Microwave Devices Notes.

There are several methods available for the design of filter networks, such as image parameter,
constant-k, m-derived, composite filter, insertion loss, Butterworth (maximally flat), Chebyshev (equal
ripple) and elliptic filter methods.

Filter design by insertion loss

-An ideal filter is expected to have zero insertion loss on the passband, infinite attenuation in the
stopband and linear phase response (to avoid signal distortion) in the passband.

-A filter close to an ideal one can be designed using the insertion loss method.

-This is because insertion loss method allows a high degree of control over the passband and stopband
amplitude and phase characteristics, with a systematic way to synthesize a desired response.

-In this method a filter response is defined by its insertion loss or power loss ratio, PLR.
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃𝐿𝑅 =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝐿𝑅 =
𝑃𝑙
1
𝑃𝐿𝑅 =
1 − |Г(𝜔)|2
𝑍𝑖𝑛 −1
Г(𝜔) is the reflection coefficient. (Normalized reflection coefficient is Г(𝜔) =
𝑍𝑖𝑛 +1

1
𝑃𝐿𝑅 = |𝑆 2 ………In amplifier designing.
12 |

For maximally flat low-pass filter, the power loss ratio or insertion loss is
𝜔
𝑃𝐿𝑅 = 1 − 𝑘 2 ( )2𝑁
𝜔𝑐
where the passband or bandwidth is the region from ω=0 to the cutoff value 𝜔𝑐 , 𝑘 2 is the passband
tolerance and N is number of filter elements or poles.

-For ω > 𝜔𝑐 the power loss ratio increases at a rate dependent on the exponent 2N which is related to
the number of filter elements.

-For equal-ripple low-pass filter prototype (Chebyshev filter) power loss ratio is:
𝜔
𝑃𝐿𝑅 = 1 − 𝑘 2 𝑇𝑁 2 ( )2𝑁
𝜔𝑐
Where 𝑇𝑁 is a Chebyshev polynomial of order N what will result with a sharper cutoff characteristic.
DE normalization of standard low pass design.

-It is done for the following reasons…

 to meet realistic frequency and impedance requirements, so that we in turn come up with a
realizable filter.
 In order to be able to convert low pass filter standard into high-pass or band pass/band stop
filter types depending on the application.

-de normalization can be done using the following two methods…

 Impedance transformation to convert standard generator and resistances g0 and g(N+1) to

actual resistances RL and RG. the source and load resistances are unity (except for equal-ripple
filters with even N, which have non unity load resistance). A source resistance of R0 can be
obtained by multiplying all the impedances of the prototype design by R0. letting primes denote
impedance scaled quantities, the new filter component values are given by
L’ = RoL
C’ = CRo
R’s = Ro
R’L = RoRL
where L, C, and RL are the component values for the original prototype.

 Frequency transformation to convert from normalized frequency Ω to actual frequency ω. This

step implies the scaling of the standard inductance and capacitances.
To change the cutoff frequency of a low-pass prototype from unity to ωc requires that we scale
the frequency dependence of the filter by the factor 1/ωc, which is accomplished by replacing ω
by ω/ωc:
𝜔
………….(a)
𝜔𝑐

𝜔
Therefore, the new power loss ratio will be 𝑃𝐿𝑅 (𝜔) = 𝑃𝐿𝑅 (𝜔 ),
𝑐
where ωc is the new cutoff frequency; cutoff occurs when ω/ωc = 1, or ω = ωc.

-The new element values are determined by applying the substitution of (a) to the series reactances,
jωLk, and shunt susceptances, jωCk, of the prototype filter. Thus,
 𝜔
𝐽𝑋𝐾 = 𝐽 𝐿′ = 𝑗𝜔𝐿′𝐾
𝜔𝑐 𝐾
𝜔
𝐽𝐵𝐾 = 𝐽 𝐶′ = 𝑗𝜔𝐶′𝐾
𝜔𝑐 𝐾

Hence the new element values are given by

𝐿𝐾
𝐿′𝐾 =
𝜔𝑐

𝐶𝐾
𝐶′𝐾 =
𝜔𝑐

When both impedance and frequency scaling are required, the results of (8.64) can be combined with
the above equations to give:

𝑅𝑜𝐿𝐾
𝐿′𝐾 = 𝜔𝑐

𝐶𝐾
𝐶′𝐾 =
𝑅𝑜𝜔𝑐