DISEÑO DE SISTEMAS

Se puede describirse como una serie de funciones de diseño que constituye un

método de investigación en los problemas del dominio de sistemas flexibles. A esto
se le llama en marcha, cibernética y fluido. Los estados de los sistemas están
siempre cambiando y no pueden definirse en forma exacta.
Existen tres fases distintas y aplicarse al proceso de diseño de sistemas. Estas fases
son:

a. Fase de diseño de políticas o

preplaneacion.
b. Fase de evaluación.
c. Fase de acción-implantación

a. FASE DE DISEÑO DE POLITICAS O PRE PLANEACIÓN:

El proceso de diseño de sistemas puede visualizarse como un conjunto de pequeños
ciclos dentro de otros más grandes, donde el procedimiento principal se ve interrumpido
para desarrollar tareas subsidiarias.
La estructura que se debe tener en cuenta para el proceso de diseño:

a. Se llega a un acuerdo de lo que es el problema.

b. Los autores de decisiones llegan a una determinación de sus
cosmovisiones.
c. Se llega a un acuerdo sobre los métodos básico por los cuales se interpretarán las
pruebas.
d. Se llega a un acuerdo sobre qué resultados (metas y objetivos) esperan los
clientes (expectativas) y los planificadores (promesas).
e. Se inicia la búsqueda y la generación de alternativas.

a. Definición del problema

El problema debe identificar los siguientes aspectos:

1. Los receptores o clientes cuyas necesidades deben satisfacerse

2. Las necesidades a satisfacer
3. Un enunciado de alcance para explicar el grado en el cual se satisfacen
las necesidades.
4. Los agentes- diseñadores, planificadores, autores de decisiones y todos
aquellos que estarán involucrados en el proyecto
 5. Una evaluación de las cosmovisiones del agente
6. Los métodos
7. Los límites del sistema
8. Un recuento de los recursos disponibles comparados con los recursos
necesarios.
9. Una negociación para delimitar las esperanzas de los que creen que el
diseño de sistemas contestara.

b. Los autores de decisiones llegan a una determinación de sus cosmovisiones.

Dado que la visión del diseñador desempeña un papel preponderante en la

formulación de su versión de la realidad, es esencial que sus premisas,
supuestos, estilos cognoscitivos y sistemas de indagación sean delineados y
comprendidos. Además, los autores de decisiones deben ser conscientes de
la cosmovisión del receptor.

c. Se llega a un acuerdo sobre los métodos básicos.

d. Se llega a un acuerdo sobre qué resultados (metas y objetivos) esperan los

clientes (expectativas) y los planificadores (promesas).
El proceso de establecimiento de objetivos involucra a todos los diseñadores,
agentes y clientes quienes en alguna medida conllevan los costos y beneficios
del sistema terminal.

Las misiones, metas y objetivos, pueden diferenciarse sólo por su nivel de

abstracción.

Las misiones suelen expresarse en términos muy abstractos, en tanto que

los objetivos son operacionales; es decir, su definición debe implicar métodos
por los cuales puedan medirse.

El proceso de establecimiento de objetivos implica una consideración de los efectos

finales del sistema diseñado.

e. Se inicia la búsqueda y la generación de alternativas

Dependiendo del problema que se considera, se necesitan soluciones,

programas, procesos o sistemas alternativos, para satisfacer nuestros
objetivos. La búsqueda y generación de alternativas depende de las
restricciones de tiempo, costos y de recursos. Además la búsqueda de
alternativas está limitada por el conocimiento de los diseñadores del sistema y
por el hecho de que sólo algunos diseños pueden compararse a la vez.
 EJERCICIO EN CLASE

Se debe escoger un caso de estudio de las empresas que han llevado sus procesos
a la transformación digital, identifique las variables de la estructura de diseño de
políticas o pre planeación del sistema aplicadas al caso y descríbalas.

1. Internet of things (connected lifts)

The Schindler Group. The German group, known for its work with elevators, decided
to join forces with Apple. Thus, this organization improved the efficiency of its
elevators and escalators so that if any element fails to function as it should, this
information is sent to a back-end system that, through an iOS mobile application
called FieldLink, notifies a technician and Assigns him the job of fixing the fault.
Magnificent, right? Through the Internet of Things (Internet of Things) and the cloud
has managed to increase its functionality.

2. Digital Transformation in Automotive, Smart Car's

It is true that the Automotive sector is one of those that is the head in terms of Digital
Transformation. One of the many examples that I could comment on is the case of
Volvo, but there are many more. I encourage you to see everything in: Digital
Transformation in the Automotive Sector (data and real examples). Volvo has made
it possible for drivers of their cars to be in contact with them through apps or other
devices. Thus, if the car is stolen it can be located. You can also request assistance
or know where the car is parked, among other facilities.

3. Fast food even faster and 100% customized orders

McDonald's fast food chain has taken another step to save its customers time. So,
so that they do not wait for a long queue to order their food, they have managed to
place several digital kiosks in their stores.
Now, customers can place their order through these machines, which allow them to
customize their orders by adding or removing ingredients, and that gives you the
option to pay with a card at that moment or pay in cash queuing in the box.

4. Your home delivery delivered by a robot

Although it sounds like science fiction, it is not. Pizza chain Domino's Pizza is
committed to robotics on its way to Digital Transformation. The company has joined
forces with Starship Technologies so that from the summer of 2017 they start
delivering pizzas using autonomous robots. It remains to be seen the setbacks that
may arise and the legislation in reference to this type of robotic vehicles circulating
there to deliver our dinner, the truth is that the chain of pizzerias ensures that in a
matter of months the first tests will begin in Germany and Holland.
 5. Digital transformation in the retail and fashion sector

If you like fashion, surely you've recently gone through a store in Zara (Inditex group)
and you've already been part of one of the main advances that this brand has made
in terms of Digital Transformation. The network of Zara stores knows its inventory at
every moment thanks to the RFID RFID tags placed in the alarms that they place on
their garments. In this way, the sellers are sent messages through an iPod and so
they know the stock of the different products and which ones have to be replaced.
These labels also allow them to locate products in the store by radio frequency and
do not need to be scanned because when the alarm is removed they are read.
Customers can also find out which store is the item and size they are looking for
through the Zara App, by scanning the barcode. It even allows you to pay online and
not have to wait in line.

6. Big Data and the banking sector

An example of the implementation of Big Data in business is the initiative carried

out by Santander Bank. The financial institution has created a tool to manage the
Big Data of small businesses that use their POS (Point of Sale Terminal). The tool
is called My Commerce and that business that uses it will have data, graphics and
statistics about billing, average consumption, consumption habits, behavior of
different customer segments or transactions.

7. Smart bracelets

MagicBand, this is the name of the new bracelet created by the company, aimed at
the DisneyLand audience. It is a personalized bracelet for each for each park visitor.
Its advantages aim to make your stay in its amusement parks easier and more
adapted, for example: it allows you to access your hotel room, buy food and other
products, enter amusement parks, where employees are where you need it, Quick
access to the experiences you've contracted.

8. Digital testers in stores

Roberto Verino has installed digital testers at his flagship store in Barcelona. These
modern testers are a kind of digital mirror that allows you to visualize with brand
clothing in your reflection without having to try on your clothes. Undoubtedly, it is a
great step towards digital transformation.
9. Connect with followers through online communities

In his search for ideas for new products, Lego has conceived Lego Ideas, so that
the customers themselves can invent new models of the brand's new games. In the
online community, users bring their proposals to light and that idea that gets at least
10,000 fans will be validated by Lego and will be executed as a new product. But,
in addition to the fact of being able to realize his idea, the creator of the same will
be beneficiary of a 1% of the income of the sale of the product.

10. Make up without makeup

L'oreal Paris has launched a new App that simulates how you have a makeup.
L'oreal Makeup Genius has a facial recognition system with which you can follow
the advice of looks of the expert makeup artists of L'oreal Paris and apply them on
your face. Instantly, you can see on the screen of your mobile how the products you
"apply" appear on your face and know what favors you the most. Also, if you want
you can share with your Facebook and Instagram friends the looks that you have
liked.