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ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻱ
ﻁﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ) :(5ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺤ ّل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺨ ﹼ
1
ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﻁﻴﺔ A ) AX = bﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻗﻠﻭﺒﺔ( ﺒﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺸـﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ل ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺨ ﹼ
ﺘﹸﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺤ ّ
ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ X k +1 = BX k + cﻭ X 0ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ . k nﺤﻴﺙ Bﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﹼـﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤـﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ
Aﻭ cﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﹼﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ Bﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ . b
ل ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ Bﻭﺸﻌﺎﻋﹰﺎ cﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ) ( I − Bﻗﻠﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻜ ّ
لﺤّ
ﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ X = BX + cﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ
ل ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ . AX = bﺇ
X = BX + cﻫﻭ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺤ ّ
ـﺔ ﺍﻷﺸـﻌﺔ ( X k )k ≥0ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗـ
ـﺔ: ـﻌﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻴـﹰﺎ X 0ﻭﻨﻌـﺭﻑ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴـ
ـﺫ ﺸـ
ـﺄﻥ ﻨﺄﺨـ
ـﺔ ﺒـ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻴـ
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﺘﺘﻘـﺎﺭﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒـﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺔ
ﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃ
. ∀k ∈ `, X k +1 = BX k + cﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌ
( X k )k ≥0ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤ ّ
ل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ.
ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ):(1
ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ:
ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ
ـﺔ
ـﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴـ
ـﺎﻓﺊ ﺘﻘـ
ـﺔ ﻴﻜـ
ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻴـ
ـﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـ
ﻥ ﺘﻘـ
ـﺔ . AX = bﺇ ـﻴﻜﻥ Xﺤـ ًّ
ـﻼ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠـ ﻟـ
(e k = X k − Xﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺃ ﻴﹰﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ . X 0ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ . ∀k ∈ `, e k = B k e 0ﺇ
ﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜـﺎﻓﺅ )k ≥0
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ) (4ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ.
≤ ( ρ ( B )) e0 2 .
k
ek 2
= B k e0 ≤ Bk e0 2
2 2
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ ﻡ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺅﻜﹼﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ.
2
ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ):(2
.1ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ⋅ ﻨﻅﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻭ Xﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻴﺤﻘﹼﻕ X = BX + cﻭﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁـﺎﺓ
⎧ ⎫
. lim ⎨ sup ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ، X k +1 = BX k + cﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ) ⎬ = ρ ( B
X k −X
1/ k
⎩
k →∞ X − X =1
0 ⎭
X = BX + c = Bﻭﻟـﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻁـﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ .2ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ⋅ ﻨﻅﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓ ﻴﹰﺎ ﻭ Xﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻴﺤﻘﹼـﻕ i X + c
ρ ( B ) < ρ Bﻭﺃ
ﻥ ﻥ i ) (
. Xﻨﻔﺘـﺭﺽ ﺃ
j k +1 = B ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ، X k +1 = BX k + cﻭ j k + c
iX
) (
1/ k
j
⎧ X ⎫ i
ρ B
⎪ ⎪ k −X
⎨ . k ≥ l ε ⇒ sup ⎬ ≥
X 0 − X =1
⎭⎪ ⎪⎩ X k − X ρ (B ) + ε
ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ
ﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
.1ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ⋅ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘ ﹼ
)) ( ρ ( B = ρ ( B ) ≤ B k = sup B k e 0 .
k k
e 0 =1
ﺇﺫﻥ
ρ ( B ) ≤ sup B k e 0
1/ k 1/ k
= Bk
e 0 =1
) (
1/ k 1/ k
ik f
f 0 = 1∧ B ik
= B i .
≥ρ B
0
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
1/ k
ik f
B 0
≥
) (
i
ρ B
Bkf0
1/ k
ρ (B ) + ε
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
) (
1/ k
⎧ Xj ⎫ i
ρ B
⎪ ⎪ k −X
⎨ k ≥ l ε ⇒ sup ⎬ ≥ .
X 0 − X =1
⎭⎪ ⎪⎩ X k − X ρ (B ) + ε
3
ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﺎﻤﺘﻴﻥ:
ﻥ
ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ Bﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺃ y
.1ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ . AX = bﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻨﺎ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ Aﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ A = M − Nﺤﻴـﺙ
ﻼ ﻗﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺜﻠﹼﺜﻴﺔ .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻻ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ
Mﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻗﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ )ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ل ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺘﻬﺎ .( Mﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤ ّ
AX = b ⇔ MX = NX + b ⇔ X = M −1NX + M −1b
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ، X = BX + cﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺭﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺇ
(X 0 ) ∈ k n ) ∧ ( ∀k ∈ `, X k +1 = BX k + c
ﺤﻴﺙ
c = M −1bﻭ B = M −1N = I − M −1A
ﻥ I − Bﻗﻠﻭﺒﺔ.
ﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺃ
ﺃﻭل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ Mﻭ Nﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻱ } m ij ∈ {aij , 0ﺤﺴﺏ ) ( i , jﻭﻫﻭ ﻤـﺎ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ.
4
ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ):(1
ﺘﹸﻜﺘﺏ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﺤﻴﺙ J = D −1N = I − D −1Aﻫﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ.
ﻴُﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﹼﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ x 1k +1ﻟﻡ ﻨﻌﺩ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ x 1kﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ، x 2k +1ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ
ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ،ﺒل ﺇﻟﻰ . x 1k +1ﻴُﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ،ﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ x 1k +1ﻤﻜﺎﻥ . x 1kﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺒﻘﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﹼﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﺄﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ nﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻹﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ.
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴُﻌﺭﻑ ﻁﺭﻴﻘ ﹰﺔ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻴ ﹰﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻏﺎﻭﺱ ﺴﺎﻴﺩل.
5
⎧aij i ≥ j
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﹸﻜﺘـﺏ
⎨ = m ijﻭ ، N = M − Aﻓﺈ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻭﻀﻌﻨﺎ ) M = ( m ijﻤﻊ
⎩0 i <j
ﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓ
ﻥ Mﻗﻠﻭﺒﺔ.
ﻥ ∀i , aii ≠ 0ﻓﺈ
ﻭﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃ
ﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻓﺈ
ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻬ ﻡ ﺠ ﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ.
ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ
6
ﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ⋅ : ^ n → \ + :v → v *Avﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻨﻅﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﺸﻌﺎﻋ ﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺃ
ﻥ Aﻫﺭﻤﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺇ
ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ.
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
v = 1 ⇒ v − M −1Av < 1
ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ϕ : ^ n → \ :v → v − M −1Nvﻤﺴﺘﻤ ﺭ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺤﺩﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﺼﺔ } C = {v ∈ ^ n , v = 1ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ v 0ﻤﻥ ^ nﺒﺤﻴﺙ v 0 = 1ﻭﻴﺤﻘﹼﻕ
{ }
M −1N = sup v − M −1Nv ; v = 1 = v 0 − M −1Nv 0 < 1
7
ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ
ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﻟﻨﺜﺒﺕ ﺃ ﻭ ﹰ
⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ µan ⎠⎟ b n
ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ
8
ﻥ α 2ﻭ −α 2ﻗﻴﻡ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻠِ . Jﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ، ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ αﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ ﻠِ Lﻓﺈ
1 1
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ αﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ ﻠِ ) Jﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ −αﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ( ﻓﺈ
ﻥ α 2ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻴـﺔ ﻠِ
. Lﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴُﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ.
ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﺴﻁ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ) ( Pkﺒﺤﻴـﺙ
ﺇ
ﺘﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ، Pk−1APkﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺎ ،ﻨﺤﻭ ) . diag ( λi
. klim
∞→
klimﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ i ≠ jﻭ ( Pk−1APk )ii = λi
∞→
ﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ( Pk−1A Pk )ij = 0
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ،ﻨﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻤﻥ ، A1 = Aﻭﻨﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ( Ω k )k ≥1ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤـﺩﺓ
"ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ" ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺎﺕ
9
n n
= . ∑b ∑a ﻥ B = t ΩA Ωﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﹼﻕ
.1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ Aﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ،ﻓﺈ
2 2
ij ij
i , j =1 i , j =1
⎡⎤ π ⎡ ⎤ π
ﻥ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﻠِ θﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ⎢ ⎥ − , 0 ⎢ ∪ ⎥ 0,ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
.2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ، a pq ≠ 0ﻓﺈ
⎣⎦ 4 ⎣ ⎦ 4
aqq − a pp
= cotan 2θﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ. ل ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
. b pq = 0ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤ ّ
2a pq
n n
. ∑ b = ∑ aii2 + 2a pq
2
ii
2
ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
i =1 i =1
ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ
ﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻴﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﻡ ⋅ Eﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
ﻥ Ωﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺓ .ﻭﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃ
.1ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺇﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃ
ﻻ
ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺃ ﻭ ﹰ
2
a pp + aqq2 + 2a pq
2
= b pp
2
+ bqq2 + 2b pq
2
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ
a pp −aaqq
b pq = bqp = a pq cos 2θ + sin 2θ
2
aqq − a pp
ﻥ b pq = bqp = 0
= ( cotan θﻭﺠـﺩﻨﺎ ﺃ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻭﻀﻨﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ θﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨـﺔ )ﺃﻱ
2a pq
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
2
a pp + aqq2 + 2a pq
2
= b pp
2
+ bqq2
n n
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴُﻜﻤل ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ. ∑b
i =1
2
ii = ∑ aii2 + 2a pq
i =1
2
ﻥ
ﻥ bii = aiiﺃ ﻴﹰﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ iﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ pﻭ . qﻓﺈ
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃ
ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ):(3
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ Ωﺘﻤﺜﹼل ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﹰﺎ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ θﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﹼﺩ ﺒﺎﻟـﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﻥ e p
.1ﺇ
ﻭ eqﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ.
10
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴـل A → B = t ΩA Ωﻫﻤـﺎ
.2ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺃ
ﻕ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺫﻭﺍ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﹼﺔ pﻭ . qﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺩ ﹼ
⎧
⎪bij = aij i ≠ p , q ∧ j ≠ p , q
⎪
⎪b pj = a pj cos θ − aqj sin θ j ≠ p , q
⎪
⎪bqj = a pj sin θ + aqj cos θ j ≠ p , q
⎪
⎨b pp = a pp cos θ + aqq sin θ − a pq sin 2θ
2 2
⎪
⎪bqq = a pp sin θ + aqq cos θ + a pq sin 2θ
2 2
ﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ
. a pq = maxﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓـﺈ .1ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ :ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ pﻭ qﺒﺤﻴﺙ aijk
k
i≠j
ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ):(6
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ( A k )k ≥1ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
ﺇ
(
) lim A k = diag λσ (i
∞→ k
)
ﺤﻴﺙ σﻫﻭ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ } . {1, 2," , n
11
.5ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل:
ـﺔ
ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠ ﻴـ ـﺎﺩﻻﺕ AX = bﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓـ
ـﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗـ ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـ
ل ﺠﻤﻠـ
ـﺔ ﻟﺤ ـ ّ
ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻴـ
ـﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـ
ﻟـ
ل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﻪ ﻤـﻥ ﻥ ρ ( B ) = 0ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃ
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺤ ّ . X k +1 = BX k + cﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃ
ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ.
ﺍﻟﺤ ّل
ﻥ .B n = 0
ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﻜﺎﻴﻠﻲ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ:
⎞⎛0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 −3
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ⎟⎟ A = ⎜⎜ −1 3 0ﻭ ⎟⎟ . b = ⎜⎜ 2
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1 0 −2
⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎝ ⎠
.bﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ) J = D −1 ( E + Fﺇﺫﻥ
⎞ ⎛ 1 0 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 −1 3 ⎞ ⎛ 0 −1 3
⎟⎟ J = ⎜⎜ 0 3 0 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 1 0 0 ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ 1/ 3 0 0
⎟ ⎜ 0 0 −2 ⎟ ⎜ −1 0 0 ⎟ ⎜ 1/ 2 0 0
⎝ ⎝⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
⎞ ⎛ 0
⎟⎟ c = D −1b = ⎜⎜ 2 / 3
⎟ ⎜ 3/ 2
⎝ ⎠
12
⎞ ⎛ 0.97226
X 5 = ⎜⎜ 0.99075 ⎟⎟ .c
⎟ ⎜ 1.9861
⎝ ⎠
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ:
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ.
ﺃﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻏﺎﻭﺱ ﺴﺎﻴﺩل ﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ:
⎞⎛ 4 3 3
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ⎟⎟ A = ⎜ 3 4 3ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻭﺃ
⎜1
ﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃ
⎜4 ⎟
⎠⎝ 3 3 4
ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺤ ّل
ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
−1
⎛1 ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 0 −3 − 3 ⎞ ⎛ 0 −3 −3
= J ⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎜1
= −3 0 −3 ⎟ ⎜1
⎟ −3 0 −3
⎜ ⎜⎟ 4 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ −3 − 3 0 ⎟ 4 ⎜ − 3 − 3 0
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 ⎫⎧3 3 3
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ⎬ sp ( J ) = ⎨ , , −ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ρ ( J ) = > 1ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩﺓ.
2 ⎭ ⎩4 4 2
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ:
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ
⎞ ⎛ 1 2 −2
⎜ ⎟
⎟ A = ⎜1 1 1
⎟ ⎜2 2 1
⎝ ⎠
.aﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ Jﻭﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻏﺎﻭﺱ ﺴﺎﻴﺩل Lﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ.
ﻥ ) . ρ (J ) < 1 < ρ (L
.bﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃ
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ
⎞ ⎛ 2 −1 1
⎜ ⎟
⎟A = ⎜ 2 2 2
⎟ ⎜ −1 −1 2
⎝ ⎠
ﻥ ) . ρ (L ) < 1 < ρ (J
.cﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃ
.dﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ؟
13
ﺍﻟﺤ ّل
.aﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
−1
⎞ ⎛ 1 0 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 −2 2 ⎞ ⎛ 0 −2 2
⎟⎟J = ⎜⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ −1 0 −1⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ −1 0 −1
⎟ ⎜ 0 0 1 ⎟ ⎜ −2 −2 0 ⎟ ⎜ −2 −2 0
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ
−1
⎞ ⎛ 1 0 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 −2 2 ⎞ ⎛ 0 −2 2
⎟⎟ L = ⎜⎜ 2 1 0 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 0 0 −1⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ 0 2 −3
⎟ ⎜ 2 2 1⎟ ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 2
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
. χ J ( X ) = −Xﺇﺫﻥ . ρ ( J ) = 0ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ) χ L ( X ) = −X ( X − 2ﻭﻤﻨﻪ .bﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
2 3
. ρ (L ) = 2
⎞ ⎛ 0 1 −1
⎧⎪ 5 ⎫⎪ 5 ⎜1 ⎟
sp ( J ) = ⎨0, iﻭﻤﻨـﻪ , −i .cﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ⎟ ، J = ⎜ −2 0 −2ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴـﺔ ﻓﻨﺠـﺩ ⎬
⎩⎪ 2 ⎭⎪ 2 ⎜2 ⎟
⎠⎝1 1 0
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ:
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) A = ( aijﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﺤﻘﹼﻕ ∀i , aii > ∑ aijﻭﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ . A X = b
j ≠i
= λ
j ≠i 0
<1 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
ai 0i 0
14
.bﻟﻴﻜﻥ Vﺸﻌﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺎ ﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻏﺎﻭﺱ ﺴﺎﻴﺩل L = ( D − E ) Fﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ . λﻭﻟﻴﻜﻥ
−1
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
n n
∑
j = i 0 +1
ai 0 j ∑
j = i 0 +1
ai 0 j
=≤ λ ≤ i 0 −1
<1
i 0 −1
ai 0i 0 − ∑ ai 0 j
vj
ai 0i 0 + ∑ ai 0 j
j =1 v i0 j =1
ﻥ
ﺫﻟﻙ ﻷ
i 0 −1 n
> ai 0i 0 − ∑ ai 0 j ∑ ai 0 j
j =1 j =i 0 +1
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ:
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ) y ′′ ( x ) = f ( xﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ] [ 0,1ﻤـﻊ ) y ( 0ﻭ ) y (1ﻤﻌﻁﻴـﻴﻥ،
1
= hﻭ x i = ihﻤﻥ ﺃﺠـل ﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻨﻭ ﺩ ﺤﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒ
n +1
ﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫـﻲ . 0 ≤ i ≤ n + 1ﻨﻀﻊ ) y i = y ( x iﻭ ) . bi = f ( x iﺇ
y − 2 y i + y i −1
ﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ AY = bﺤﻴﺙ i +1ﻭﻫﻲ ﻴُﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓ ) = f (x i
h2
) b = (b1 ," , b nﻭ ) Y = ( y 1 ," , y nﻭ
t t
15
ﺍﻟﺤ ّل
ﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ
ﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘ
.aﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﹼﻕ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺃ
⎛0 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1 0 1
⎜1 ⎟
⎟ J = ⎜ % % %
⎜2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟1 0 1
⎜ ⎠⎟ 1 0
⎝
⎛ ⎞ πi
. ⎜ cosﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ⎟
⎝n +1 ⎠
= V ) ( sin α ,sin 2α ," ,sin nα
t
ﻥ
.bﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃ
πi π
ρ ( J ) = max cos = cos = cos π h
i n +1 n +1
ﻥ . ρ ( L ) = cos 2 π h
ﻥ ) ρ ( L ) = ρ ( Jﻓﺈ
ﻭﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃ
2
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ:
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ Aﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ .ﻨﻀﻊ A = D − E − Fﻜﺎﻟﻤﻌﺘـﺎﺩ .ﻨﻌـﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
( D − E ) X k + 1 = FX k +b
2
( D − F ) X k +1 = EX k + 1 + b
2
ل ﻤـﻥ E
ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ :ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻏﺎﻭﺱ ﺴﺎﻴﺩل ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨﹰﺎ ﻟﻜ ّ
ﻭ .F
ﺍﻟﺤ ّل
ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
B = (D − F ) E (D − E ) F
−1 −1
c = (D − F ) b + (D − F ) E (D − E ) b
−1 −1 −1
16