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ECE1002
Diode Circuits
A. Sedra and K.C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford University Press, 4/e, 1999
Donald Neamen, Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill, 4th ed, 2009
Jacob Millman, Christos C Halkias and Satyabrata Jit, “Electronic devices and circuits” Tata Mc Graw Hill 2nd
Edition , 2007
Diode Circuits
Diode has many applications, amongst that the most popuplar
circuits are:
Switches, Rectifier, Clipper and Clampers
Diode - Rectifier
Anode Cathode
Converts AC to DC (Flow of
I
+ current in one direction and
blocking of current in another
Vin V R Vout
direction).
-
Vin Vout
Rectifier Application
Cut-off
v0 0, vS VD 0
Conducting
R
v0 (vS VD 0 ), vS VD 0
R rD
rD R Most cases
v0 (vS VD 0 )
Choice of Diode: Diode with high current handling capacity, Breakdown voltage should be
greater than Peak inverse voltage (PIV) where PIV=Vs
Full-wave rectifier (FWR)
Rectifies both the half of the
input signal. It employs two
diodes in circuit with one as
forward biased and another one
as reverse biased at each halves.
For HWR:
I max
I DC id
0 t
DC Level
For FWR:
2 2I max
I DC id
0 t
Ripple Factor
Although, the rectifiers make AC to DC conversion, still there are AC
components which reduced the effective conversion of AC-DC process. The
evaluation of fluctuating component (AC component in a rectified output is
measured using RIPPLE FACTOR (r)
2
I RMS
r 1
I DC
I max
For HWR: I RMS
2 1.57
I DC I max 2
rHWR 1.27
For FWR: I max
I RMS
2 1.11 rFWR 0.482
I DC 2 I max
Rectifier with Smootherning filter
• Rectifier output has more ripples which are not suitable
for powering electronic circuits. A filter capacitor
reduces the substantial variations in the rectifier output.
• v1= Input sinusoidal, VP=Peak input voltage
• Positive cycle: Diode is conducting and capacitor is
charged. v0 = v1 (exists until v1=VP)
• Above VP: Diode is reverse-biased and the output
voltage remains the same as there is no way for the
capacitor to discharge.
Peak rectifier circuit with CR
1
iL = vo / R r
4 3 fCRL
iD = iC + iL
DC Level
Limiting (Clipping) circuits
• Clippers: Used to remove part of the signal
w.r.t the reference level. Hard limiter
• Example: Rectifiers
Double limiter
Transfer Characteristic
Soft limiter
Smoother transition between the linear and
saturation region
Various Limiter (Clipping) circuits
Single limiter