Dr.

Akash Mohanty

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India

 1. Define stress and Strain.

2. State Hooke’s Law.

3. Define Factor of Safety.

4. Define Tensile Stress and Tensile Strain.

5. Define Compressive Stress and Compressive Strain.

6.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Two identical circular rods of same diameter and same length are subjected to same magnitude of
axial tensile force. One of the rods is made out of mild steel having the modulus of elasticity of 206
GPa. The other rod is made out of cast iron having the modulus of elasticity of 100 GPa. Assume
both the materials to be homogeneous and isotropic and the axial force causes the same amount of
uniform stress in both the rods. The stresses developed are within the proportional limit of the
respective materials. Which of the following observations is correct?
(a) Both rods elongate by the same amount
(b) Mild steel rod elongates more than the cast iron rod
(c) Cast iron rod elongates more than the mild steel rod
(d) As the stresses are equal strains are also equal in both the rods [GATE-2003]
2. The figure below shows a steel rod of 25 mm2 cross sectional area. It is loaded at four points, K, L,
M and N. Assume Esteel = 200 GPa. The total change in length of the rod due to loading is:

(a) 1 μm (b) -10 μm (c) 16 μm (d) -20 μm [GATE-2004, IES 1995, 1997, 1998]
3. A rigid beam of negligible weight is supported in a horizontal position by two rods of steel and
aluminum, 2 m and 1 m long having values of cross – sectional areas 1 cm2 and 2 cm2 and E of 200
GPa and 100 GPa respectively. A load P is applied as shown in the figure
 If the rigid beam is to remain horizontal then
(a) The forces on both sides should be equal
(b) The force on aluminum rod should be twice the force on steel
(c) The force on the steel rod should be twice the force on aluminum
(d) The force P must be applied at the centre of the beam [GATE-2002]
4. Match List I (Materials) with List II (Stress-Strain curves) and select the correct answer using the
codes given below the Lists: [IAS-2001]

5. For a composite consisting of a bar enclosed inside a tube of another material when compressed
under a load 'W' as a whole through rigid collars at the end of the bar. The equation of
compatibility is given by (suffixes 1 and 2) refer to bar and tube respectively [IES-1998]
 1. Define Shear Stress and Shear Strain.
2. Define Volumetric Strain.
3. Define Modulus Of Elasticity.
4. Define Modulus of Rigidity.
5. State Bulk Modulus.
6.

1. Unit of strain is
(a) N/mm2 (b) kN/mm2 (c) kN/mm3 (d) None
2. Which type of stress will deform the body from the shape given in fig. (a) to the shape as shown in
fig. (b).

(a) tensile stress (b) compressive stress (c) shear stress (d) bending stress
3. Tensile stress is
(a) Stress due to any force
(b) Stress due to change in length under a load
(c) Stress caused by varying load
(d) None of these
4. The deformation of a bar under its own weight as compared to that when subjected to a direct axial
load equal to its own weight will be:
(a)The same (b) One-fourth (c) Half (d) Double [IES-1998]
5. A uniform steel rope (E = 2 x 105 N/mm2 and density 7.8 N/mm3) of total length 40m hangs
vertically. The ratio of elongation of first 10 m to that of first 20 m would be
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 9 : 4
 1. State Poisson’s ratio.
2. State Principal plane and Principal stress.
3. State the relationship between Young’s Modulus and Modulus of Rigidity.
4. State the relationship between Bulk Modulus and Young’s Modulus.
5. Define Compound Bar.
6.

1. A steel bar of 40 mm × 40 mm square cross-section is subjected to an axial compressive load of

200 kN. If the length of the bar is 2 m and E = 200 GPa, the elongation of the bar will be:
(a)1.25 mm (b) 2.70 mm (c) 4.05 mm (d) 5.40 mm [GATE-2006]
2. A bar having a cross-sectional area of 700mm2 is subjected to axial loads at the positions indicated.
The value of stress in the segment QR is:

(a) 40 MPa (b) 50 MPa (c) 70 MPa (d) 120 MPa [GATE-2006]
3. In the case of an engineering material under unidirectional stress in the x-direction, the Poisson's
ratio is equal to (symbols have the usual meanings) [IAS 1994, IES-2000]

4. A heavy uniform rod of length 'L' and material density 'δ' is hung vertically with its top end rigidly
fixed. How is the total elongation of the bar under its own weight expressed?
5. During a tensile test on a specimen of 1 mm2 cross section, maximum load observed was 8 kN and
the area of cross section at neck was 0.5 mm2. Ultimate tensile strength of the specimen is
(a) 4 kN/mmm2 (b) 8 kN/mm2 (c) 16 kN/mm2 (d) 64 kN/mm2.
 1. State the types of Elastic constants.
2. Write the relations used to find the forces in compound bars made of two materials
subjected to tension.
3. What is stability?
4. Define strain energy density.
5. Determine the Poisson’s ratio and Bulk modulus of a material for which Young’s
modulus is 1.2 x 105 N/mm2 and Modulus of rigidity is 4.8 x 104 N/mm2.
6.

1. A material obeys Hooke’s law up to

(a) Plastic limit (b) Elastic limit (c) Yield point (d) Limit of proportionality
2. In case of a steeped bar, D is the diameter of first half portion and d is the diameter of the rest
portion of the bar. If axial pull P is applied then the stress developed is more in
(a) first portion (b) last portion (c) same in both portion (d) none
3. A. steel rod of diameter 1 cm and 1 m long is heated from 20°C to 120°C. Its α =12×10−6 / K and
E=200 GN/m2. If the rod is free to expand, the thermal stress developed in it is:
(a)12 × 104 N/m2 (b) 240 kN/m2 (c) Zero (d) None [IAS-2002]
4. During tensile-testing of a specimen using a Universal Testing Machine, the parameters actually
measured include
(a) True stress and true strain (b) Poisson’s ratio and Young's modulus
(c) Engineering stress and engineering strain (d) Load and elongation [IES-1996]
5. Unit of strain is
(a) N/mm2 (b) kN/mm2 (c) kN/mm3 (d) None
 1. Give the relation for change in length of a bar hanging freely under its own weight.
2. A Brass rod 2m long is fixed at both its ends. If the thermal stress is not to exceed 76.5
N/mm2, calculate the temperature through which the rod should be heated. Take the
values of α and E as 17 x 10-6/K and 90 GPa respectively.
3. State the relationship between Young’s Modulus and Modulus of Rigidity.
4. State the relationship between Bulk Modulus and Young’s Modulus.
5. Define Compound Bar.
6.

1. A rod of length L and diameter D is subjected to a tensile load P. Which of the following is
sufficient to calculate the resulting change in diameter?
(a) Young's modulus (b) Shear modulus (c) Poisson's ratio (d) Both Young's modulus and shear
modulus [GATE-2008]
2. The stretch in a steel rod of circular section, having a length 'l' subjected to a tensile load' P' and
tapering uniformly from a diameter d1 at one end to a diameter d2 at the other end, is given by
[IES-1995]

3. If the value of Poisson's ratio is zero, then it means that

(a) The material is rigid.
(b) The material is perfectly plastic.
(c) There is no longitudinal strain in the material
(d) The longitudinal strain in the material is infinite. [IES-1994]
4. Poison’s Ratio is the ratio of
(a) Stress and Strain (b) Modulus of elasticity and strain (c) Lateral strain and longitudinal strain
(d) Longitudinal strain and Lateral strain
5. Within the elastic limit, stress is
(a) inversely proportional to strain (b) directly proportional to strain (c) square root of strain
(d) equal to strain
 Q1. (i). A mild steel rod 2 m long 3 cm diameter is subjected to an axial pull of 10 kN. If
E for steel is 2 x 105 N/mm2, find (a). Stress, (b) Strain, (c). Elongation of the rod.
(ii). A cast iron column has internal diameter of 200 mm. What should be the minimum
external diameter so that it may carry a load of 1.6 MN and safe stress is 90 N/mm2.
Q2.

1. Tensile stress is
(a) Stress due to any force
(b) Stress due to change in length under a load
(c) Stress caused by varying load
(d) None of these
2. Strain is defined as the ratio of
(a) change in volume to original volume
(b) change in length to original volume
(c) change in area to original area
(d) all the above
3. The figure below shows a steel rod of 25 mm2 cross sectional area. It is loaded at four points, K, L,
M and N. Assume Esteel = 200 GPa. The total change in length of the rod due to loading is:

(a) 1 μm (b) -10 μm (c) 16 μm (d) -20 μm [GATE-2004, IES 1995, 1997, 1998]
4. The bolt is failed due to

(a)Tensile load (b) Compressive load (c) Shear Load (d) Difficult to predict
5. In a tensile test, near the elastic limit zone
(a) Tensile stress increases at a faster rate
(b) Tensile stress decreases at a faster rate
(c) Tensile stress increases in linear proportion to the stress
(d) Tensile stress decreases in linear proportion to the stress [IES-2006]
 Q1. A steel bar 900 mm long. Its two ends are 40 mm and 30 mm in diameter and the length of
each rod is 200 mm. The middle portion of the bar is 15 mm in diameter and 500 mm long. If the
bar is subjected an axial tensile load of 15 kN, determine,

(i) Stresss in each section (ii)Total Extension

Q2.

1. A solid uniform metal bar of diameter D and length L is hanging vertically from its upper end. The
elongation of the bar due to self weight is:
(a) Proportional to L and inversely proportional to D2
(b) Proportional to L2 and inversely proportional to D2
(c) Proportional of L but independent of D
(d) Proportional of U but independent of D [IES-2005]
2. A brass rod is completely enclosed by a steel tube and is stated to experience a change of
elongation of 0.1 mm in a certain length of the composite assembly. The stress experienced by the
brass rod is of following nature
(a) Tensile (b) Compressive (c) Shear (d) Bending
3. The reactions at the rigid supports at A and B for the bar loaded as shown in the figure are
respectively.
(a) 20/3 kN,10/3 kN (b) 10/3 kN, 20/3 kN (c) 5 kN, 5 kN (d) 6 kN, 4 kN

[IES-2002; IAS-2003]
4. A rod of length L and diameter D is subjected to a tensile load P. Which of the following is
sufficient to calculate the resulting change in diameter?
(a) Young's modulus (b) Shear modulus
(c) Poisson's ratio (d) Both Young's modulus and shear modulus [GATE-2008]

5. By observing the following set of loading condition, suggest which formula will be used to
calculate the change in length of the circular member
 Q1. n axial pull of 40 kN is acting on a bar consisting of three sections of length 300 mm, 250 mm
and 200 mm and of diameters 20 mm, 40 mm and 50mm respectively. Find the stresses in each
section and total extension of the bar. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.A

Q2.

1. Deformation per unit length in the direction of force is known as

(a) strain (b) lateral strain (c) linear strain (d) linear stress
2. The unit of Young’s modulus is
(a) mm/mm (b) N/mm (c) N/mm2 (d) N/mm3
3. During tensile-testing of a specimen using a Universal Testing Machine, the parameters actually
measured include
(a) True stress and true strain (b) Poisson’s ratio and Young's modulus
(c) Engineering stress and engineering strain (d) Load and elongation [IES-1996]
4. The Young’s modulus of mild steel is
(a) 2 x 104 N/mm2 (b) 2 x 106 N/mm2 (c) 20 x 104 N/mm2 (d) 2 x 105 N/m2
5. A bar of length L tapers uniformly from diameter 1.1 D at one end to 0.9 D at the other end. The
elongation due to axial pull is computed using mean diameter D. What is the approximate error in
computed elongation?
(a) 10% (b) 5% (c) 1% (d) 0.5% [IES-2004]
Q1. A bar is subjected to a point load as shown in fig. Calculate the force P2 and also find the total
elongation of the bar. Take P1 = 60 kN and P3 = 500 kN, P4 = 150 kN and modulus of elasticity E =
2.1 x 105 N/mm2.

B C D
A
P2
650mm2 3000mm2 1400mm2 P4
P1 P3

140cm 75cm 100cm

Q2.
 Q1. A member ABCD is subjected to part loads as shown in fig. Calculate the force P necessary
for equilibrium and total change in length of the bar. Take E = 210 kN/mm2.

B C D
A
50KN
P
600mm2 2400mm2 1200mm2
500KN

600m 1000mm 1200mm

Q2.

1. The deformation of a bar under its own weight as compared to that when subjected to a direct axial
load equal to its own weight will be:
(a) The same (b) One-fourth (c) Half (d) Double [IES-1998]
2. A. steel rod of diameter 1 cm and 1 m long is heated from 20°C to 120°C. Its α =12×10−6 / K and
E=200 GN/m2. If the rod is free to expand, the thermal stress developed in it is:
(a)12 × 104 N/m2 (b) 240 kN/m2 (c) Zero (d) Infinity [IAS-2002]
3. A bar having a cross-sectional area of 700mm2 is subjected to axial loads at the positions indicated.
The value of stress in the segment QR is:

(a) 40 MPa (b) 50 MPa (c) 70 MPa (d) 120 MPa [GATE-2006]
4. Which one of the following is correct? When a nut is tightened by placing a washer below it, the
bolt will be subjected to:
(a) Compression only (b) Tension (c) Shear only (d) Compression and shear [IES-2008]
5. Tensile stress is
(a) Stress due to any force
(b) Stress due to change in length under a load
(c) Stress caused by varying load
(d) None of these
 Q1. (i). A circular rod 2.5m long, tapers uniformly from 25 mm diameter to 12 mm diameter.
Determine the extension of the rod under a pull of 30 kN. Assume modulus of elasticity of the
rod is 200 kN/mm2.

(ii). A steel flat plate AB of 1 cm thickness tapers uniformly from 10 cm to 5 cm width in a

length of 40 cm. Determine the elongation of the plate, if an axial tensile force of 5000 N acts on
it. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.

Q2.

1. If the diameter of the wire stretched by a given load is double then its Young’s modulus will be
, for equal amount of elongation. The original length is constant for both the case.
(a) Same (b) double (c) four times (d) one fourth
2. If a material expands freely due to heating, it will develop
(a) thermal stress (b) tensile stress (c) compressive stress (d) no stress
3. A brass rod is completely enclosed by a steel tube and is stated to experience a change of
elongation of 0.1 mm in a certain length of the composite assembly. The stress experienced by the
brass rod is of following nature
(a) Tensile (b) Compressive (c) Shear (d) Bending
4. A rod of length L and diameter D is subjected to a tensile load P. Which of the following is
sufficient to calculate the resulting change in diameter?
(a) Young's modulus (b) Shear modulus
(c) Poisson's ratio (d) Both Young's modulus and shear modulus [GATE-2008]
5. A heavy uniform rod of length 'L' and material density 'δ' is hung vertically with its top end rigidly
fixed. How is the total elongation of the bar under its own weight expressed?
 Q1. A short steel tube of external diameter 70 mm and internal diameter 40 mm is surrounded by a
brass tube of same length and having external diameter 90mm and internal diameter 80 mm. The
tubes are rigidly fixed and an axial load of 20 kN is placed on the tubes. Find the load carried in each
tube and shortening of each tube. Take L = 30 cm, modulus of elasticity of steel is 2.1 x 10 5 N/mm2
and modulus of elasticity of brass is 1.1 x 105 N/mm2.

Q2.

1. Two tapering bars of the same material are subjected to a tensile load P. The lengths of both the
bars are the same. The larger diameter of each of the bars is D. The diameter of the bar A at its
smaller end is D/2 and that of the bar B is D/3. What is the ratio of elongation of the bar A to that
of the bar B?
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 2: 3 (c) 4 : 9 (d) 1: 3 [IES-2006]
2. A steel rod 10 mm in diameter and 1m long is heated from 20°C to 120°C, E = 200GPa and α = 12
× 10-6 per °C. If the rod is not free to expand, the thermal stress developed is:
(a) 120 MPa (tensile) (b) 240 MPa (tensile)
(c) 120 MPa (compressive) (d) 240 MPa (compressive) [IAS-2003, IES-1997, 2000, 2006]
3. The figure below shows a steel rod of 25 mm2 cross sectional area. It is loaded at four points, K, L,
M and N. Assume Esteel = 200 GPa. The total change in length of the rod due to loading is:

(a) 1 μm (b) -10 μm (c) 16 μm (d) -20 μm [GATE-2004, IES 1995, 1997, 1998]
4. During tensile-testing of a specimen using a Universal Testing Machine, the parameters actually
measured include
(a) True stress and true strain (b) Poisson’s ratio and Young's modulus
 (c) Engineering stress and engineering strain (d) Load and elongation [IES-1996]

5. The bolt is failed due to

(a)Tensile load (b) Compressive load (c) Shear Load (d) Difficult to predict
Q1. A steel rod of 20 mm diameter is enclosed centrally in a hollow copper tube of external
diameter 30mm and internal diameter 25 mm. The composite bar is then subjected to an axial
pull of 40 kN. Find the stresses in the rod and tube. Take Es = 200 kN/mm2 and Ec = 100
kN/mm2.

Q2.
 Q1. A reinforced concrete column 300 x 300 mm has 4 reinforcing steel bars of 25 mm
diameter in each corner. Find the safe axial load on the column when the concrete is
subjected to a stress of 5 N/mm2. What is the corresponding stress in steel? Take Es/Ec =
18.
Q2.

1. A uniform steel rope (E = 2 x 105 N/mm2 and density 7.8 N/mm3) of total length 40m hangs
vertically. The ratio of elongation of first 10 m to that of first 20 m would be
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 9 : 4
2. Strain is defined as the ratio of
(a) change in volume to original volume
(b) change in length to original volume
(c) change in area to original area
(d) all the above
3. A steel bar of 40 mm × 40 mm square cross-section is subjected to an axial compressive load of
200 kN. If the length of the bar is 2 m and E = 200 GPa, the elongation of the bar will be:
(a)1.25 mm (b) 2.70 mm (c) 4.05 mm (d) 5.40 mm [GATE-2006]
4. A rod of length L and diameter D is subjected to a tensile load P. Which of the following is
sufficient to calculate the resulting change in diameter?
(a) Young's modulus (b) Shear modulus (c) Poisson's ratio (d) Both Young's modulus and shear
modulus [GATE-2008]
5. In the case of an engineering material under unidirectional stress in the x-direction, the Poisson's
ratio is equal to (symbols have the usual meanings) [IAS 1994, IES-2000]
 Q1. A steel rod of 4 m long and 30 mm diameter is connected to two grips and the rod is
maintained at a temperature of 70 oC. Find out the force exerted by the rod after it has
been cooled to 25 oC, if (a) the ends do not yield, and (b) the ends yield by 1.5 mm.
Take E = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2; α = 12 x 10-6/ oC.
Q2.

1. A bar of length L tapers uniformly from diameter 1.1 D at one end to 0.9 D at the other end. The
elongation due to axial pull is computed using mean diameter D. What is the approximate error in
computed elongation?
(a) 10% (b) 5% (c) 1% (d) 0.5% [IES-2004]
2. The temperature stress is a function of
1. Coefficient of linear expansion 2. Temperature rise 3. Modulus of elasticity
The correct answer is:
(a)1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 [IES-1992]
3. In a tensile test, near the elastic limit zone
(a) Tensile stress increases at a faster rate
(b) Tensile stress decreases at a faster rate
(c) Tensile stress increases in linear proportion to the stress
(d) Tensile stress decreases in linear proportion to the stress [IES-2006]
4. For the following type of compound case, Young’s modulus of both steel and concrete is known.
The stresses are related to each other by the relation “ s  m c ”, here “m” is _ .

5. The unit of Young’s modulus is

(a) mm/mm (b) N/mm (c) N/mm2 (d) N/mm3
 Q1. A rod is made of brass, copper and aluminium, as shown in fig. is held between two
rigid supports at A and D. Calculate the stresses developed in each material when the
temperature of the system is raised by 40 oC. Take Es = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2, Ec = 1.1 x 105
N/mm2, Es = 0.7 x 105 N/mm2, αs = 12 x 10-6/ oC, αc = 17 x 10-6/ oC, αa = 21 x 10-6/ oC.

A B C D
Aluminium
copper
steel

100mm2 200mm2
400mm2

75mm 150mm 200mm

Q2.

1. The Young’s modulus of mild steel is

(a) 2 x 104 N/mm2 (b) 2 x 106 N/mm2 (c) 20 x 104 N/mm2 (d) 2 x 105 N/m2
2. The elasticity of various materials is controlled by its
(a) ultimate tensile stress (b) stress at proportional point (c) stress at yield point (d) none
3. The figure below shows a steel rod of 25 mm2 cross sectional area. It is loaded at four points, K, L,
M and N. Assume Esteel = 200 GPa. The total change in length of the rod due to loading is:

(a) 1 μm (b) -10 μm (c) 16 μm (d) -20 μm [GATE-2004, IES 1995, 1997, 1998]
4. For a composite consisting of a bar enclosed inside a tube of another material when compressed
under a load 'W' as a whole through rigid collars at the end of the bar. The equation of
compatibility is given by (suffixes 1 and 2) refer to bar and tube respectively [IES-1998]

5. A bar of copper and steel form a composite system. They are heated to a temperature of 40 ° C.
What type of stress is induced in the copper bar?
(a)Tensile (b) Compressive (c) Both tensile and compressive (d) Shear [IES-2004]
 Q1. A steel rod of 30 mm diameter passes centrally through a copper tube of 60mm external
diameter and 50 mm internal diameter. The tube is closed at each end by rigid plates of
negligible thickness. Calculate the stress developed in copper and steel when the temperature of
the assembly is raised by 60 oC. Take E for steel = 2 x 105 N/mm2, E for copper = 1 x 105 N/mm2,
αs = 12 x 10-6/ oC, αc = 18 x 10-6/ oC.

1. The Young’s modulus of mild steel is

(a) 2 x 104 N/mm2 (b) 2 x 106 N/mm2 (c) 20 x 104 N/mm2 (d) 2 x 105 N/m2
2. The elasticity of various materials is controlled by its
(a) ultimate tensile stress (b) stress at proportional point (c) stress at yield point (d) none
3. The figure below shows a steel rod of 25 mm2 cross sectional area. It is loaded at four points, K, L,
M and N. Assume Esteel = 200 GPa. The total change in length of the rod due to loading is:

(a) 1 μm (b) -10 μm (c) 16 μm (d) -20 μm [GATE-2004, IES 1995, 1997, 1998]
4. For a composite consisting of a bar enclosed inside a tube of another material when compressed
under a load 'W' as a whole through rigid collars at the end of the bar. The equation of
compatibility is given by (suffixes 1 and 2) refer to bar and tube respectively [IES-1998]

5. A bar of copper and steel form a composite system. They are heated to a temperature of 40 ° C.
What type of stress is induced in the copper bar?
(a)Tensile (b) Compressive (c) Both tensile and compressive (d) Shear [IES-2004]
 A bar of 20 mm diameter is tested in tension. It is observed that when a load of 40 kN is
applied, the extension measured over a gauge length of 200 mm is 0.12 mm and
contraction in diameter is 0.0036 mm. Find Poisson’s ratio and Elastic constants E, G and
K.
1. A 100 mm × 5 mm × 5 mm steel bar free to expand is heated from 15°C to 40°C. What shall be
developed?
(a) Tensile stress (b) Compressive stress (c) Shear stress (d) No stress [IES-2008]
2. Which one of the following statements is correct? If a material expands freely due to heating, it
will develop (a) Thermal stress (b) Tensile stress (c) Compressive stress (d) No stress
[GATE-1995; IES 2007]
3. In a simple tension test, Hooke's law is valid up to the
(a) Elastic limit (b) Limit of proportionality (c) Ultimate stress (d) Breaking point [IAS-1998]
4. A tapering bar (diameters of end sections being d1 and d2) and a bar of uniform cross-section’d’
have the same length and are subjected the same axial pull. Both the bars will have the same
extension if ’d’ is equal to [IES-1998]

Unit of strain is
5. (a) N/mm2 (b) kN/mm2 (c) kN/mm3 (d) None
 A Composite bar made up of aluminium and steel is held between two supports as shown in
fig. The bars are stress- free at a temperature of 40 oC. What will be the stresses in the two
bards when the temperature is 20 oC if (i) the supports are non-yielding and (ii) the supports
come nearer to each other by 0.1 mm? It can be assumed that the change of temperature is
uniform all along the length of the bar.
Aluminium Steel

M
L 25mm 50mm

0.3m 0.6m

1. In case of a steeped bar, D is the diameter of first half portion and d is the diameter of the rest
portion of the bar. If axial pull P is applied then the stress developed is more in
(a) first portion (b) last portion (c) same in both portion (d) none

2. Which type of stress will deform the body from the shape given in fig. (a) to the shape as shown in
fig. (b).

(a) tensile stress (b) compressive stress (c) shear stress (d) bending stress

3. A bar having a cross-sectional area of 700mm2 is subjected to axial loads at the positions
indicated. The value of stress in the segment QR is:

(a) 40 MPa (b) 50 MPa (c) 70 MPa (d) 120 MPa [GATE-2006]
4. A rod of length L and diameter D is subjected to a tensile load P. Which of the following is
sufficient to calculate the resulting change in diameter?
(a) Young's modulus (b) Shear modulus
(c) Poisson's ratio (d) Both Young's modulus and shear modulus [GATE-2008]
5. Which one of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched? (E = Young's modulus, α =
Coefficient of linear expansion, T = Temperature rise, A = Area of cross-section, l= Original
length)
[IAS-1999]
 A steel bar is placed between two copper bars each having the same area and length as the steel
bar at 15 oC. At this stage, they are rigidly connected together at both the ends. When the
temperature is raised to 315 oC, the length of the bars increases by 1.5 mm. Determine the
original length and final stresses in the bar. Take Es=210 GN/m2, Ec=11 GN/m2, s= 0.000012
per oC, c=0.0000175 per oC.

1. Which of the following equation establishes the relationship between the radius of curvature to
which the beam bends, the bending moment, the bending stress and its (beam) cross-sectional
dimensions.
(a) Deflection equation ( b) Bending equation (c) Curvature Equation proposed by Lueish (d) None
2. In case of seam less tube which formula is currect
(a) (b) PD (c) Both ( d) None
PD
c 
2t  L c
4t  L
3. Which of the stress developed in the thin cylindrical pressure vessels are called Principal stress
(a) Hoop stress (b) Longitudinal Stress ( c) both (a) and (b) (d) None
4. A thin spherical shell 1 m in diameter with its wall of 12mm thickness is filled with a fluid at
atmospheric pressure. Take E = 200 GN/m2 and Poisson’s ratio 0.3. The internal fluid pressure
developed is
(a) 1.5 MPa (b) 2.5 MPa (c) 0.5 MPa (d) None
5. Calculate the bursting pressure for a cold drawn seamless steel tubing of 60 mm inside diameter
with 2 mm wall thickness. The ultimate strength of the steel is 380 MN/m2.
( a) 25 MN/m2 (b) 20 MN/m2 (c) 30 MN/m2 (d) None
 A gun metal rod 22 mm diameter screwed at the ends passes through a steel tube having 30
mm and 25 mm external and internal diameters respectively. The temperature of the whole
assembly is raised to 126oC and the nuts on the rods are then screwed tightly on the ends of
the tube. Find the intensity of stress in the rod and the tube when the common temperature
has fallen to 16oC. Take Es=210 GN/m2, Eg=94 GN/m2, s=12 x 10-6 per oC, g= 20 x 10-6
per oC

1. Which of the assumption is correct for the analysis of the bending of beams
(a) The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous
(b) The material of the beam is perfectly isotropic
(c) The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous and orthotropic
(d) The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic
2. Section modulus of the circular section is
d3 d3 d2 d3
(a) ( b) (c) (d)
64 32 64 16
3. Which of the following are usually considered as thin cylinders?
(a) Boilers (b) Tanks (c) Steam pipes ( d) All
4. A thin spherical shell 1 m in diameter with its wall of 12mm thickness is filled with a fluid at
atmospheric pressure. Take E = 200 GN/m2 and Poisson’s ratio 0.3. The value of the
circumferential stress is
(a) 31 MPa (b) 20 MPa (c) 40 MPa (d) None
5. A cylindrical vessel whose ends are closed by means of rigid flange plate is made of steel plate 3
mm thick. The length and internal diameter of vessel 500 mm and 25 cm respectively. The internal
fluid pressure is 3 MN/m2. The value of the Hoop stress is
(a) 125 MN/m2 (b) 100 MN/m2 (c)150 MN/m2 (d) None
 A bar of 30 mm diameter is subjected to pull of 60 kN. The measured extension on gauge
length of 200 mm is 0.09 mm and the change in diameter is 0.0039 mm. Calculate the
Poisson’s ratio and the values of the three modulii.

1. The bending equation is

(a) I E (b) M R (C) I  Yb  E (d) None
 b  b
M y R I N . A. y E M R
2. The strength of the beam mainly depends on the
(a) Bending moment (b) Area of cross section (c) Moment of inertia (d) Rigidity modulus
3. The value of modulus of elasticity is
(a) Maximum in tension (b) Maximum in compression (c) Remains constant for both tension and
compression (d) Only constant at the neutral layer
4. A thin spherical shell 1 m in diameter with its wall of 12mm thickness is filled with a fluid at
atmospheric pressure. Take E = 200 GN/m2 and Poisson’s ratio 0.3. The increase in diameter is
(a) 0.111 mm (b) 0.222 mm (c) 0.333 mm (d) None
5. A cylindrical vessel whose ends are closed by means of rigid flange plate is made of steel plate 3
mm thick. The length and internal diameter of vessel 500 mm and 25 cm respectively. The internal
fluid pressure is 3 MN/m2. The value of the longitudinal stress is
(a) 62 MN/m2. (b) 52 MN/m2 (c) 72 MN/m2 (d) None
 1. What is plane bending?
2. What is oblique bending?
3. Define beam.
4. What is meant by distributed load?
5. What are the classifications of beams?

1. Pressure vessels are made of

(a) Non ferrous metal (b) Sheet metals (c) Composite (d) Any one from choice as listed here
2. Which is the correct relationship for the thin shells
d d d 1 d
(a)  20 (b)  20 (c)  (d)  20
t t t 20 t
3. In a thin shell, the longitudinal stress is given by
(a) PD (b) P D (c) PD (d) P D
l
 l  l
 l 
4t  C 4t  l 2t  C 2t l
4. A cylindrical vessel whose ends are closed by means of rigid flange plate is made of steel plate 3
mm thick. The length and internal diameter of vessel 500 mm and 25 cm respectively. The internal
fluid pressure is 3 MN/m2. The value of the change in volume is
(a) 29 cm3 (b) 20 cm3 (c) 35 cm3 (d) None
5. Calculate the bursting pressure for a cold drawn seamless steel tubing of 60 mm inside diameter
with 2 mm wall thickness. The ultimate strength of the steel is 380 MN/m2.
(a) 25 MN/m2 (b) 20 MN/m2 (c) 30 MN/m2 (d) None
 1. What is meant by cantilever and over hanging beams?
2. What is meant by continuous beam? Draw its sketch.
3. What is meant by fixed beam? Draw its sketch.
4. Define shear force.
5. Define Bending moment.

1. High pressure storage tanks are made out of following shapes

(a) Cylindrical (b) Spherical (c) Cylindrical Shell with hemispherical ends (d) Any one of the
above
2. The longitudinal stress developed in the thin spherical shells are
(a) Perpendicular to the radial direction (b) Perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (c) either of
the above (d) None of the above
3. In case of the spherical shell, the volumetric strain is (where e = Strain along the coordinate axes)
(a) e (b) 2e (c) 3e (d) 4e
4. The thickness of the spherical portion of the thin shells is
(a) Equal to the thickness of the cylindrical portion
(b) More than the thickness of the cylindrical portion
(c) Less than the thickness of the cylindrical portion
(d) Subjected to the condition of internal fluid pressure
5. A cylindrical vessel whose ends are closed by means of rigid flange plate is made of steel plate 3
mm thick. The length and internal diameter of vessel 500 mm and 25 cm respectively. The internal
fluid pressure is 3 MN/m2. The value of the change in diameter is
(a) 0.01328 cm (b) 1.3 mm (c) 0.11 mm (d) None
 1. Derive and expression for SF and BM for a Cantilever carrying UDL over the Entire
span.
2. Derive an expression for BM for a cantilever carrying UDL over the entire span and a
point load at its free end.
3. Derive an expression for SF if a cantilever carrying UDL for a part of its length from
the free end.
4. Draw SFD and BMD for a cantilever carrying UDL for a part of its length from the
free end.
5. Derive an expression for SF for a cantilever carrying a load varies from zero at the
fixed point and w/unit run at free end.

1. The formula used to calculate the maximum shear stress developed in the thin cylinder subjected to
the internal fluid pressure “p” , internal diameter “d” and thickness “t” is
p d p d p d pd2
(a) max  (b) max  (c) max  (d) max 
2t 8t 4t 2t
2. In case of thin cylinders, subjected to the internal fluid pressure; the radial stress is
(a) Maximum at the inner surface (b) Maximum at the outer surface (c) Remains constant over the
thickness of the shell (d) Gradually decreases from the inner to outer surface
3. In case of spherical vessels
(a) Hoop stress is less than longitudinal stress; (b) Hoop stress is greater than longitudinal stress (c)
Hoop stress is equal to the longitudinal stress (d) Depending up on the internal pressure, Hoop
stress and Longitudinal stress relationship varies.
4. A thin spherical shell 1 m in diameter with its wall of 12mm thickness is filled with a fluid at
atmospheric pressure. Take E = 200 GN/m2 and Poisson’s ratio 0.3. The increase in diameter is
(a) 0.111 mm (b) 0.222 mm (c) 0.333 mm (d) None
5. A cylindrical vessel whose ends are closed by means of rigid flange plate is made of steel plate 3
mm thick. The length and internal diameter of vessel 500 mm and 25 cm respectively. The internal
fluid pressure is 3 MN/m2. The value of the change in length is
(a) 0.00625 cm (b) 1.3 mm (c) 0.11 mm (d) None
 1. Draw SFD and BMD
w/m

A B
C
2. Draw SFD and BMD w/m

A
B
3. Derive an expression for BM for a simply supported beam having a point load not at
midspan.
4. Draw SFD and BMD for simply supported beam having UDL over the entire span.
5. Draw SFD and BMD for the beam shown in fig.
4KN

4m 2m

1. If the thin cylinder is subjected to the internal fluid pressure; the nature of the stress is compressive
for
(a) Hoop stress (b) Longitudinal stress (c)Circumferential stress (d) None
2. Section modulus of the circular section is
d3 d3 d2 d3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
64 32 64 16
3. In case of seam less tube which formula is currect
(a) (b) (c) Both (d) None
PD PD
c 
2t  L c
4t  L
4. A thin spherical shell 1 m in diameter with its wall of 12 mm thickness is filled with a fluid at
atmospheric pressure. Take E = 200 GN/m2 and Poisson’s ratio 0.3. The increase in diameter is
(a) 0.111 mm (b) 0.222 mm (c) 0.333 mm (d) None
5. A thin spherical shell 1 m in diameter with its wall of 12mm thickness is filled with a fluid at
atmospheric pressure. Take E = 200 GN/m2 and Poisson’s ratio 0.3. The internal fluid pressure
developed is (a) 1.5 MPa (b) 2.5 MPa (c) 0.5 MPa (d) None
 1. Draw SFD and BMD for
2KN
1KN/m

5m
2. Define Point of contra flexure.
3. Write any two assumptions in theory of bending
4. What is a Bending equation?
5. Define polar modulus.

1. Pressure vessels are made of

(a) Non ferrous metal (b) Sheet metals (c) Composite (d) Any one from choice as listed here
2. Which is the correct relationship for the thin shells
d d d 1 d
(a)  20 (b)  20 (c)  (d)  20
t t t 20 t
3. In a thin shell, the longitudinal stress is given by
(a) PD (b) P D (c) PD (d) P D
l
 l  l
 l 
4t  C 4t  l 2t  C 2t l
4. A cylindrical vessel whose ends are closed by means of rigid flange plate is made of steel plate 3
mm thick. The length and internal diameter of vessel 500 mm and 25 cm respectively. The internal
fluid pressure is 3 MN/m2. The value of the change in volume is
(a) 29 cm3 (b) 20 cm3 (c) 35 cm3 (d) None
5. Calculate the bursting pressure for a cold drawn seamless steel tubing of 60 mm inside diameter
with 2 mm wall thickness. The ultimate strength of the steel is 380 MN/m2.
(a) 25 MN/m2 (b) 20 MN/m2 (c) 30 MN/m2 (d) None
6. Pressure vessels are made of
(a) Non ferrous metal (b) Sheet metals (c) Composite (d) Any one from choice as listed here
 1. Define Point of contra flexure.
2. Write any two assumptions in theory of bending. What is a Bending equation?
3. Derive and expression for SF and BM for a Cantilever carrying UDL over the Entire
span.
4. Derive an expression for BM for a cantilever carrying UDL over the entire span and a
point load at its free end.
5. Derive an expression for SF if a cantilever carrying UDL for a part of its length from
the free end.
1. Modulus of rigidity is defined as the ratio of :

2. Write the relationship between the τmax and τmean of a rectangular bar.
3. Write the slope and deflection equation for a simply supported beam of length L and carries two
point loads a meter from both the side using any method.
4. If the section modulus of the beam decreases then the bending stress will be :
5. For the same material, length and torque, the weight of the hollow shaft in comparison to the solid
shaft is :
 Draw SF and BM diagram for cantilever beam loaded as shown in fig.

2KN/m 1KN
1KN

B E D C A

1m 1m 2m 1m

1. Write the relationship between the τmax and τmean of a solid circular section.
2. What is Macaulay’s bracket?
3. Two equal length beams are fixed at their ends. One carries a distributed load and other caries
same load but concentrated in the middle. The ratio of maximum deflections will be :

4. A beam is fixed at one end and freely supported at the other end. A load acts in the centre. The
maximum bending moment will occur at:

5. Write the slope and deflection equation for a simply supported beam of length L and carries UDL
w/meter length over its entire length using any method.
 Draw SFD and BMD for a cantilever loaded as shown in fig.

2KN/m 3KN 3KN

2KN 1KN

B E D C A

1m 2m 2m 2m

1. Write the slope and deflection equation for a cantilever beam of length L and carries UDL w/meter
length over its entire length using any method.
2. Compare the strength of the solid and hollow shafts both having outside diameter D and hollow
shaft having inside diameter D/2 in torsion. The ratio of strength of solid to hollow shafts in torsion
will be :
3. Two cantilever beams are of equal length. One carries a uniformly distributed load and other
carries same load but concentrated at the free end. The ratio of maximum deflection is :

4. Section modulus of the rectangular beam is :

5. A cantilever beam is deflected by “d”, due to load “P”. If the load is doubled then the deflection
compared to the earlier case will be changed by a factor :
 Find the reaction at the fixed end of the cantilever loaded as shown in fig. Draw also the SF
and BM diagrams.
20KN 10KN

20KNm 20KNm

B E D C A

1m 2m 2m 2m

1. A beam of length “l”, having uniform load of w N/unit length, is supported freely at the
ends. The bending moment at the middle of the span will be :

2. 100 kW is to be transmitted by each of two separate shafts. A is turning at 250 rpm and B at
300 rpm. Which shaft must have grater diameter:

3. Two simply supported beams are of equal length. One caries a central load of W and other
caries the uniformly distributed load such that total load is W. The ratio of maximum
deflection in two cases is:
4. Section modulus of solid circular shaft of diameter “d” is:

5. Write the slope and deflection equation for a simply supported beam of length L and carries
UDL w/meter length over its entire length and a point load W at the center of the beam,
using any method.
 Draw SFD and BMD for a simply supported beam loaded as shown in fig.

3KN/m 1KN
2KN

A CE D E F B

1m 1m 2m 1m 1m

1. A beam of length “l”, having uniform load of w N/unit length, is supported freely at the
ends. The bending moment at the middle of the span will be :

2. 100 kW is to be transmitted by each of two separate shafts. A is turning at 250 rpm and B at
300 rpm. Which shaft must have grater diameter:

3. Two simply supported beams are of equal length. One caries a central load of W and other
caries the uniformly distributed load such that total load is W. The ratio of maximum
deflection in two cases is:
4. Section modulus of solid circular shaft of diameter “d” is:

5. Write the slope and deflection equation for a simply supported beam of length L and carries
UDL w/meter length over its entire length and a point load W at the center of the beam, using
any method.
 aw SFD and BMD for a simply supported beam loaded as shown in fig.

2KN/m 4KN 2KN/m

3KN

B C D E A

2m 2m 1m 1m

1. Write the importance of the section modulus for the strength calculation of circular shaft.
2. If the section modulus of the beam decreases then the bending stress will be :
3. The moment diagram for a cantilever beam carrying uniformly distributed load will be:

4. Moment of a beam defined as its section modulus multiplied by :

5. Write the slope and deflection equation for a simply supported beam of length L and carries
two point loads a meter from both the side using any method.
 Calculate the values of maximum and mini bending moment and shearing forces for the
simply supported beam loaded as shown in fig. Draw the bending moment and shearing
force diagrams.

15KN
30KN

B C E A
D
2m 3m 1m 1m

1. The radius taken into consideration in calculating the stress in a hollow shaft subjected to
torsion is :

2. The moment diagram for a cantilever beam subjected to a couple at end of beam will be :

3. Write the slope and deflection equation for a simply supported beam of length L and carries
UDL w/meter from its left support to the mid span of the beam by using any method.
4. If a freely supported beam at its ends is loaded by a central concentrated load, then maximum moment
is M. If the same weight be equally distributed over the beam, then its maximum moment will be:

5. Write the relationship between the τmax and τmean of a rectangular bar.
 The intensity of loading on a simply supported beam of 4m span increases gradually from 30
kN/m run at one end to 130 kN/m run at the other. Draw SF and BM diagrams.

EE

130KN/m D C

30KN/m

A B

1. Write the formula to calculate the stiffness of the shaft.

2. For the same material, length and torque, the weight of the hollow shaft in comparison to the
solid shaft is :

3. Zero bending moment in a fixed beam of length “l” carrying uniformly distributed load will
occur at:
4. Write the slope and deflection equation for a cantilever beam of length L and carries UDL
w/meter length over its entire length using any method.
5. Compare the strength of the solid and hollow shafts both having outside diameter D and
hollow shaft having inside diameter D/2 in torsion. The ratio of strength of solid to hollow
shafts in torsion will be :
Fig. shows a beam AB of length 4m acted upon by the forces and moments. Draw the BM
and SF diagrams.

20KN/m 20KN
30KNm

B E D C A

1.5m 1m 1m 0.5m
Draw SFD and BMD for loaded beam shown in fig.

3KN/m 2KN
5.5KN

B Q D P C A

1m 1m 3m 2m
Draw SFD and BMD for a loaded beam as shown in fig.

6KN 3KN/m 2KN

3KN

A C D B A

1.5m 1.5m 1.5m 2.4m

1. For the beam loaded as shown in fig. calculate the value of UDL w. So that BM at is 50
kN/m. Draw SFD and BMD for this beam for the calculated value of w. Locate the
point of contra flexure, if any

wKN/m W

A C B D

4m 4m 2m
A beam consists of a symmetrical rolled steel joist. The beam in simply supported at its ends
and carries a point load at the centre of the span. If the maximum stress due to bending is
140 MPa. Find the ration of the depth of the beam section to span in order that the central
deflection may not exceed 1/480 of the span. Take E = 200 GPa.
A 250 mm (depth) x 150 mm wide rectangular beam is subjected to maximum bending
moment of 750 kNm. Determine. (i) The maximum stress in the beam. (ii) If the value
of E for the beam material is 200 GN/m2, find out the radius of curvature for the portion
of the beam where the bending is maximum. (iii) The value of the longitudinal stress at
a distance of 65 mm from the top surface of the beam.
Two wooden planks 150 mm x 50 mm each are connected to form a T- Section of a beam. If
a moment of 3.4 kNm is applied around the horizontal neutral axis, in during tension below
the neutral axis, find the stresses at the extreme fibres of the cross-section. Also calculate the
total tensile force on the cross-section.
A beam simply supported at ends and having cross section as shown in fig. in loaded with a
UDL over whole of its span. If the beam is 8 m long. Find the UDL is maximum permissible
bending stress in tension is limited to 30 MN/m2 and in compression to 45 MN/m2. What is
the actual maximum bending stresses setup in the section?

100m

30mm

120m 30mm

50mm

30mm
1. Define Torsion.

2. What are the assumptions made in torsion equation?

3. Write Torsional Equation.

4. Write down the expression for power transmitted by a shaft.

5. Write down the expression for torque transmitted by a hollow shaft.

1. Write down the expression for polar modulus of a hollow shaft and solid shaft.
2. Why hollow circular shafts are preferred when compared to solid circular shafts?
3. Write down the expression for maximum shear stress of a solid circular section in
diameter ‘D’ when subjected to torque ‘T’.
4. Define torsional rigidity.
5. Write an expression for the angle of twist for a hollow circular shaft with external
diameter D, internal diameter d, length L and rigidity modulus G.
1. What is the power transmitted by circular shaft subjected to a torque of 700 kN-m at
110 rpm?
2. Calculate the maximum torque that a shaft of 125 mm diameter can transmit, if the
maximum angle of twist is 1o in a length of 1.5 m. Take C = 70 x 103 N/mm2.
3. Write down the expression for torque transmitted by a hollow shaft.
4. Write down the expression for polar modulus of a hollow shaft and solid shaft.
5. Why hollow circular shafts are preferred when compared to solid circular shafts?
A hollow shaft is to transmit 200 kW at 80 rpm. If the shear stress is not to exceed 70 MN/mm 2
and internal diameter is 0.5 of the external diameter. Find the external and internal diameters
assuming that maximum torque is 1.6 times the mean.
Find the diameter of a solid shaft to transmit 150 kW of power at 300 rpm. If the allowable
shear stress is 90 MPa and twist is 1o over 2 m length of the shaft. Take rigidity modulus as 90
GPa.
A solid circular shaft transmits 75 kW at 200 rpm. Find the shaft diameter if the twist in the
shaft is not to exceed 1o in 2m length of the shaft and the shearing stress is limited to 50 N/mm 2.
Take G = 100 kN/mm2.
A hollow shaft of diameter ratio 3/8 is required to transmit 588 kW at 110 rpm. The maximum
torque exceeds the mean by 20%.The shear stress is limited to 63 N/mm 2 and the twist should not
be more than 0.0081 rad. Calculate the external diameter required satisfying both the conditions.
Take G = 84 GPa. Length = 3m.
Determine the diameter of a solid shaft transmitting 300 kW at 250 rpm. The maximum shear stress
should not exceed 30 N/mm2 and the twist should not be more than 1o in a shaft length of 2m. Take
G = 100 kN/mm2.
A solid circular shaft is subjected to a torque of 150 Nm. Find the minimum diameter required if the
allowable shear stress is 100 N/mm2 and allowable twist is 1o per 3m length of shaft. Take G = 100
kN/mm2.
A hollow shaft, having an internal diameter 50% of its external diameter, transmits 600 kW at 150
rpm. Determine the external diameter of the shaft if the shear stress is not to exceed 65 N/mm2 and
the twist in a length of 3m should not exceed 1.4 degrees. Assume maximum torque 1.2 times the
mean torque and modulus of rigidity = 1 x 105N/mm2.
A closed coiled helical spring made of 5mm diameter wire has 16 coils of 100 mm inner diameter. If
the maximum shear stress is limited to 150 MPa, find the stiffness of the spring. Take G = 85 GPa.
A helical spring in which the mean diameter of the coil is 8 times the wire diameter is to be designed
to absorb 0.2 kNm of energy with an extension of 100 mm. The maximum shear stress is not to
exceed 125 N/mm2. Determine the mean diameter of the spring, diameter of the wire and the
number of turns. Also find the load with which an extension of 40mm could be produced in the
spring. Assume G = 84 kN/mm2.
An open coiled helical spring made of 5 mm diameter wire has 16 coils 100 mm inner diameter with
helix angle of 16o. Calculate the deflection, maximum direct and shear stresses induced due to an
axial load of 300 N. Take G = 90 GPa and E = 200 GPa.
1. Calculate area of BMD of a cantilever carrying UDL of W/m for the full span of L.

2. Write the value of slope at the free end of a cantilever beam of constant EI and span L
carrying a concentrated load W at the free end.

3. State the two theorems in moment area method.

4. Write the maximum value of deflection for a simply supported beam of constant EI, span
L carrying central concentrated load W.

5. Define column.
1. State two assumptions made in Euler’s column’s theory.
2. Write the equivalent length of a column for the following conditions.
a). Column with both ends are hinged condition
b). Column with one end is fixed and the other end is free condition.
3. Write the equivalent length of a column for the following conditions.
a). Column with both ends are fixed condition
b). Column with one end is fixed and the other end is hinged condition.
4. State Slenderness ratio.
5. State Euler’s formula for crippling load.
1. What are the limitations of Euler’s formula?
2. State Rankine’s formula for crippling load.
3. Define crippling load (or) critical load (or) buckling load.
4. State two assumptions made in Euler’s column’s theory.
5. Calculate area of BMD of a cantilever carrying UDL of W/m for the full span of L.
A steel cantilever 6m long carries two point loads, 15 kN at the free end and 25 kN at a distance of
2.5m from the free end. Find (i) Slope at the free end, (ii) Deflection at the free end. Take I = 1.3 x
108 mm4 and E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.
A cantilever of length 4 m carries a UDL of 8 kN/m length over the entire length. If the section is
rectangular of 150 mm x 260 mm, find the deflection and slope at the free end. Take = 2.1 x 10 5
N/mm2.
A cantilever beam 50 mm wide and 80mm deep is 2m long. It carries a UDL over the entire length
along with a point load of 5 kN at its free end. Find the slope at the free end when the deflection is
7.5 mm at the free end. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.
A SSB of 8 m span carries a point load of 10 kN at its centre. It also subjects to a UDL of 1 kN/m
over its entire span. Find the maximum deflection of the beam. Take E = 200 kN/mm 2, I = 200 x
106 mm4.
A steel pipe 50 mm internal diameter and wall thickness 2 mm is simply supported on a span of 6m.
If the deflection is limited to 1/480 of the span. Calculate the maximum UDL that can carry. E = 2 X
105 N/ mm2.
A steel rod 4 m long and 40 mm diameter is used as a column. Determine the crippling load by
Euler’s formula when the given column is used with the following conditions. Take E = 2 X
105N/mm2.

a. Both ends are hinged.

b. One end is fixed and the other end is free.

c. Both ends are fixed

d. One end is fixed and other end is hinged.

A hollow tube 4 m long, 50 mm external diameter and 40 mm internal diameter is subjected under
tensile load of 40 kN and deflects 10 mm. This tube is used as a column with both ends hinged.
Determine crippling load and also safe load taking factor of safety as 3.
1. What is meant by Hoop stress? Give the formula.

2. Define principal stress.

3. What are principal planes?

4. Define Obliquity.

5. Give the expression for maximum shear stress in a two dimensional stress system.
1. What is the radius of Mohr’s Circle?
2. Give the expressions for the stresses on an inclined plane when it is subjected to an axial
pull.
3. Write the expressions for a normal stress on an inclined plane in a block which is subjected
to two mutually perpendicular normal stresses and shear stresses.
4. What are the planes along which the greatest shear stresses occur?
5. At a point in a strained material is subjected to a compressive stress of 100 N/mm2 and
shear stress of 60 N/mm2. Determine graphically or otherwise the principal stresses.
1. Define Obliquity.
2. Give the expression for maximum shear stress in a two dimensional stress system.
3. What is the radius of Mohr’s Circle?
4. Give the expressions for the stresses on an inclined plane when it is subjected to an axial
pull.
5. Write the expressions for a normal stress on an inclined plane in a block which is
subjected to two mutually perpendicular normal stresses and shear stresses.
A cylindrical shell 3 m long, which is closed at the ends, has an internal diameter of 1m and a wall
thickness of 15 mm. Calculate the circumferential and longitudinal stresses induced and also change
in dimensions of the shell if it is subjected to an internal pressure of 1.5 MN/m 2. Take E=200 GN/m2
and 1/m = 0.3.
A built up cylindrical shell of 300 mm diameter, 3 m long and 6mm thick is subjected to an internal
pressure of 2 MN/m2. Calculate the change in length, diameter and volume of the cylinder under
that pressure if the efficiencies of the longitudinal and circumferential joints are 80% and 50%
respectively. Take E=200 GN/m2, m=3.5.
The principal stresses at a point across two perpendicular planes are 75 MN/m 2 (tensile) and 35
MN/m2 (tensile). Find the normal, tangential stresses and resultant stress and its obliquity on a
plane at 200 with the major principal plane by Analytical method.
At a point in a bracket the stresses on two mutually perpendicular planes are 35 MN/m 2
(tensile) and 15 MN/m2 (tensile). The shear stress across these planes is 9 MN/m2. Find the
magnitude and direction of the resultant stress on a plane making an angle of 400 with the
plane of first stress. Find also the normal and tangential stresses on the plane by Graphical
method.
A rectangular block of material is subjected to a tensile stress of 110 N/mm2 on one plane and a
tensile stress of 47 N/mm2 on a plane at right angle to the former. Each of the above stresses is
accompanies by a shear stress of 63 N/mm2. Determine the principal stresses, Principal planes and
the maximum shear stress.
The stress at a point in strained material is Px = 200 N/mm2 and Py = -150 N/mm2 and q = 80 N/mm2.
Find the principal plane and principal stresses. Using graphical method and verify with analytical
method.
A rectangular block of material is subjected to a tensile stress of 90 N/mm2 along X axis and a
compressive stress of 45 N/mm2 on a plane at right angle to it, together with shear stresses of
80 N/mm2 on the same plane. Calculate the direction of principal planes, the magnitude of
principal stresses and the magnitude of greatest shear stresses.
1. Write the expression to establish the relationship between Young's modulus (E), Bulk
modulus (K) and Poisson's ratio (μ).
2. A bar having a cross-sectional area of 700 mm2 is subjected to axial loads at the
positions indicated. Calculate the value of stress in the segment QR.

3. Calculate the deformation of a bar under its own weight as compared to that when
subjected to a direct axial load equal to its own weight.
4. Two tapering bars of the same material are subjected to a tensile load P. The lengths of
both the bars are the same. The larger diameter of each of the bars is D. The diameter of
the bar A at its smaller end is D/2 and that of the bar B is D/3. What is the ratio of
elongation of the bar A to that of the bar B?
The following data relate to a bar subjected to a tensile test:

Diameter of the bar, d= 30 mm; Tensile load; P = 54 kN; Gauge length; l = 300 mm

Extension of the bar δl = 0.112 mm; Change in diameter δd = 0.00366 mm

Calculate: (i) Poisson’s Ratio; (ii) The value of three moduli.

A rectangular plate of dimensions is formed by welding two triangular plates (see figure). The plate is
subjected to a tensile stress of in the long direction and a compressive stress of in the short
direction. Determine the normal stress acting perpendicular to the line of the weld and the shear
acting parallel to the weld. (Assume that the normal stress is positive when it acts in tension against
the weld and the shear stress is positive when it acts counterclockwise against the weld.)
1. Explain the terms: stress, strain, modulus of elasticity.
2. Draw a typical stress-strain curve for mild steel, indicate salient point and define them.
3. Distinguish between
(i) Elastic limit and yield point. (ii) Nominal stress and true stress.
4. Explain the term factor of safety.
A circular rod of diameter 16 mm and 500 mm long is subjected to a tensile force 40 kN. The
modulus of elasticity for steel may be taken as 200 kN/mm 2. Find stress, strain and elongation of the
bar due to applied load.
A hollow steel tube is to be used to carry an axial compressive load of 160 kN. The yield stress for
steel is 250 N/mm2. A factor of safety of 1.75 is to be used in the design.

The following three classes of tubes of external diameter 101.6 mm are available.

The following three classes of tubes of external diameter 101.6 mm are available.

Class Thickness: Light 3.65 mm, Medium 4.05 mm, Heavy 4.85 mm

Which section do you recommend?

1. Show that pure shear gives rise to tensile and compressive stresses across the planes
inclined at 45° to the shearing planes, the intensity of the direct stresses being of the same
magnitude as shearing stress.
2. Show that volumetric strain in a bar is equal to the sum of strains in three mutually
perpendicular directions.
3. Explain the terms:
(i) Modulus of elasticity (ii) Modulus of rigidity and
(ii) Bulk modulus.
4. Derive the relationship between
(i) Modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity
(ii) Modulus of elasticity and bulk modulus
A specimen of steel 20 mm diameter with a gauge length of 200 mm is tested to destruction. It has
an extension of 0.25 mm under a load of 80 kN and the load at elastic limit is 102 kN. The maximum
load is 130 kN.

The total extension at fracture is 56 mm and diameter at neck is 15 mm. Find

(i) The stress at elastic limit.

(ii) Young’s modulus.

(iii) Percentage elongation.

(iv) Percentage reduction in area.

(v) Ultimate tensile stress.

The bar shown in Fig. is tested in universal testing machine. It is observed that at a load of 40 kN the
total extension of the bar is 0.280 mm. Determine the Young’s modulus of the material.
Q1. The stepped bar shown in Fig. is made up of two different materials. The material 1 has
Young’s modulus = 2 × 105 N/mm2, while that of material 2 is 1 × 105 N/mm2. Find the
extension of the bar under a pull of 30 kN if both the portions are 20 mm in thickness.

Q2. A bar of length 1000 mm and diameter 30 mm is centrally bored for 400 mm, the bore diameter
being 10 mm as shown in Fig. Under a load of 30 kN, if the extension of the bar is 0.222 mm, what is
the modulus of elasticity of the bar?
Q1. A bar of 25 mm diameter is tested in tension. It is observed that when a load of 60 kN is applied,
the extension measured over a gauge length of 200 mm is 0.12 mm and contraction in diameter is
0.0045 mm. Find Poisson’s ratio and elastic constants E, G, K.

Q2. A circular rod of 25 mm diameter and 500 mm long is subjected to a tensile force of 60 kN.
Determine modulus of rigidity, bulk modulus and change in volume if Poisson’s ratio = 0.3 and
Young’s modulus E = 2 × 105 N/mm2.
Q1. A 400 mm long bar has rectangular cross-section 10 mm × 30 mm. This bar is subjected to

(i) 15 kN tensile force on 10 mm × 30 mm faces,

(ii) 80 kN compressive force on 10 mm × 400 mm faces, and

(iii) 180 kN tensile force on 30 mm × 400 mm faces.

Find the change in volume if E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and µ = 0.3

Q2. A bar of rectangular section shown in is subjected to stresses σ x, σy and σz in x, y and z

directions respectively. Show that if sum of these stresses is zero, there is no change in volume
of the bar.

.
Q1. In a laboratory, tensile test is conducted and Young’s modulus of the material is found to be 2.1
× 105 N/mm2. On the same material torsion test is conducted and modulus of rigidity is found to be
0.78 × 105 N/mm2. Determine Poisson’s Ratio and bulk modulus of the material.

Q2.
1. A material has modulus of rigidity equal to 0.4 × 105 N/mm2 and bulk modulus equal to
0.8 × 105 N/mm2. Find its Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio.
2. A compound bar of length 600 mm consists of a strip of aluminium 40 mm wide and 20
mm thick and a strip of steel 60 mm wide × 15 mm thick rigidly joined at the ends. If
elastic modulus of aluminium and steel are 1 × 105 N/mm2 and 2 × 105 N/mm2,
determine the stresses developed in each material and the extension of the compound
bar when axial tensile force of 60 kN acts.
1. A compound bar consists of a circular rod of steel of 25 mm diameter rigidly fixed into a
copper tube of internal diameter 25 mm and external diameter 40 mm as shown in Fig. If the
compound bar is subjected to a load of 120 kN, find the stresses developed in the two
materials. Take Es = 2 ×105 N/mm2 and Ec = 1.2 × 105 N/mm2.

2. A reinforced concrete column of size 300 mm × 500 mm has 8 steel bars of 16 mm diameter
as shown in Fig. If the column is subjected to an axial compressive force of 800 kN, find the
stresses developed in steel and concrete.
Three pillars, two of aluminium and one of steel support a rigid platform of 250 kN as shown in Fig. If
area of each aluminium pillar is 1200 mm2 and that of steel pillar is 1000 mm2, find the stresses
developed in each pillar.
Q1. A steel bolt of 20 mm diameter passes centrally through a copper tube of internal diameter 28
mm and external diameter 40 mm. The length of whole assembly is 600 mm. After tight fitting of the
assembly, the nut is over tightened by quarter of a turn. What are the stresses introduced in the bolt
and tube, if pitch of nut is 2 mm? Take Es = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and Ec = 1.2 × 105 N/mm2.

Q2.
A beam ABC with an overhang at the left-hand end is shown in. The beam is subjected to a uniform
load of intensity q =1.0 k/ft on the overhang AB and a counterclockwise couple M0 = 12.0 k-ft acting
midway between the supports at B and C. Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for
this beam.
Q1.

Q2.