision
57- What do the template provides?
- a number of scales of measure
- curves - straight edges
- angles
- cut-outs
o to aid in the diagramming of the scene
58- Some Templates provide a nomograph (a set of distance, speed, and drag factor scales) that
helps determine vehicle _speed_ based on skid marks without using the math formula.

59- Most templates provide a way to show diagrams to scale such as _1_ foot to _1_ inch on the
diagram or a 1:120 ratio.

60- The most common symbols used n a template are…

- Cars - Trucks - trailers
- Motorcycles - pedestrians - signs
- traffic signals and lights - buildings - camera directions
- directional arrows

61- The crash scene should be diagrammed using the “_bird’s_ eye” view,

62- Where should the area of importance be the diagram form?

- The center
- approximate center of the AOC

63- In the diagram what three positions of the crash scene must officers include?
- prior to the crash
- at the point of impact
- at final rest

64- How should officer draw the positions?

- start with the final rest and work backwards

65- The front of each vehicle should be indicated with…

- a directional arrow
- a number in a circle

66- What is the number of the vehicle that caused the crash?
- 1 (one)

67- How is each subsequent vehicle involved numbered?

- in its order of involvement

68- To show the direction of movement of the vehicles prior to the crash, the officer can draw
_solid_ directional arrows behind the vehicles to demonstrate where the vehicles came from
to the AOC.

69- To draw the vehicle movement after impact to place of final rest, the officer should use a
directional arrow with _dashes_ for the line.

70- What some remaining entries?

 - the labels for the roadway names
- grade of the roadway
- lane and roadway measurements
- directional arrow

71- How can debris or vehicle damage be drawn on the template?

- drawn free hand

72- Law enforcement responsibility in crash management is…

- to control
- normalize the traffic crash scene
11.6

1. What is the final step in crash management?

- clearing the scene

2. When is the officer released from responsibilities of a traffic crash?

- once all debris and hazards are removed from the scene

3. What does returning the scene to normal involve?

- simply moving the vehicles off the roadway when possible
- requesting a tow for vehicles that cannot be moved
- redirecting traffic around the crash or along an alternate route

4. If the crash scene includes debris from vehicles and a wrecker is involved in removing the
vehicle, who should remove the debris from the road way?
- the wrecker driver

5. What is the HazMat team responsible for at a traffic crash scene?

- the hazardous materials
-
6. If HazMat is not involved who is responsible for hazardous materials?
- the services of a cleanup team for hazardous materials may be required

7. What Florida Statute authorizes officers to conduct traffic crash investigations and
issue citations?
- 316.640
- 316
- 319
- 320
- 322

8. Before officer can identify violations and issue traffic citations accordingly, what must
officers determine?
- how and why a crash occurred

9. What are three types of traffic violations found in crash situations?

- Contributing traffic violation
- Non-contributing traffic violation
- Non- traffic violation

10. A _contributing_ traffic violation is a direct cause or contribution to the crash itself

11. A _non-contributing_ traffic violation has no direct bearing on the cause of the crash, but is
discovered during the crash investigation.
12. A _non_ -traffic violation is generally a criminal offense discovered during the
crash investigation.

13. Determine what type of traffic violation will the following examples be?
- A quantity of cocaine discovered by an officer while inventorying one of the
wrecked vehicles
o Non- Traffic violation

- a vehicle running a red light and striking another vehicle.

o A contributing traffic violation

- An expired tag or seat belt violations

o Non- contributing traffic violation
14. T/F In most traffic crashes, at least one driver committed one or more contributing
traffic violations.
- True

15. T/F Surprisingly, few crashes are caused by vehicle defects.

- True

16. What is the cause of most crashes?

- driver error.

17. In traffic crashes that include violations, what will the officer write up?
- the traffic crash report
- Uniform Traffic Citation (UTC) for each apparent violation

18. If both drivers in a two-car crash may have committed violations, who should get cited?
- Both

19. T/F A separate citation must be completed for each violation.

- True

20. What are possible traffic violations officers should consider when determining
the contributing causes of the traffic crash?
- driving too fast for conditions
- failing to yield the right-of-way
- failing to keep a safe distance
- driving left of center
- making an improper turn
- overtaking improperly
- driving with improper lights
- defective braking
- steering
 - ignoring a traffic control device
- driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol (DUI)

21. Before leaving the scene, what are the responsibilities of an officer?
- take all necessary law-enforcement actions
- issue all appropriate citations
- verify that all forms have been completed
- verify that copies of forms are distributed to the appropriate individuals
- verify that all personal documents (license (DL), insurance cards and
registrations) returned to drivers
- check that all equipment ( tape measure, blanket, flashlight, cones, barricades,
and identifying markers) has been returned to the patrol vehicle
- verify that the roadway is safe for traffic and that all flares, vehicle parts, or debris
have been cleared from the roadway
- complete the crash report

22. If safety or security risks remain, an officer must stay at the scene until…
- the danger is removed
- other security arrangements are made

23. If the officer made an arrest, he or she must arrange for _backup_ to remain at the scene.

24. At a traffic crash scene, an officer’s obligation is to…

- secure the scene
- tend to injuries
- maintain traffic flow
- investigate the crash