Ingles PDF

ÍNDICE
Lección 1 Artículo determinado e indeterminado pag 3 a 7
Lección 2 Los pronombres sujeto y objeto pag 8 a 9
Lección 3 El verbo to be y have got pag 10 a 11
Lección 4 Estructura de la oracion pag 12 a 13
Lección 5 Adjetivos y pronombres posesivos pag 14 a 16
Lección 6 Numerales: cardinales y ordinales pag 17 a 18
Leccion 7 Los demostrativos pag 19
Lección 8 Los sustantivos y la formación del plural pag 20 a 22
Lección 9 Los adjetivos pag 23 a 32
Lección 10 El presente simple pag 33 a 36
Lección 11 El presente continuo pag 37 a 39
Lección 12 Los Adverbios pag 40 a 49
Lección 13 El pasado simple pag 43 a 49
Lección 14 El pasado continuo pag 50 a 51
Lección 15 Pronombres interrogativos pag 52 a 53
Lección 16 Los pronombres relativos pag 54 a 56
Lección 17 Los indefinidos pag 57 a 60
Lección 18 Las preposiciones de tiempo pag 61 a 62
Lección 19 Las preposiciones de lugar pag 63 a 65
Lección 20 El presente perfecto pag 66 a 68
Lección21 El infinitivo de finalidad pag 69 a 70
Lección 22 El futuro pag 71 a 74
Lección 23 So y Such pag 75
Lección 24 El pasado perfecto pag 76
Leccion 25 Expresar obligación pag 77
Lección 26 Expresar habilidad y permiso pag 78

Lección 27 Expresar certeza y posibilidad pag 79
Lección 28 La primera condicional pag 80 a 81
Lección 29 La segunda condicional pag 82 a 83
Lección 30 La tercera condicional pag 84 a 85
Lección 31 Los falsos amigos pag 86 a 87
Lección 32 El estilo indirecto o reported speech pag 88 a 94
Lección 33 Carta comercial pag 95 a 97
Lección 34 Llamadas telefonicas pag 98 a 100
Lección 35 Redaccion de e-mails pag 101
Lección 36 Make o do ¿cúal debo usar? pag 102 a 103
Lección 37 La voz pasiva pag 104 a 106
Lección 38 Los cuantificadores pag 107
Leccion 39 Errores comunes Pag 108 a 109
Leccion 40 Expresar sugerencias, permiso licencia Pag 110 a 119
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LECCION 1 ARTICULO DETERMINADO
(de, dí) the el, la, los, las
El inglés tiene una sola forma de artículo determinado: the man, el hombre; the girls,
las chicas.
1. Este artículo no se contrae con ninguna preposición: The door of the hall, la puerta
del vestíbulo.
2. Su pronunciación presenta diferencias:
a) Antes de consonante se pronuncia de: the lamp, la lámpara (de lámp)

b) Antes de vocal se pronuncia di: the enemy, el enemigo (di énemi)
3. Se omite:
a) Con sustantivos contables en plural cuando se habla en sentido general: I love

flowers and birds, amo las flores y los pájaros; Elephants can't fly, los elefantes no
vuelan.
b) Con sustantivos incontables cuando se refieren a una sustancia o a una idea en

general: I like cheese (pop music, etc.), me gusta el queso (la música popular, etc.).
c) Con las partes del cuerpo y los objetos de uso personal. En su lugar se utilizan los
adjetivos posesivos (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their): Give me your hand,
dame la mano; He put his tie on, se puso la corbata; He lost his glasses, perdió los
anteojos.
d) Delante de plurales: Boys like to play soccer, a los muchachos les gusta jugar
fútbol.
e) Delante de nombres de materia: Glass is transparent, el cristal es transparente.
f) Delante de nombres de juegos y comidas: Soccer is very popular, el fútbol es muy

popular; We have tea at 5 o'clock, tomamos el té a las 5.
g) Delante de los nombres de las estaciones del año y los días de la semana: Winter in
Bariloche is wonderful, el invierno en Bariloche es fantástico; I am giving a party next
Sunday, doy una fiesta el domingo próximo.
h) Delante de nombres abstractos: Life is beautiful, la vida es hermosa (pero, en

cambio: The life of Napoleon, la vida de Napoleón).
i) Con nombres propios y títulos seguidos de nombres: King Louis, el rey Luis; Queen
Elizabeth II, La Reina Isabel II.
j) Cuando un sustantivo propio se presenta precedido por el artículo the, indica que el
mismo se usa con carácter de sustantivo común: He is the Leonardo of today, es el
Leonardo de hoy.
k) No llevan artículo tampoco los nombres de las estaciones, idiomas, fiestas (tomados
en sentido general) y deportes: I like Spring, me gusta la primavera; I speak Spanish,
hablo el castellano; I like Christmas, me gusta la Navidad; Can you play tennis?
¿Sabes jugar al tenis?
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ARTICULO INDETERMINADO
(e, en) a - an uno, una
El inglés tiene una sola forma de artículo indeterminado: a book, un libro; a table, una
mesa.
1. Adopta la forma an delante de palabras que empiezan con sonido vocálico: an

apple, una manzana; an orange, una naranja.
2. Existen, no obstante, palabras que empezando con vocal piden el artículo a por
presentar esa vocal un sonido semivocálico: a University, una universidad; a European
magazine, una revista europea.
3. Existen 4 palabras que comienzan con h muda y llevan el artículo an: an hour, una
hora; an heir, un heredero; an honour, un honor; an honest boy, un muchacho
honesto. Para los derivados de estas 4 palabras se aplica la misma regla.
4. El plural o, si se quiere, la idea de varios, se expresa con los indefinidos some y any:
I see some books, veo unos libros.
5. En general, se corresponde el uso del artículo indeterminado en inglés y en

castellano. Sin embargo, hay casos en que el castellano lo omite y el inglés no, como
en nombres de religión, nacionalidad y profesión: Helen is a catholic, Elena es católica;
George is an Englishman, Jorge es inglés; Charles is a doctor, Carlos es doctor.
LOS ARTÍCULOS: 7 PUNTOS PARA RECORDAR

Estas siete reglas básicas te ayudarán a utilizar correctamente los artículos:
REGLA 1
No se utiliza el artículo con nombres de países, continentes, ciudades, lagos, montañas y
calles. Sin embargo existen algunas excepciones a esta regla, por ejemplo: the United
States, the Netherlands, the Philippines:
Europe, Africa, New York, Buenos Aires, Lake Michigan, Lake Geneva,
Mont Blanc, Mount Aconcagua, Fifth Avenue, Florida Street.
Pero utilizamos el artículo con estos lugares geográficos: nombres de ríos, canales,
océanos, mares y cordilleras o cordones montañosos:
the Amazon, the Parana, the Panama Canal, the Atlantic,

the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean, the Andes, the Alps, the Himalayas.
REGLA 2
No se utiliza el artículo para referirse a sustantivos no contables (o sustantivos contables
en plural) de una manera indefinida.
the advice (el consejo) no es correcto

the love (el amor, el cariño) no es correcto
the letters (las cartas) no es correcto
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Pero, sin embargo, utilizamos el artículo 'THE' en la estructura 'THE' + noun + a
phrase para indicar a quién o a qué nos estamos refiriendo específicamente:
the advice of a counsellor

the love (that) Martha gave her children
the letters on Manuel's desk.
REGLA 3
No se utiliza el artículo en ciertas frases preposicionales con 'instituciones' (por ejemplo.
church (iglesia), college (colegio), home (hogar), hospital (hospital), prison (cárcel),
school (escuela), university (universidad):
My wife's in hospital.
They go to church every Sunday.
He's in prison for armed robbery.
Go to bed immediately!!
En los ejemplos anteriores estamos pensando en la función de la institución. Pero

cuando cuando pensamos en la institución como lugar específico, entonces utilizamos el
artículo 'THE':
Susan's in the hospital round the corner.

I want to go to the church where the poet is buried.
The conditions in the old prison were really bad.
Don't put your shoes on the bed.
REGLA 4
No se utiliza el artículo con nombres de persona:
Jane Fonda, Dr Valladares, Pope Paul.
Pero utilizamos el artículo 'THE' para enfatizar que alguien o algo es el más famoso de
su especie o categoría:
You mean the Jane Fonda?
Asimismo utilizamos el artículo 'THE' con títulos de persona:
the Pope, the doctor, the Emperor of Japan.
Utilizamos los artículos 'A' o 'AN' con trabajos y profesiones (un aspecto gramatical que
muchos hispano-parlantes no suelen recordar):
Sandra is a doctor, Mike is an engineer.

REGLA 5
No se utiliza el artículo para referirse a sustantivos contables en plural, pero utilizamos
la estructura 'THE' + an adjective para generalizarl:
the old, the handicapped, the homeless, the Argentinians, the Chileans.
REGLA 6
No se utiliza el artículo con determinadas expresiones de tiempo:
at night, at sunset, before sunrise, after sunrise.
Pero con muchas expresiones de tiempo comunes, utilizamos el artículo 'THE':
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in the morning/ the afternoon/ the evening, in the past, at the moment.
REGLA 7
No se utiliza el artículo cuando hacemos referencia al nombre de un deporte:
I don't like tennis, Do you play football?
Pero utilizamos el artículo 'THE' para referirnos a instrumentos musicales:
Jorge Essen plays the piano beautifully.
The A, An and The Exercise
Fill the gaps with a, an or the.
1 Excuse me. Have you got ______ time?
2 I want ______ new printer for Christmas.
3 I was four the first time I saw ______ elephant.
4 I spoke to ______ boss this morning about having next Friday off.
5 It was ______ exciting movie.
6 She had ______ boiled egg for breakfast.
7 Have ______ nice day.
8 Where did you buy ______ oranges?
9 ______ apple a day keeps the doctor away.
10 ______ avalanche killed four skiers in Austria today.
11 ______ huge ape ran out of the forest and stole my picnic hamper.
12 Can you tell me ______ way to the post office, please?
13 My students like to do their activity books lying on ______ floor.
14 Samantha's bought a new car. It's ______ red one, parked next to that motorbike.
15 I like this jumper but it's brown. Have you got it in ______ different colour?
16 It's such ______ nice day that I think I'll go and read my book in the park.
17 ______ River Thames flows right through the middle of London.
18 I saw ______ eagle hovering high above the valley.
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The Definite or Zero Article Exercise
Fill the gaps with the correct answer in brackets.
1 I'm tired. I'm going to ______________. ( the bed / bed )
2 Blast! I forgot to go to ______________. ( the bank / bank )
3 I hate going to ______________, don't you? ( the church / church )
4 I'm nervous because I've got to go to ______________. ( the dentist / dentist )
5 I loved being at ______________. ( the university / university )
6 We need to be at ______________ in an hour. ( the airport / airport )
7 I normally watch ______________ after dinner. ( the TV / TV )
8 I listen to ______________ in the morning. ( the radio / radio )
9 All politicians should be sent to ______________. ( the prison / prison )
10 Her husband got home early from ______________. ( the work / work )
11 I'm having ______________ at Begonya's tonight. ( the dinner / dinner )
12 I love ______________. ( the cheese / cheese )
13 Have you seen ______________ in the new delicatessen? ( the cheese / cheese )
14 Why didn't someone tell me he was in ______________? ( the hospital / hospital )
15 He lives somewhere in ______________ Germany. ( the southern / southern )
16 That pub is somewhere in ______________ of the city. ( the north / north )
17 Holistic medicine is practised by ______________. ( the Chinese / Chinese )
18 I love ______________ food. ( the Chinese / Chinese )
19 HMV is in ______________ Street. ( the Oxford / Oxford )
20 We met for drinks in The Lamb and Flag near ______________ Garden. ( the Covent /
Covent )
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LECCIÓN 2 LOS PRONOMBRES SUJETO Y OBJETO
PRONOMBRES SUJETO
(ái) I Yo
(iú) you tu, usted
(jí) he Él
(shí) she Ella
(it) it ello (para cosas)
(uí) we nosotros, nosotras
(iú) you ustedes, vosotros, vosotras
(déi) they ellos, ellas
1. En castellano existe el sujeto tácito (Como una manzana) pero en inglés el sujeto
debe expresarse siempre y precede al verbo: I eat an apple every day, (yo) como una
manzana a diario.
2. Sólo puede suprimirse el pronombre con el imperativo, pues se sobreentiende que

va dirigido a la persona o personas que lo escuchan: Come here!, ¡ven aquí! ¡vengan
aquí!
PRONOMBRES OBJETO (complemento directo o indirecto)
(mí) me me, a mí
(iú) you te, a ti, a usted
(jím) him le, a él
(jer) her le, a ella
(it) it le, a ello (para cosas)
(as) us nos, a nosotros, a nosotras
(iú) you les, a ustedes; a vosotros, a vosotras
(dém) them les, a ellos, a ellas
1. El pronombre objetivo tiene función de complemento de un verbo o una preposición:
Mary met him here

Mary lo encontró aquí (complemento de verbo)
Mary came with him

Mary vino con él (complemento de preposición)
2. Si el verbo tiene dos complementos (CD: complemento directo; CI: complemento

indirecto), la frase tiene dos formas posibles de construcción:
V + CD + to + CI = I give an apple to him, Le doy una manzana a él.
V + CI + CD = I give him an apple, Le doy a él una manzana.
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The Subject and Object Pronoun Exercise
Replace all the nouns with pronouns.
1 Tony saw that girl yesterday.
_________________________________________________ .
2 Sarah and I had lunch with Nicola and Michael.
_________________________________________________ .
3 Can you lend Billy and me the car?
_________________________________________________ .
4 I saw you and Andy at the disco.
_________________________________________________ .
5 Alison kissed Billy.
_________________________________________________ .
6 Susana gave the letter to her mother.
_________________________________________________ .
7 Billy phoned Alison.
_________________________________________________ .
8 The dog chased the postman and the milkman.
_________________________________________________ .
9 Alison and I love Billy and Tommy.
_________________________________________________ .
10 Sally and Susana don't like cheese.
_________________________________________________ .
LECCIÓN 3 EL VERBO TO BE Y HAVE GOT
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Sintaxis afirmativa /negativa: sujeto +verbo /not
I am /not tall It is /not tall
You are /not tall We are /not tall
He is /not tall You are /not tall
She is /not tall They are /not tall
Sintaxis interrogativa: verbo + sujeto ?

am I tall? is it tall?
are you tall? are we tall?
is he tall ? are you tall?
is she tall ? are they tall?
Sintaxis afirmativa /negativa: sujeto +verbo /not

I have(not) got It has(not) got
You have(not) got We have(not) got
He has (not) got You have(not) got
Sintaxis interrogativa: verbo + sujeto + got?
She has(not) got They have(not) got
have I got? Has it got?
Have you got? Have we got?
has he got? Have you got?
Has she got? Have they got?
HAVE can be a full verb
1. in causative forms
ex: I didn't have my hair cut there, it's too expensive
2. when HAVE means different things, depending on the object, as in

ex: What do you have for breakfast ? (=tomar para desayunar)
ex: She had a cigarrette and went back to smoke(=fumó un cigarrillo y volvió a
fumar).
3. in both cases, it functions like a full verb in all aspects and takes do, does, did
for negative and interrogative
ex: does she have a big car ? No,She doesn´t.
TO BE and HAVE GOT Exercises
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Complete with the correct form of to Be or Have got:
1 Who___________the President of France ?
2 Let me introduce my children. Their names ___Flora and Fauna.

3 How____________your mother ? She's much better, thank you.
4 ______________the students interested in languages ? Not really.
5 Why___________Susan so shy when I'm around ?
6 I__________________a new record of 'The Kinks'.
7 He_________________the longest hair in the classroom
8 They_______________got the answer to the questions.
9 We___________________some potatoes, so we can make an

omelette
We_____________any (your
10 ____________-_______ money, so we
friend can't
) the keysgo?inWe must go in
11
12 _______________she got the material we need ?
13 What__________________(you)for breakfast yesterday ?
14 We_________________the answers to all the question.
_______________a big swimming pool, so we go there in the summer.

16
15 What _______________for lunch when you're ill ?
11
LECCIÓN 4 ESTRUCTURA DE LA ORACION
La oración afirmativa en inglés se construye de acuerdo con la siguiente

estructura:
Sujeto + Verbo + Objeto Directo

I eat apples
You need help
We bought a car
En la oración negativa, el auxiliar se sitúa delante del verbo principal:
Sujeto + Auxiliar negación + Verbo + Objeto Directo

I don't eat apples
You don't need help
We didn't buy a car
En la oración interrogativa, el auxiliar se sitúa al comienzo de la misma:
Auxiliar + Sujeto + Verbo + Objeto Directo ?

Do I eat apples ?
Do you need help ?
Did we buy a car ?
Otros complementos de la oración (lugar, tiempo, etc.) se suelen situar al final

de la misma:
I eat apples at lunchtime.

You need help in your job.
We bought a car last Friday.
Normalmente, el complemento de lugar va delante del complemento de tiempo:
I eat apples at home at lunchtime.

You need help in your job right now.
We bought a car in Madrid last Friday.
Cuando hay adverbios en las oraciones, éstos se suelen situar delante del verbo
en las formas simples, y entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal en las formas
compuestas (hay numerosas excepciones):
I always eat apples at home.

I have always eaten apples at home.
You never need help.
You have never needed help.
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Word Order in Questions Exercise
(INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN +) AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
Order the words in the boxes to make questions.
oranges like do you
1 __________________________________________________ ?
you have much do how money
2 __________________________________________________ ?
you are who
3 __________________________________________________ ?
mousse my chocolate did eat you
4 __________________________________________________ ?
say you what did
5 __________________________________________________ ?
you where are
6 __________________________________________________ ?
car last night borrow my you did
7 __________________________________________________ ?
Sister Got or you have brother
8 __________________________________________________ ?
9 speak she French Does always To your
__________________________________________________ ?
LECCIÓN 5 ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS
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ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS( seguidos del sustantivo)
(mái) my mi, mis

(iór) your tu, tus (de tú); su, sus (de ustedes)
(jis) his su, sus (de él)
(jer) her su, sus (de ella)
(its) its su, sus (de él o ella, para cosas)
(áur) our nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras
(iór) your vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras
(déir) their su, sus (de ellos o ellas)
1. ITS es adjetivo posesivo para un solo poseedor que no tiene sexo aunque sí genero
gramatical: its table, su mesa (la de esa casa); its leaves, sus hojas (las de ese árbol);
its legs, sus patas (las de ese perro); its wheels, sus ruedas (las de ese auto).
2. En inglés se usa el posesivo en vez del artículo delante de sustantivos de partes del
cuerpo y de objetos particulares: He hurt his finger (Se lastimó el dedo); I lost my
book (Perdí el libro).
PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS(Sin acompañar al sustantivo)
(máin) mine el mío, la mía, los míos, las mías

(iórs) yours el tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (de tú);
el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de ustedes)
(jis) his el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de él)
(jers) hers el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de ella)
(its) its el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de él o ella, para cosas
(aurs) ours el nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras
(iórs) yours el vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras
(déirs) theirs el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (de ellos o ellas)
1. Indican posesión o pertenencia y corresponde cada uno a cada persona gramatical.
2. Los pronombres se forman a partir de los adjetivos añadiendo una s al adjetivo,

excepto en my, mine y en los que ya llevan la s (his, his; its, its).
3. El artículo que en castellano precede al posesivo no se traduce al inglés:

This book is mine (Este libro es el mío).
MAS EJEMPLOS:
My father spent his life reading (Mi padre pasó su vida leyendo).
She came to me in her despair (Ella vino a mí en su desesperación).
Her eyes were really beautiful (Sus ojos eran realmente hermosos).
Certainly, yours is a very curious case (Por cierto, el suyo es un caso muy curioso).
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Possessive Adjective and Pronoun Exercise
Circle the correct answer.
This is ______ new car. I bought it A family photo. Which one's ______
1 6
yesterday. sister?
A my A your
B mine B yours
C its C you
I'd like you to meet Rita. She's a great Michael's married. ______ wife is an
2 7
friend of ______ . accountant.
A our A His
B us B Her
C ours C Its
3 They live on the other side of the street. 8 Susan's coming to the party on her own.
That's ______ house, the red one. ______ boyfriend's staying at home.
A they A His
B theirs B Hers
C their C Her
This one's hers, so that one must be The cat belongs to my wife but the dog is
4 9
______ . ______ .
A him A mine
B he B hers
C his C my
5 Find the missing possessive pronoun: 10 ______ best friend lives in London so I
mine, yours, his, hers, ______ , yours, only see her about once every two years.
theirs.
A Her
A we B My
B our C Pumpkin brain
C ours
The Possessive 's Exercise
15
A PERSON PEOPLE THINGS
Bob's computer Boys' habits The Gates of Mordor
Order the words in the boxes to make phrases.
car My sister 's Tree children 's house The
1 ____________________________________ 6 ____________________________________
friend 's My house secret darkest 's Natalia
2 ____________________________________ 7 ____________________________________
men The President All 's 's bar Pepe
3 ____________________________________ 8 ____________________________________
's army Napoleon house door of The the
4 ____________________________________ 9 ____________________________________
parent place My s' cupboard the of top The
5 ____________________________________ 10 ____________________________________
LECCIÓN 6 NUMERALES: cardinales y ordinales
16
1 one 1st First
2 two 2nd second
3 three 3rd Third
4 four 4th fourth
5 five 5th Fifth
6 six 6th Sixth
7 seven 7th seventh
8 eight 8th eighth
9 nine 9th Ninth
10 ten 10th Tenth
11 eleven 11th eleventh
12 twelve 12th twelfth
13 thirteen 13th thirteenth
14 fourteen 14th fourteenth
15 fifteen 15th fifteenth
16 sixteen 16th sixteenth
17 seventeen 17th seventeenth
18 eighteen 18th eighteenth
19 nineteen 19th nineteenth
20 twenty 20th twentieth
21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first
22 twenty-two 22nd twenty-second
30 thirty 30th thirtieth
40 forty 40th fortieth
50 fifty 50th fiftieth
60 sixty 60th sixtieth
70 seventy 70th seventieth
80 eighty 80th eightieth
90 ninety 90th ninetieth
100 a/one hundred 100th hundredth
101 a/one hundred and one 101st hundred and first
200 two hundred 200th two hundredth
1.000 a/one thousand 1.000th thousandth
10.000 ten thousand 10.000th ten thousandth
100.000 a/one hundred thousand 100.000th one hundred thousandth
one millionth
a/one million 1.000.000th
1.000.000
17
Para tener en cuenta:
• "Mil" se traduce como thousand y también como one thousand cuando va seguido de otro
número: mil doscientos cuarenta, one thousand two hundred and forty, o en frases enfáticas:
Insisto que costó mil, no tres mil. I insist that it cost one thousand, not three.
• De los números 1.100 al 1.900 es muy frecuente, especialmente en inglés americano,
emplear eleven hundred (1.100), twelve hundred (1.200), eighteen hundred (1.800), etc; El
aeropuerto de Buenos Aires tiene una pista de mil novecientos metros, Buenos Aires airport
has a nineteen hundred metre runway.
• A billion era equivalente a "un billón". Actualmente equivale a "mil millones". A trillion
equivale a "un millón de millones" (= un billón).
• Como en castellano, la abreviatura de los números ordinales se forma con el número en
cifra seguido por las últimas dos letras de la palabra completa: 1ro. (primero), 1st. (first); 2do.
(segundo), 2nd. (second); 3ro. (tercero), 3rd. (third); 20mo. (vigésimo), 20th. (twentieth), etc.
• En inglés se usa una coma o un espacio (y NO un punto) para marcar el millar. Ejemplo: 25
000 o 25,000.
• En cuanto a números como 100, 1.000, 1.000.000, etc. se pueden decir de dos maneras:
one hundred o a hundred, one thousand o a thousand.
• 0 (cero) se pronuncia nought, zero, nothing, oh (óu) dependiendo de las expresiones.
• Contar de dos en dos se dice count by twos; contar de tres en tres, count by threes; y así
sucesivamente, siempre pluralizando el número de veces.
• Los números de teléfono se leen de dos en dos y si hay una cifra reptrida se puede usar
double five/six 55/66
Write these numbers:
1/1º…………………. 15/15º………………………
2/2º… ……………… 17 /17º………………………
3/3º…………………… 20/20º………………………
4/4º…………………… 46/46º………………………
5/5º…………………… 23/23º………………………
6 / 6º…………………. 59/59º………………………
8/8º…………………… 15486………………………
11/11º………………… 1,659.984…………………
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LECCIÓN 7 LOS DEMOSTRATIVOS
En inglés se utilizan como adjetivos demostrativos "THIS" (este / esta) y "THAT" (ese /
esa):
Estos adjetivos concuerdan en número (singular / plural) con el sustantivo al que acompañan,
mientras que en género no existen diferencias entre masculino y femenino:
Singular Plural
Masculino / femenino THIS (este / esta) THESE (estos / estas)
Masculino / femenino THAT (ese / esa) THOSE (esos / esas)
This student is intelligent. Este estudiante es inteligente

These students are intelligent. Estos estudiantes son inteligentes
That book is interesting. Ese libro es interesante
Those books are interesting. Esos libros son interesantes
"This / that" y sus formas plurales "these / those" también se utilizan solos, funcionando
como pronombres demostrativos, en este caso, el pronombres demostrativo sustituye al
sustantivo al que se refiere y se utiliza cuando éste ya ha sido mencionado anteriormente:
Have you seen my book? Yes, ¿ Has visto mi libro ?. Sí, este es tu libro
this is your book.
Fill the gaps with this, these, that or those.
1 I don't like this chair. I like ___________ one over there.
2 Don't do it like that. Do it like ___________.
3 ___________ house is old but that one on the other side of the street is quite new.
4 Sean is ___________ boy at the back of the class.
5 The red shoes are awful. I like ___________ shoes here.
6 Where did you buy ___________ hat you're wearing?
7 Look at ___________ earrings I'm wearing. I bought them in the market.
8 Did you see ___________ motorbikes that just went by?
9 I wish ___________ people at the next table would stop talking so loudly.
10 Do you remember ___________ black jeans I'm always wearing? I got bleach on them.
11 If ___________ kid doesn't stop screaming, I'm going to another restaurant and quickly!
12 Waiter. ___________ coffee tastes funny.
19
LECCIÓN 8 LOS SUSTANTIVOS Y LA FORMACIÓN DEL PLURAL
GENERO DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS
1. En inglés sólo tienen género, masculino o femenino, los nombres de personas y

animales;
2. Los objetos no tienen género y les corresponden los pronombres neutros it (singular) y
they (plural);
3. Hay palabras que sirven indistintamente para masculino y femenino:

friend, amigo, amiga; pupil, alumno, alumna; teacher, profesor, profesora;
traveller, viajero, viajera; baby, bebé, beba; child, niño, niña; cousin, primo, prima
DETERMINACION DEL GENERO
1. Se distingue el género empleando distintas palabras para el masculino y el femenino:

man, woman, hombre, mujer; father, mother, padre, madre; son, daughter, hijo, hija;
brother, sister, hermano, hermana; boy, girl, niño, niña;
nephew, niece, sobrino, sobrina; king, queen, rey, reina;
2. También se pueen distinguir por medio de los sufijos -ess o -ine, añadidos al masculino
al final de la palabra:
count, countess, conde, condesa; prince, princess, príncipe, princesa;
poet, poetess, poeta, poetisa; author, authoress, autor, autora;
actor, actress, actor, actriz; emperor, empress, emperador, emperatriz;
tiger, tigress, tigre, tigresa; hero, heroine, héroe, heroína;
3. Se puede distinguir incluso por medio de una palabra indicadora del sexo unidas por
medio de un guión:
boy-scout, girl-scout, explorador, exploradora:
cock-sparrow, hen-sparrow, gorrión macho, gorrión hembra;
man-servant, woman-servant, criado, criada;
4. En casos poco frecuentes el masculino se origina a partir del femenino:

bride, bridegroom, novia, novio; widow, widower, viuda, viudo.
PLURALES REGULARES
1. El plural se forma añadiendo una s al singular: dog, dogs; book, books; teacher,
teachers;
2. Los sustantivos terminados en s, ss, sh, ch y x, forman el plural añadiendo la sílaba -es:
bus, buses; dress, dresses; brush, brushes; bench, benches; box, boxes;
3. Los sustantivos terminados en o precedida por una consonante forman el plural

añadiendo la sílaba -es: tomato, tomatoes; potato, potatoes; negro, negroes.
EXCEPCIONES: piano, pianos; solo, solos; kangaroo, kangaroos; bamboo, bamboos;
4. Las palabras terminadas en y, precedida de consonante, cambian y por i antes de añadir

-es: lady, ladies; country, countries. Pero si la y va precedida de vocal, sólo toma una s:
day, days; toy, toys.
20
5. Los siguientes 12 sustantivos cambian la f o fe final por v o ve antes de añadir la s del
plural:
life (vida), lives wolf (lobo), wolves
half (mitad), halves wife (esposa), wives
knife (cuchillo), knives shelf (estante), shelves
leaf (hoja), leaves thief (ladrón), thieves
PLURALES IRREGULARES
1. Algunos sustantivos añaden en al singular: ox, oxen, buey, bueyes; child, children, niño,
niños
2. Otros sustantivos forman el plural cambiando la vocal interna y no toman sufijo: man,
men, hombre, hombres; woman, women, mujer, mujeres; foot, feet, pie, pies; tooth, teeth,
diente, dientes; goose, geese, ganso, gansos; mouse, mice, ratón, ratones;
3. Algunos nombres de animales no cambian en plural: sheep, sheep, cordero, corderos;

deer, deer, ciervo, ciervos; cod, cod, bacalao, bacalaos; fish, fish, pez, peces (cuando el
pez ha sido pescado su plural es fishes);
4. Tampoco cambian algunas palabras con sentido colectivo: people, people, gente; cattle,
cattle, ganado; poultry, poultry, aves de corral
5. Algunos nombres terminados en s se emplean indistintamente en singular y plural (pero

siempre escritos con s final): goods, mercaderías; news, noticias; stairs, escaleras; thanks,
gracias
CASOS ESPECIALES
1. En el caso de sustantivos compuestos, se pluraliza la palabra de mayor importancia en el

grupo: passer-by, passers-by (peatón). EXCEPCIONES QUE FORMAN DOBLE PLURAL:
man-servant, men-servants (sirviente); woman-servant, women-servants (sirvienta);
2. Los sustantivos abstractos no se emplean como tales en plural: the peace, la paz (the
"peaces", las paces NO ES CORRECTO EN INGLÉS);
3. En inglés (al revés del castellano) los apellidos se emplean en plural cuando se refieren a
varios miembros de la familia: I have seen the Howards (He visto a los Howard);The
Geoghegans live here (Aquí viven los Geoghegan).
Put these words in plural:
Book Potato Glass

Boy Car tax
Sandwich Woman Hour
Bus Racket monkey
Radio Lady match
Man Orange fly
Child Shoe fax
Life Name thief
This Watch piano
Berry Wife bike
City Bush computer
House Party boss
21
Knife Horse baby
LECCIÓN 9 LOS ADJETIVOS
22
Los adjetivos en inglés tienen un única forma, por lo que no varían ni en función
del género, ni del número (singular o plural) del sustantivo al que acompañan:
The happy boy El niño feliz

The happy girl La niña feliz
The happy boys Los niños felices
The happy girls Las niñas felices
El adjetivo en inglés se sitúa delante del sustantivo:
A big car Un coche grande

An old person Una persona mayor
Cuando varios adjetivos acompañan a un mismo sustantivo, estos adjetivos se

colocan siguiendo un orden determinado, que suele ser:
1.- Opinion Interesting, beautiful....

2.- Tamaño Big, smal....
3.- Edad Old, young....
4.- Forma Round, narrow, broad....
5.- Color Red, blue....
6.- Material Plastic, golden, silver....
7.- Procedencia Spanish, Swiss....
Algunos ejemplos:
A big Spanish car Un coche español grande

A young pretty woman Una joven mujer guapa
An old, red, plastic table Una vieja mesa roja de plástico
FORMACION DEL ADJETIVO

Puede efectuarse por adición de sufijos, separables o no:
a) A PARTIR DE UN SUSTANTIVO
hope, esperanza hopeless, desesperanzado
grace, gracia graceful, gracioso
child, niño childish, aniñado
rain, lluvia rainy, lluvioso
gold, oro golden, dorado, de oro
West, oeste Western, occidental
friend, amigo friendly, amistoso
pleasure, placer pleasurable, placentero
atom, átomo atomic, atómico
b) A PARTIR DE UN VERBO
to eat, comer eatable, comestible
23
to act, actuar active, activo
to contribute, contribuir contributive, contribuyente
to work, trabajar working, que trabaja
c) A PARTIR DE OTRO ADJETIVO
blind, ciego blindfold, a ciegas
yellow, amarillo yellowish, amarillento
practic, práctico practical, práctico
FORMACION ESPECIAL DE ADJETIVOS

Algunos adjetivos pueden derivar directamente de verbos. Los estudiantes hispano-
parlantes suelen confundir esta modalidad del inglés y, con frecuencia, se cometen errores
en los exámenes. Observa:
Ron's war experience was depressing: it made him depressed.
(La experiencia de Ron en la guerra fue deprimente: lo dejó depresivo)
Ramiro's friends were encouraging: he was encouraged.

(Los amigos de Ramiro fueron alentadores: él se sintió alentado).
ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN –ING
Estos adjetivos generalmente describen el efecto que algo genera:se aplican a las cosas
The television programme was ...
annoying (molesto) / boring (aburridor) / disappointing (decepcionante)
frightening (alarmante, aterrador) / interesting (interesante)
ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN –ED
Estos adjetivos generalmente describen cómo dicho efecto te hace sentir:se aplican a
personas
I was completely ...
annoyed (molesto) / bored (aburrido) / disappointed (decepcionado)
frightened (alarmado, aterrado) / interested (interesado
COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
REGLA 1
El comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos de una sílaba se forman
agregando las terminaciones -er y -est al final del adjetivo:
cold >> colder than >> the coldest
24
REGLA 2
Los adjetivos que terminan con vocal seguida de una consonante duplican la
consonante final antes de agregar las terminaciones -er or -est:
hot >> hotter than >> the hottest
REGLA 3
Los adjetivos de dos sílabas que terminan en -y cambian la y por i y recién
entonces agregan las terminaciones -er or -est:
noisy >> noisier than >> the noisiest
REGLA 4
En el caso de adjetivos de dos o más sílabas (excepto aquellos terminados en -
y) el comparativo y superlativo se forman con more y most:
beautiful >> more beautiful than >>the most beautiful
REGLA 5
Recuerda que los comparativos y superlativos "irregulares" cambian totalmente.
Aquí tienes algunos:
good >> better >> best

bad >> worse >> worst
far >> farther / further >> farthest / furthest
EXPRESANDO SIMILITUD
Puedes usar la estructura as ... as ... (tan ... como ...) para expresar similitud:
In this southern island it is as hot as the tropics.
(En esta isla austral el tiempo es tan cálido como en el trópico)
Asimismo puedes colocar nearly (casi), almost (casi) or just (exactamente)

delante de la estructura as ... as ...:
London is nearly as expensive as Tokyo.
(Londres es casi tan caro como Tokyo)
In summer, Tokyo is just as hot as the desert.

(En verano, Tokyo es exactamente tan caluroso como el desierto)
EXPRESANDO DIFERENCIA
25
Cuando comparas puedes expresar diferencia de tres formas:
A) not as/so ... as
Life in the countryside is not as fast as it is in Tokyo.

(La vida en el campo no es tan agitada como lo es en Tokyo)
También puedes agregar nearly a la estructura not as/so ... as:

Kyoto isn't nearly as busy as Tokyo.
(Kyoto casi no tiene tanto movimiento como Tokyo)
B) as ... as ... con twice, three times, half, a third, etc.
Japan's car exports are twice as high as Britain's.

(Las exportaciones de autos de Japón duplican [son dos veces más que] las de
Gran Bretaña)
Rice-growing is only half as important as it used to be.

(El cultivo de arroz es apenas la mitad de lo importante que solía ser)
C) -er than ... o more/less ... than ...
The mountains are generally fresher than the cities.

(Por lo general, las montañas son más frescas que las ciudades)
Most people think spring is more beautiful than summer.

(La mayoría de la gente piensa que la primavera es más bonita que el verano)
England is less mountainous than Japan.

(Inglaterra es menos montañosa que Japón)
También puedes anteponer much, far, a lot, lots, a little o a bit a la forma
comparativa del adjetivo:
The south of the country is a lot warmer than the north.
(El sur del país es mucho más cálido que el norte)
Their products are much less important than they used to be.
(Sus productos son mucho menos importantes de lo que solían ser)
Adjectives -ED or -ING Exercise

-ING the cause
-ED the effect
26
Fill the gaps with the adjectives in brackets.
1 He's such a monotonous speaker. I was ________________ stiff. (bored / boring)
2 Most sequels are ________________. (disappointed / disappointing)
3 I had such a ________________ day I went straight to bed. (tired / tiring)
4 Everyone's very ________________ about the news. (excited / exciting)
5 That lamp produces a very ________________ effect. (pleased / pleasing)
6 The whole school was ________________ by the tragic event. (saddened / saddening)
7 I don't like watching ________________ films on my own. (depressed / depressing)
8 I was ________________ when she told me she'd got divorced. (amazed / amazing)
9 He's such a ________________ guy. He only ever talks about himself. (bored / boring)
10 I'm very ________________ in films and theatre. (interested / interesting)
11 No one knew what would happen next. We were all ________________ . (intrigued /
intriguing)
12 It was a very ________________ situation. (interested / interesting)
13 There's been some very ________________ news. (surprised / surprising)
14 His mother was ________________ by what she found under his bed. (disgusted /
disgusting)
15 Their hamburgers are ________________ . (disgusted / disgusting)
16 Dad always arrives home from work thoroughly ________________ . (exhausted /

exhausting)
17 He's always showing off. It's really ________________ . (annoyed / annoying)
18 I think Alex is one of the most ________________ people I've ever met. He can't keep still
for a second. (annoyed / annoying)
19 I walked into this restaurant and there was Andy with a strange woman. He seemed really
________________ . (embarrassed / embarrassing)
20 She kept talking about her boyfriend problems all night. It was rather ________________ .
(embarrassed / embarrassing)
Comparatives and Superlatives Exercise
27
1 Diana was much taller _______ Charles. 6 Texas is big but Alaska is _______ .
A as A more big
B like B Biger
C than C Bigger
2 This one is better _______ that one. American Beauty was the _______ film
7
that year.
A as
B like A worse
C than B best
C better
This hamburger is bad, but that one is 8 Of all the sofas I've seen so far, this one is
3
_______ . _______ .
A badder A Nicer
B worst B the nicest
C worse C most nice
4 Moscow is a long way away but Ulan I'm not short. I'm just _______ tall as
9
Batur is even _______ . Hans.
A further A as
B more far B like
C father C than
5 She's beautiful I agree, but her mother is 10 Samantha is just as rich _______ David.
_______.
A as
A beautifuller B like
B most beautiful C than
C more beautiful
Word Order for Adjectives Exercise at Auto-English
28
Below you can see a diagram explaining the position of adjectives before a noun. Use it to
answer the questions which follow.
OPINION CONDITION SIZE AGE COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL NOUN
Order the words in the boxes.
my teacher old maths smelly New a perfect system
1 ___________________________________ 8 ___________________________________
black small box Turkish a old 18th century a Scottish fantastic castle
2 ___________________________________ 9 ___________________________________
man a fat friendly young a businessman horrible greedy
3 ___________________________________ 10 ___________________________________
tall our headmaster boring a big old brown bear
4 ___________________________________ 11 ___________________________________
wooden dark a table long student self-righteous a middle-class
5 ___________________________________ 12 ___________________________________
city a Spanish beautiful old spoilt boy nasty a little
6 ___________________________________ 13 ___________________________________
arts nice teacher French our green- black-

gorgeous a girl
eyed haired
7 ___________________________________
14 ___________________________________
-ful and -less Suffix Exercise at Auto-English
29
1 Use the base words in the chart below to make adjectives with the suffixes -ful and -less.
WARNING
Not all adjectives ending in -ful have a positive meaning
Base word Adjectives
Positive
Translation Negative meaning
meaning
(1)
beauty ................................. X
_______________
brain ................................. X brainless
care ................................. careful (2) _______________
charm ................................. X charmless
end ................................. X endless*
(3)
event ................................. X
_______________
(4)
faith ................................. faithless
_______________
harm ................................. harmless (5) _______________
help ................................. helpful helpless
(6)
home ................................. X
_______________
(7) (8)
hope .................................
_______________ _______________
(9)
pain ................................. (10) _______________
_______________
peace ................................. peaceful X
penny ................................. X (11) _______________
(12)
power ................................. powerless
_______________
sleep ................................. X sleepless*
taste ................................. tasteful (13) _______________
thought ................................. thoughtful (14) _______________
time ................................. timeless X
(15)
use ................................. useless
______________
* these adjectives could also be used with a positive meaning
30
Rule
-ible -able
If the root is not a complete word, If the root is a complete word, add -able.
add -ible.
accept + able = acceptable
aud + ible =
audible Examples:
Examples: • fashionable
• laughable
• visible • suitable
• horrible • dependable
• terrible • comfortable
• possible
• edible If the root is a complete word ending in -e, drop the
• eligible final -e and add -able.
• incredible
• permissible excuse - e+ able = excusable
Examples:
• advisable
• desirable
• valuable
• debatable
Some exceptions:
contemptible flexible irritable
digestible responsible inevitable
In the following paragraph there are fourteen words ending with -ible or -able,
some of which are misspelled. Read the paragraph, locate the misspelled words
and write the correct spellings in the space provided below the paragraph.
Most people thought that Michael, an eligable bachelor, was an adorable,

personible man. Mattie, however, found him detestable. Some time ago,
Michael promised to take Mattie to a fashionible restaurant for a remarkible
dinner. As horrable as it sounds, Michael took Mattie to the local McDonald's.
Most of the food there was either inedable or undigestable. Mattie was as
irritable as possable when she told her roommates about her terrible date.
"Whoever finally marries that contemptable Michael," Mattie said, "is certainly
not going to be in an enviable position."
Write the correct spellings below:
31
In the following sentences, the final four letters are omitted from each -ible or -
able word. Complete each word with the appropriate ending.
1. Last night's movie about the invis____ man was so incred____ that it was
laugh____.
2. My irrespons____ little brother is usually kept away from anything break____.
3. Are these new clothes really comfort____, or do people only wear them
because they are fashion____?
4. I think I would be less irrit____ if my professors were more flex____.
5. I don't think voting twice in national elections is permiss____.
6. It's always valu____ to have a friend who is depend____.
7. My employer said that it isn't suit____ to have a secretary whose handwriting
is illeg____.
LECCIÓN 10 EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
Present Simple (Presente del Indicativo)
32
Se utiliza para hablar de acciones habituales, genéricas, que tienen lugar con cierta
frecuencia, sin hacer referencia a si en el momento actual se están realizando.
I study English. Yo estudio inglés; empecé hace algún tiempo y

continúo, aunque puede que en el momento presente no
esté realizando esta actividad.
He plays tennis. El juega al tenis; practica este deporte con cierta
asiduidad, pero no significa que en el momento presente
esté en la pista de tenis jugando.
También se utiliza para hablar de acciones futuras que ya han sido planificadas,
especialmente al referirse a viajes.
I leave Madrid tomorrow morning. Me voy de Madrid mañana por la mañana
La forma del "present simple" coincide con la del infinitivo sin la partícula "to", salvo
en la 3ª persona del singular en la que se le añade una "s".
Infinitivo I / you / we / they He / she / it

To eat (comer) eat eats
To run (correr) run runs
Si el verbo termina en "ss", "sh", "ch", "x", "o", al formar la 3º persona del singular se
le añade "-es".

To kiss (besar) I kiss He kisses
To watch (observar) I watch He watches
Si el verbo termina en "y" tras consonante, al formar la 3ª persona del singular se

sustituye esta "y" por una "i", seguida de la terminación "es".

To carry (llevar) I carry He carries
To envy (envidiar) I envy He envies
Las oraciones negativas se forman con el auxiliar "to do", habitualmente en sus
formas contraídas: "don´t" (= do not) para las personas "I, you, we, they", y "doesn´t" (=
does not) para las personas "he, she, it".
I don't play tennis. Yo no juego al tenis

She doesn´t go to the cinema. Ella no va al cine
We don´t know the answer. Nosotros no sabemos la respuesta
La forma interrogativa se forma también con el auxiliar "to do" al comienzo de la
oración ("do" con las personas "I, you, we, they"; "does" con "he, she, it").
Do you play tennis? ¿ Juegas al tenis ?

Does she go to the cinema? ¿ Va ella al cine ?
33
Do we know the answer? ¿ Conocemos la respuesta ?
ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA CON PRESENTE SIMPLE

Cuando utilizas el tiempo presente simple para describir un hábito o costumbre,
generalmente lo usas con un adverbio de frecuencia. Recordamos aquí algunos de
estos adverbios:
always (siempre), usually (generalmente), often (a menudo, con frecuencia)

sometimes (a veces), occasionally (en ocasiones), never (nunca)
hardly ever (casi nunca), rarely (pocas veces), seldom (rara vez)
UN ADVERBIO DE FRECUENCIA SUELE COLOCARSE...

– ANTES DEL VERBO:
Do you usually take the elevator?
(¿Generalmente tomas el ascensor/elevador?)
A propósito recuerda también >> elevator (American) = lift (British)
– ENTRE EL AUXILIAR (O MODAL) Y EL VERBO:

We don't often have hail storms in Buenos Aires.
(No solemos tener tormentas de granizo en Buenos Aires)
– DESPUÉS DEL VERBO TO BE

His mothes is usually at home in the morning.
(Su madre generalmente esta en casa por la mañana)
Adverbs of Frequency Exercise
34
1 Order the words in the boxes below to make sentences. Remember that the adverbs go after
the verb to be and before all the other verbs. SPECIAL NOTE: sometimes you will see some
of these adverbs at the beginning and at the end of sentences. However, that will not be
accepted in my exercise because that's too easy, so raspberry to you.
'm late I never always clean class isn't our
1 ___________________________________. 6 ___________________________________.
Seldom go they in the week out out go do always you on Fridays
2 ___________________________________. 7 ___________________________________?
don't her we see often sometimes sad feel you do
3 ___________________________________. 8 ___________________________________?
take too long in the shower I always
4 ___________________________________.
on time usually Sam arrives
5 ___________________________________.
That dirty pig his teeth never cleans
9 ___________________________________.
smiles our maths teacher hardly ever
10 ___________________________________.
Fill the gaps with one of the words in brackets( Simple present).
1 Jenny really ___________ Sammy. (like/likes)
2 Does Sammy ___________ Jenny? (like/likes)
35
3 Sadly, Sammy doesn't ___________ anyone except himself. (like/likes)
4 They absolutely ___________ swing music. (love/loves)
5 We always ___________ a swim in the river before lunch. (has/have)
6 ___________ anyone got the time? (Has/Have)
7 Nobody ___________ in that horrible old house. (live/lives)
8 All the critics ___________ that film is rubbish. (say/says)
9 Juli doesn't ___________ in the city centre anymore. (live/lives)
10 People ___________ films with a good story. (want/wants)
11 Does Begoña ___________ cakes? (bake/bakes)
12 Everybody ___________ mistakes sometimes. (make/makes)
13 Bob doesn't ___________ to go out tonight. (want /wants)
14 Their daughter ___________ to university. (go/goes)
15 Her dog ___________ three cans of food a day. (eat/eats)
LECCIÓN 11 EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
Formación del "present continuous": se construye con el presente del indicativo del
verbo "to be", en su función de verbo auxiliar, y el "present participle" ( = gerundio) del
verbo principal.
36
Afirmación Negación Interrogación
I am eating I´m not eating Am I eating?
You are eating You aren´t eating Are you eating?
He / she is eating He / she isn´t eating Is he/she eating?
We are eating We aren't eating Are we eating?
You are eating You aren't eating Are you eating?
They are eating They aren't eating Are they eating?
Se utiliza para describir acciones que se están desarrollando en este mismo

momento:
I am reading a book. Yo estoy leyendo un libro (en este preciso

instante)
You are playing football. Tú estás jugando al futbol
También se utiliza para describir acciones que se están desarrollando alrededor del
momento en el que se habla, aunque no necesariamente en ese preciso instante:
I am studying French. Yo estoy estudiando francés (me he

matriculado en una academia, pero no
necesariamente en este preciso momento
estoy con los libros de francés)
Otro uso del presente continuo es para describir acciones que se vienen repitiendo
con frecuencia; en este caso, la oración viene acompañada del adverbio "always"
(siempre):
He is always working. El está siempre trabajando (con el

significado de que trabaja frecuentemente,
quizás, incluso, excesivamente)
VERBOS NO UTILIZADOS EN FORMA PROGRESIVA (CONTINUA)

Algunos verbos no suelen usarse en la forma progresiva del verbo. Observa:
Kim Jones seems fitter than Paulo Soares.

(Kim Jones parece en mejor estado físico que Paulo Soares)
37
I know sugary, salty and fatty foods aren't good for me.
(Sé que las comidas dulces, saladas y grasas no son buenas para mí)
This cough medicine tastes horrible !!

(Este jarabe para la tos tiene un sabor espantoso!!)
Generalmente no se utilizan en formas continuas o progresivas determinados

verbos que expresan...
"AGRADO" Y "DESAGRADO":
like (gustar), hate (odiar), love (amar, encantarle a uno/a), dislike (disgustar),
want (querer), wish (desear), prefer (preferir), don't mind no me/ importa )
"PENSAMIENTO":
think (pensar), mean (significar, querer decir), know (saber, conocer), relieve
(aliviar), remember (recordar), suppose (suponer), understand (entender)
"PERCEPCION":
taste (tener sabor a), smell (oler), see (ver), hear (oir)
"APARIENCIA":
seem (parecer), look (aparentar, parecer), appear (aparecer), measure
(medir), weigh (pesar)
"POSESION":
have (tener), belong to (pertenecer a), own (poseer), contain (contener), need
(tener la necesidad de)
The Present Simple or Continuous Exercises
Use the verbs in brackets to fill the gaps.
1 Don't bother me now. I ______________. (to work)
2 She ______________ to play chess now.(to want)
3 BILLY Where's Jim?
SALLY He ______________ with friends.(to stay)
4 SALLY What ______________ tomorrow? (to do)
BILLY Nothing.
5 BILLY I've won the lottery!
SALLY I ______________ you. (to not believe)
6 This year I ______________ French and German. (to study)
7 This summer we ______________ to Portugal.(to go)
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8 Take an umbrella. It ______________.(to rain)
9 It never ______________ in Valencia. (to rain)
10 BILLY Hi. Is Alison there?
MUM Yes, but can you ring back in 10 minutes? She ______________ a shower. (to
have)
LECCIÓN 12 LOS ADVERBIOS
• Muchos adverbios en inglés se forman añadiendo la terminación "-ly" al adjetivo:
Intelligent (adjetivo) Inteligente

Intelligently (adverbio) Inteligentemente
Bad (adjetivo) Malo
Badly (adverbio) Mal
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• En la formación de estos adverbios, si el adjetivo finaliza en "-y", esta se cambia por "-i" y se
añade la terminación "-ly":
Happy Happily
Funny Funnily
• Los adverbios se colocan normalmente en la oración en el siguiente orden, aunque hay
otras posibilidades:
- 1º adverbios de modo después del complemento indirecto o

directo (si los hay)
She played the piano beautifully
- 2º adverbios de lugar
She played the piano in the White House yesterday
- 3º adverbios de tiempo(que también pueden ir al principio de la

oración)
Tomorrow he will finish the work.

He arrived very soon.
Adverbs of Manner Exercise
1 Adverb Formation. Fill the gaps in the table below.
Adjectives Adverbs
1 ____________________ anxiously
2 bad ____________________
3 beautiful ____________________
4 ____________________ carefully
5 ____________________ easily
6 ____________________ fast
7 hard ____________________
8 ____________________ well
2 Choose a word in brackets to fill the gaps.
1 They dance the cha-cha-cha ________________________ (beautiful / beautifully)
2 She planned their trip to Greece very ________________________. (careful / carefully)
3 Jim painted the kitchen very ________________________. (bad / badly)
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4 She speaks very ________________________. (quiet / quietly)
5 Turn the stereo down. It's too ________________________. (loud / loudly)
6 He skipped ________________________ down the road to school. (happy / happily)
7 He drives too ________________________. (fast / well)
8 She knows the road ________________________. (good / well)
9 He plays the guitar ________________________. (terrible / terribly)
10 We're going camping tomorrow so we have to get up ________________________. (early

/ soon)
11 Andy doesn't often work ________________________. (hard / hardly)
12 Sometimes our teacher arrives ________________________ for class. (late / lately)
Word Order Mistakes Exercise at
Correct the mistakes.
1 It's the place most beautiful .
______________________________________________________ .
2 I was all day at home.
______________________________________________________ .
3 Miguel has a life very complicated.
______________________________________________________ .
4 I know don't it.
______________________________________________________ .
5 I have never a cat.
______________________________________________________ .
6 He has always an apple after lunch.
______________________________________________________ .
7 She never is late.
______________________________________________________ .
8 She asked it him.
______________________________________________________ .
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9 We heard for a long time that thing.
______________________________________________________ .
10 Yesterday phoned me an Irish man.
______________________________________________________ .
LECCIÓN 13 PASADO SIMPLE
Se utiliza para referirse a acciones que se desarrollaron en el pasado y que

que finalizaron. Su equivalente en castellano es el pretérito indefinido:
I studied English. Yo estudié inglés (fue una actividad que

realicé en el pasado y que ya finalizó)
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I bought a car. Yo compré un coche
Con frecuencia se indica el periodo de tiempo en el que se desarrolló la

acción con adverbios o expresiones de tiempo pasado:
I played tennis yesterday. Yo jugué al tenis ayer.

I went to Paris last summer. Yo fui a París el verano pasado
En las formas negativas e interrogativas se emplea, asimismo, una

estructura similar: se utiliza el verbo auxiliar " did" , que acompaña al verbo
principal en su forma infinitiva:
I didn´t go to the party. Yo no fui a la fiesta

Did you go to the party? ¿ Fuiste tú a la fiesta ?
En la formación del tiempo pasado hay que distinguir entre verbos regulares
e irregulares: los verbos regulares forman el tiempo pasado añadiendo "-ed" a
la forma infinitiva , mientras que los irregulares no siguen un patrón
determinado, hay que estudiarlos individualmente (ver décima clase).
Verbo regular "To listen": forma pasada "listened".

Verbo irregular "To go": forma pasada "went"
La forma pasada de los verbos es única para todas las personas, no hay
una forma distinta para la 3ª persona del singular como ocurría en el presente.
I / you / he / she / we / they "listened"

I / you / he / she / we / they "went"
Verbos Regulares
• Se forma añadiendo "-ed" al infinitivo:
Forma pasada
Infinitivo
To need (necesitar) needed
To listen (escuchar) listened
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• Si el infinitivo del verbo termina en "e", entonces tan sólo se le añade una "d":
Infinitivo Forma pasada

To love (amar) loved
To bribe (sobornar) bribed
• Si el infinitivo del verbo termina en "y", tras consonante, entonces esta letra
"y" se transforma en "i" y se le añade "-ed".
Forma pasada
Infinitivo
To carry (llevar) carried
To study (estudiar) studied
• Si el infinitivo del verbo está formado por una sola sílaba, con una sola vocal
y termina en consonante, entonces esta consonante se dobla:

To stop (parar) stopped
To ban (prohibir) banned
• Por último, se dobla también la última consonante de aquellos verbos cuyo

infinitivo termina por "l", tras una única vocal:

To travel (viajar) travelled
To cancel (cancelar) cancelled
Verbos irregulares
• En la siguiente lista se incluyen todos los verbos irregulares ingleses. En ella

se recoge el infinitivo y el presente (ambos tienen la misma forma, salvo que el
infinitivo va precedido de la partícula "to"), así como el pasado simple y el
participio.
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• En algunos casos, el verbo tiene dos posibles formas en el pasado o en el
futuro que aparecen indicadas. En otros casos, el verbo no tiene infinitivo (son
algunos verbos modales y en la tabla aparecen sin partícula "to").
• Estos verbos no siguen una regla determinada, por lo que hay que
aprenderlos de memoria. Al ser numerosos, entendemos que lo más práctico
es irlos estudiando poco a poco (algunos de ellos apenas se utilizan).
Infinitivo/Presente Significado Forma pasada Participio

To be ser / estar was been
To beat golpear beat beaten
To become llegar a ser became become
To begin empezar began begun
To bend doblar bent bent
To bet apostar bet bet
To bite morder bit bitten
To bleed sangrar bled bled
To blow soplar blew blown
To break romper broke broken
To bring traer brought brought
To build construir built built
To burn quemar burned / burnt burned / burnt
To buy comprar bought bought
Can poder could be able
To catch coger caught caught
To choose elegir chose chosen
To cut cortar / romper cut cut
To come venir came come
To cost costar cost cost
To cut cortar cut cut
To dig cavar dug dug
To do hacer did done
To draw dibujar drew drawn
To dream soñar dreamt dreamt
To drink beber drank drunk
To drive conducir drove driven
To eat comer ate eaten
To fall caer fell fallen
To feel sentir felt felt
To fight luchar fought fought
To find encontrar found found
To fly volar flew flown
To forbid prohibir forbade forbidden
To forget olvidar forgot forgotten
To forgive perdonar forgave forgiven
To freeze helar(se) froze frozen
To get Coger, volverse…. got got
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To fasten sujetar con cinturón fastened fastened
To give dar gave given
To go ir went gone
To grow crecer grew grown
To hang colgar hanged / hung hanged / hung
To have haber / tener had had
To hear oír heard heard
To hide esconder hid hidden
To hit golpear hit hit
To hold sostener held held
To hurt herir hurt hurt
To keep mantener kept kept
To know saber knew known
To lay colocar laid laid
To lead guiar led led
To learn aprender learned / learnt learned / learnt
To leave Dejar, Irse left left
To lend prestar lent lent
To let permitir let let
To lie echarse lay lain
To light encender lit lit
To lose perder lost lost
To make hacer made made
May poder might ----
To mean significar meant meant
To meet encontrar(se) met met
Must deber had to ----
Ought deber ---- ----
To pay pagar paid paid
To put poner put put
To read leer read / red read / red
To rent alquilar rented rented
To ride montar (a caballo) rode ridden
To ring sonar rang rung
To rise subir rose risen
To run correr ran run
To say decir said said
To see ver saw seen
To sell vender sold sold
To send enviar sent sent
To shake agitar shook shaken
To shine brillar shone shone
To shut cerrar shut shut
To sing cantar sang sung
To sit sentarse sat sat
To sleep dormir slept slept
To smell oler smelled / smelt smelled / smelt
To hit golpear hit hit
To speak hablar spoke spoken
To spell deletrear spelled / spelt spelled / spelt
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To spend gastar spent spent
To stand soportar stood stood
To swim nadar swam swum
To take coger took taken
To tell decir told told
To think pensar thought thought
To understand comprender understood understood
To wake despertarse waked / woke waked / woken
To wear usar wore worn
Will (auxiliar futuro) would ----
To win ganar won won
To write escribir wrote written
The Past Simple Exercise
Use the verbs in the box to fill the gaps.
decide live remember
eat love visit
like X2 rain want
1 Pepe Hernandez _____________ in Cuenca from 1992 to 1995.
2 Mari Sarmiento _____________ to learn how to fly.
3 It _____________ all day yesterday.
4 Miguelín _____________ to buy a new stereo.
5 Sofia didn't _____________ anything for breakfast.
6 Angela and Ramón _____________ each other very much.
7 Simon didn't _____________ Benidorm because there were too many students.
8 Did you _____________ to turn everything off?
9 When Eleonora and Paola went to Granada, they _____________ the Alhambra Palace.
10 Fiona _____________ everything about Wales except the weather.
Irregular Verb Exercises Part
Use the verbs in the boxes to fill the gaps. Use your dictionary to check meanings.
1 Group One 3 Group Three
cost hit put shut have make send
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cut let quit spread lend pay spend
1 The ticket ____________ a lot more than I 1 The bank ____________ me the money
originally expected to pay. to buy a new car.
2 Blast! I've ____________ my finger. 2 We ____________ twelve faxes
yesterday.
3 When I told him I thought he was an idiot,
he ____________ me. 3 We ____________ the weekend in
Cuenca.
4 My Dad ____________ me borrow his car
last weekend. 4 His car is ____________ in France.
5 Where did you ____________ today's 5 They ____________ me in cash.
paper? I can't find it.
6 We ____________ sardines for lunch.
6 She wasn't sacked. She ____________
her job.
7 When it started to rain, we ____________
all the windows.
8 The virus has ____________ from Asia to
Europe.
2 Group Two 4 Group Four
bring catch teach feel leave read

buy fight think keep meet sleep
1 Yesterday I ____________ the bus at 1 I ____________ terrible about the news.

exactly ten thirty.
2 They ____________ ringing me all day.
2 Elizabeth ____________ about it a lot
3 My boss ____________ the office very
before she made her final decision.
early yesterday.
3 They ____________ me back a lovely
4 I ____________ my cousin Natalia in the
little wooden statue from Kenya as a
supermarket yesterday.
souvenir.
5 I only ____________ for two hours last
4 My last English teacher was terrible. He
night.
____________ me nothing.
6 I ____________ three books this summer.
5 I ____________ three new pens last week
and now I can't find any.
6 Valencia FC ____________ hard to win
the match.
The Pronunciation of Regular Verbs in the Past Exercise
1 Place the verbs in the box into the correct columns below.
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allowed flooded mixed visited
asked guessed pasted wasted
cracked included relaxed washed
cried jailed repeated watched
damaged killed shaved welcomed
decided landed slipped yawned
encouraged loved stopped
ended missed tasted
1-/ d/ 2- /t/ 3-/ id /

1 ______________ 1 ______________ 1 ______________
2 ______________ 2 ______________ 2 ______________
3 ______________ 3 ______________ 3 ______________
4 ______________ 4 ______________ 4 ______________
5 ______________ 5 ______________ 5 ______________
6 ______________ 6 ______________ 6 ______________
7 ______________ 7 ______________ 7 ______________
8 ______________ 8 ______________ 8 ______________
9 ______________ 9 ______________ 9 ______________
10 ______________ 10 ______________ 10 ______________
2 Complete the rules for the pronunciation of regular verbs in the past.
i. When the regular verb ends in a vowel sound or voiced consonant sound (B, G, L, M, N, V,
Y and Z), the -ed ending is pronounced /_____ /.
ii. When the regular verb ends in an unvoiced consonant sound (K, F,P, -SH, -TCH or X), the
-ed ending is pronounced /_____ /.
iii. The -ed ending is pronounced /id/ when the verb ends in the consonant sounds _____ and
_____ .
LECCIÓN 14 EL PASADO CONTINUO
• El "past continuous" se forma con el verbo auxiliar "to be" en su forma pasada y el
gerundio (present participle) del verbo principal:
She was playing tennis. Ella estaba jugando al tenis
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They were travelling. Ellos estaban viajando
• La forma negativa se forma con la partícula "not" detrás del verbo auxiliar, y la forma
interrogativa con el verbo auxiliar al comienzo de la oración, seguido del sujeto y del verbo
principal:
I was not listening. Yo no estaba escuchando

Were they dancing? ¿ Estaban ellos bailando ?
• El pasado continuo se utiliza para describir acciones que se estaban desarrollando en el

momento del pasado al que nos estamos refiriendo:
(equivale al pasado continuo (ella estaba leyendo)al pretérito imperfecto (ella leía).
This morning at 8 o'clock she A las 8 de la mañana ella estaba

was reading leyendo: la acción de leer había
comenzado antes de las ocho y continuó
después de este instante.
Last Monday he was traveling El pasado lunes, él estaba viajando: la
acción de viajar comenzó antes del lunes y
continuó después.
• El pasado continuo se utiliza también para referimos a dos acciones en el pasado, una de las
cuales se completó, mientras que la otra continuaba: para la primera se utiliza el "past simple" y
para la segunda el "past continuous":
When he arrived, I was watching TV. Cuando él llegó, yo estaba .

viendo al tele
While she was listening to music, her brother did his homework. .
Mientras ella escuchaba música, su hermano hizo sus deberes
• Mientras que en el "past simple" se indica que la acción ya ha terminado, en el "past

continuous" la acción NO ha concluido:
She wrotre a letter. Ella escribió una carta: la carta está

escrita, la acción ya ha finalizado.
She was writing a letter. Ella estaba escribiendo una carta: no
sabemos si llegó a terminar de escribir la
carta.
The Past Continuous Exercise
Fill the gaps using the verb in brackets in the past continuous tense.
1 I ________________ letters all day yesterday. (write)
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2 You ________________ very slow about it. (be)
3 You ________________ on the phone for hours and hours. (talk)
4 They ________________ much business before lunch. (do NEGATIVE)
5 She ________________ to me all week. Silly cow. (speak NEGATIVE)
6 It ________________ for long. (rain NEGATIVE)
7 What ________________ you ________________ when I phoned yesterday? (do)
8 ________________ you ________________TV when it happened? (watch)
9 What ________________ you ________________ at the party? (wear)
10 He ________________ horrible to everyone, the nasty pig! (be)
LECCIÓN 15 PRONOMBRES INTERROGATIVOS
What...? ¿Qué...?
Where...? ¿Dónde...?
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When...? ¿Cuándo...?
Who...? ¿Quién...?
Whose...? ¿De quién...?
How...? ¿Cómo...?
Why...? ¿Por qué...?
Which...? ¿Culá...?
What kind of music do you like? ( ¿Qué tipo de música te gusta?)

What is the weather like? (¿Qué tiempo hace?)
What's he like? (¿Cómo es él?)
What does he like? (¿Qué le gusta a él?)
What does he look like? (¿Cómo es él? -de aspecto-)
Which do you prefer jazz or pop? (¿Cuál música prefieres jazz o pop?)
Who's that man? (¿Quién es ese hombre ?)
Who's got my bag? (¿Quién tiene mi bolso?)
Whose bag is this? (¿De quién es este bolso?)
Where is Santa Monica? (¿Dónde está Santa Mónica?)
When is your birthday? (¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?)
Why are you in a hurry? (¿Por qué tienes prisa?)
How is your mother? (¿Cómo está tu madre?)
How do you spell your name? (¿Cómo se deletrea tu nombre?)
How old are you? (¿Cuántos años tienes?)
How tall are you? (¿Cómo eres de alto?)
How much money do you have got? (¿Cuánto dinero tienes?)
How many tickets do you want? (¿Cuántas entradas quieres?)
How long have you lived in this town? (¿Cuánto tiempo has vivido en esta ciudad?)
Question Word Exercise
1 ___________'s the post office? 6 ___________ is your favourite football

player?
A How much
A When
B Who
B What
C Where
C Who
2 ___________'s the president of France? 7 ___________ is The Atlantic Ocean?
A Who A How deep
B Which B How much
C Whose C How
52
3 ___________ is your boyfriend. He looks 8 Jimmy, you've grown so much.
about thirty. ___________ are you now?
A How much A How long
B How old B How much
C How long C How tall
4 Billy: ___________ are you angry with 9 Sally: ___________ do you take the dog
me? I haven't done anything. for a walk?
Sally: Exactly. Jilly: Oh. Twice a day.
A How A With what frequency
B What B How often
C Why C When
5 Billy: ___________ is Paris like? 10 ___________ does it take to get from

Marie: It's beautiful. Valencia to Madrid by car?
A How many time

A How
B How long
B What
C How far
C Who
LECCIÓN 16 LOS PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
that el que, la que, los que, las que, lo que

who quien, quienes
which el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales, lo cual
53
whom a quien, a quienes
whose de quien, de quienes, cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas
what lo que, lo cual
OMISION DEL RELATIVO

Se omite el pronombre relativo:
1. Cuando el relativo hace de complemento:
the book (that) I bought, el libro que compré.
2. Si está regido por preposición, ésta puede colocarse al final y omitirse
o no el relativo:
the place (that) we went to, el lugar al que fuimos.
3. Con that, la preposición se ubica siempre al final:
I bought the book that you told me about, compré el libro del cual me
hablaste.
Defining Relative Pronouns Exercise
people that / who

owners whose
things that / which
places where
Combine the sentences using defining relative pronouns. When the relative pronoun is an
object, it can be omitted.
1 That's the girl. She spoke to me yesterday.
_____________________________________________________________ .
2 What's the name of the book? You want me to read it.
_____________________________________________________________ .
3 We stayed in a hotel. The hotel was very expensive.
_____________________________________________________________ .
4 I rent a house. It is very small.
_____________________________________________________________ .
5 The car was stolen. It was a BMW.
_____________________________________________________________ .
6 The man smoked forty cigarettes a day. He died of a heart attack.
_____________________________________________________________ .
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7 That's the building. I work there.
_____________________________________________________________ .
8 That's the boy. His mother works in the post office.
_____________________________________________________________ .
9 The businessman was very rich. I saw him last night.
_____________________________________________________________ .
10 That's the dog. Its owner is French.
_____________________________________________________________ .
Non-defining Relative Pronouns Exercise
Three things about Non-defining Relative Clauses.
1. The relative clause is closed off by commas and is quite similar to information in brackets.
2. Non-defining relative clauses are NOT used in spoken English. It would sound unnatural.
3. The relative pronoun can never be omitted.
Combine the sentences using non-defining relative pronouns.
1 Valencia is a great place. Valencia is due east of Madrid.

__________________________________________________________________________________
2 Jimbo is living in Thailand now. Jimbo got divorced last year.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3 Clare is a good teacher. I don't like Clare very much.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4 The Flaca pub rocks. I met my girlfriend in The Flaca. (use WHERE)
__________________________________________________________________________________
5 My greasy neighbour stinks of after-shave. My greasy neighbour is a bus driver.
__________________________________________________________________________________
6 Almeria is very dry. The beaches of Almeria are wonderful.
__________________________________________________________________________________
7 The school was built in 1907. The school has about 800 students.
__________________________________________________________________________________
8 The government handled the diplomatic crisis badly. The government is facing corruption charges.
__________________________________________________________________________________
9 The Plaza Rodonda square is near the cathedral. They hold a market in The Plaza Rodonda square
55
every Sunday. (use WHERE)
__________________________________________________________________________________
10 Samantha is coming to the party. Samantha's mother is mayoress of this town.
LECCIÓN 17 LOS INDEFINIDOS
USO DE "ANY" Y "ANYTHING" EN FRASES AFIRMATIVAS
1) some/something se utilizan en frases afirmativas, y any/anything se utilizan

en frases negativas e interrogativas. Y aveces some puede traducirse como "unos".
Es decir, hace las veces de plural del artículo indefinido a/an (un/una) que no tiene
plural directo.
Algunos ejemplos:
Some friends are coming to dinner. (Unos amigos van a venir a cenar)
Some old friends called me yesterday. (Unos viejos amigos me llamaron ayer)
Some people will never learn anything. (Algunas personas nunca aprenderán
56
nada)
Are you doing anything tomorrow night? (¿Vas a hacer algo mañana a la
noche?)
2) En las frases interrogativas, se utiliza some/something cuando se espera una

respuesta afirmativa a la pregunta, o cuando la persona que habla quiere inducir al
interlocutor a responder afirmativamente.
Observa estos ejemplos:
Could we have some bread, please? (¿Podría traernos algo de pan, por favor?)
Would you like something to drink? (¿Desea algo de beber?)
Estos aspectos generales del empleo de some/something y any/anything se

pueden precisar añadiendo la norma que rige el uso de any/anything en frases
afirmativas traduciéndose como "cualquier/a". Observa la siguiente frase
pronunciada por una persona que se dispone a hacer un juego con una baraja:
Take a card. Any card. (Toma un naipe. Cualquier naipe)

Can I take any book with me? (Puedo llevarme cualquier libro?)
La palabra anything también se utiliza en frases afirmativas con un significado muy

similar al que posee any en la frase anterior.
I'm really hungry. I'll eat anything. (Tengo mucho apetito. Comeré cualquier
cosa)
Así, se puede observar que, en esas frases, la palabra any seguida de un sustantivo
significa "cualquiera, no importa cuál", mientras que la palabra anything utilizada
sola al final de una frase significa ''cualquier cosa, no importa qué".
PRESTA MUCHA ATENCION AHORA !!

No confundas any/anything y no/nothing. Para practicarlo compara estos dos
refranes:
Any publicity is good publicity. (Cualquier publicidad es buena publicidad)

No news is good news. (La falta de noticias es una buena noticia)
ALGO PARA RECORDAR

En un anuncio publicitario de un banco británico, relativo a la buena disposición de la
entidad para prestar dinero a aquellas personas que quisieran comprar un coche,
apareció un ejemplo muy claro del "diferente significado" que posee la palabra any
según se utilice en frases afirmativas o interrogativas. El anuncio decía exactamente:
Any car. Any model. Any colour. Any questions?

(Cualquier coche. Cualquier modelo. Cualquier color. ¿Alguna pregunta?)
FORMAS COMPUESTAS
Las formas compuestas derivan de las formas anteriores:
Agregando one o body (persona)

someone, alguien; somebody, alguien
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anyone, alguien; anybody, alguien
everyone, cada uno, todos; everybody, cada uno, todos
no one, nadie; nobody, nadie
Agregando thing (cosa, objeto)

something, algo, alguna cosa
anything, algo, alguna cosa
everything, todo, cada cosa
nothing, nada (ninguna cosa)
USO DE "SOMEBODY", "ANYBODY", ETC.
Las normas expuestas en el apartado anterior en relación con el uso de

some/something y any/anything también se pueden aplicar a las palabras
compuestas que figuran a continuación:
somebody/someone (alguien, alguna persona)

somewhere (en alguna parte)
Como puedes observar, no hay diferencia de significado entre las terminaciones -body y
-one. Y aquí tienes las correspondencias de estas palabras con las derivadas de any:
anybody 1) alguien/alguna persona; 2) nadie/ninguna persona (en negativo)

anyone
anywhere 1) en alguna parte; 2) en ninguna parte (en negativo)
Se utiliza "much" (mucho) y "little" (poco) con sustantivos en singular:
Do you have much time? ¿ Tienes mucho tiempo ?

No, I have little time. No, tengo poco tiempo
Mientras que "many " (mucho) y "few" (poco) se utilizan con sustantivos en
plural:
Do you have many books? ¿ Tienes muchos libros ?

No, I have few books. No, tengo pocos libros
"Much" y "many" se utilizan principalmente en oraciones negativas e

interrogativas, ya que en oraciones afirmativas se suelen sustituir ambos por "a lot
of" (muchos, un montón):
Do you have many friends? ¿ Tienes muchos amigos ?

Yes, I have a lot of friends. Sí, tengo muchos amigos
No, I don't have many friends. No, no tengo muchos amigos
Did you spend much money? ¿ Gastaste mucho dinero ?
Yes, I spent a lot of money. Sí, gasté mucho dinero
No, I didn't spend much money. No, no gasté mucho dinero
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No obstante, "much" y "many" sí se utilizan en oraciones afirmativas cuando
van precedidos por algunas partículas, como "so" (tanto), "too" (demasiado), etc.:
He has so many friends.... El tiene tantos amigos ...

You have too many doubts. Tú tienes demasiadas dudas
We drank too much alcohol. Bebimos demasiado alcohol
We spent so much money.... Gastamos tanto dinero ...
Some and Any Exercise
Fill the gaps using either some or any.
1 I can see a house, a lake and _______________ trees.
2 We've got one dog, two cats and _______________ fish.
3 I like _______________ songs by Ricki Martin but not all of them.
4 There are _______________ chocolate biscuits in the cupboard.
5 I can't find _______________ books about dinosaurs.
6 Natalia hasn't got _______________ friends in Athens.
7 There aren't _______________ banana trees in Scotland.
8 Have you got _______________ games for your computer?
9 Are there _______________ messages for me?
Countables and Uncountables Exercise
1 Is there ________ cheese left? 6 Excuse me. I need ________ information

about trains to Guadalajara.
A some
B any A some
C the B any
C an
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2 To make pancakes we need ________ 7 Do you know ________ good restaurants
eggs and some flour. near here?
A some A some
B any B any
C an C the
3 How ________ money do we have left? 8 For lunch today I had a salad and
________ piece of pizza.
A many
B much A some
C do B any
C a
4 How ________ cars are we taking? 9 How ________ rice do we have left?
A many A many
B much B much
C long C peas
How ________ glasses of wine did you 10 It's cold. Don't open ________ windows.
5
drink?
A some
A many B any
B much C a
C drunk
LECCIÓN 18 LAS PREPOSICIONES DE TIEMPO
TRES PARTICULARIDADES DE LAS PREPOSICIONES EN UNA ORACION

1. Las preposiciones van seguidas normalmente de un sustantivo o pronombre.
La única forma verbal que puede seguir a una preposición es el gerundio ING:
AFTER eating the chicken he drank a soda.
2. En inglés, a diferencia de muchos otros idiomas, una preposición puede

rematar o terminar una oración. No te preocupes... pero practícalo!! Esta
función tan especial del idioma suele confundir a casi todos los estudiantes:
What did you do that FOR?
Who are you looking AT?
This is the building where OM Personal office is IN.
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She is the writer I was referring TO.
Who does Sylvia remind you OF?
PREPOSICIONES DE TIEMPO
Las preposiciones utilizadas con relación al tiempo pueden resultar algo
complicadas :
AT? IN? ON? BY?

AT se usa con las horas (at 10:00 am), momentos del día (at night) y con
nombres de festividades (at Christmas, at Easter).
IN se refiere a partes o divisiones del día (in the evening), meses (in
November), estaciones del año (in winter) y años (in 2004). IN se usa también
para señalar un período en el cual algo tendrá lugar (in nine months' time).
ON se usa para los días de la semana (on Monday), para partes o divisiones
del día mencionando el día de la semana (on Monday mornings) y para las
fechas (on 15th May, on November 5th).
BY indica el último momento/hora/fecha en que una acción será finalizada.

Normalmente es similar en significado a before. BY se usa generalmente con
tiempos futuros (I will have finished my project by Saturday).
IN TIME vs ON TIME
ON TIME expresa punctualidad, no tarde o demora. IN TIME expresa lo
suficientemente temprano para hacer algo o antes de que un
acontecimiento desagradable ocurra. Por lo tanto, decimos: The hero
arrived in time to save the children; It is important to arrive on time to
an interview.
Preposition Exercises
Fill the gaps with at, in or on.
1 I hate doing the shopping ___________ Saturdays.
2 She passed her driving test ___________ March.
3 Valencia is too hot for me ___________ summer.
4 ___________ Sunday mornings I have coffee and toast for breakfast and read the
newspaper.
5 ___________ Monday and Wednesday evenings I go to English class.
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6 We're planning to go skiing ___________ Easter.
7 It's ridiculous. The bank closes ___________ 2:30 pm.
8 Jim had a terrible journey to Wales ___________ Christmas Eve 2003.
9 ___________ 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue.
10 Some people study best ___________ night but I prefer the morning.
11 I love watching the James Bond film ___________ Christmas Day.
12 I normally phone my girlfriend ___________ 10 o'clock every evening.
13 I hate going out ___________ the week.
14 We usually go out for dinner ___________ the weekend.
15 She's always very grumpy first thing ___________ the morning.
LECCIÓN 19 PREPOSICIONES DE LUGAR
La preposición "IN" indica dentro de un lugar:
In my room En mi habitación
In my pocket En mi bolsillo
Se suele utilizar también cuando nos referimos a países o ciudades:
The concert is in Madrid. El concierto es en Madrid

This match took place in Spain. Este partido se celebró en España
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"ON" indica sobre un lugar:
On the table Sobre la mesa

On my book Sobre mi libro
Hay expresiones muy usuales que se construyen con "on":

On the left A la izquierda
On the right A la derecha
On the fifth floor En el quinto piso
La preposición "AT" se utiliza normalmente para indicar "junto a, al

lado de":
At the bed Junto a la cama

At the bridge Junto al puente
Pero hay una serie de lugares que suelen ir acompañados de la

preposición "at", incluso cuando estamos dentro de los mismos:
At home En casa
At the university En la universidad
At work En el trabajo
At the airport En el aeropuerto
At the bus station En la estación de autobuses
También se utiliza "at" para referirnos a acontecimientos:
At the exposition En la exposición

At the meeting En el meeting
At the conference En la conferencia
Si nos referimos al tipo de transporte que empleamos, utilizamos "by",

salvo en la expresión "on foot" (andando):
To go by bicycle Ir en bicicleta
To go by car Ir en coche
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To go by train Ir en tren
To go by plane Ir en avión
Preposition Exercises
Fill the gaps with at, in, on or to.
1 I get ___________ work at 9.
2 I arrive ___________ work at 9.
3 We arrived ___________ Paris at five in the morning.
4 Samantha likes to stay ___________ bed all Sunday morning.
5 Clare's boyfriend's a nurse. He works ___________ the hospital.
6 A: When's Jenny having her baby?
B: Very soon. She's already ___________ hospital.
7 Do you put your feet ___________ the table at home?
8 My beautiful friend Claudia is lying ___________ the beach.
9 I'm sorry. María's not here. She's ___________ work.
10 I go ___________ school by bus.
Fill the gaps below using the prepositions in the box once only.
Across/along/in/at/out/of/on/past/straight/under/through/into
1 Go ___________ of the building and turn left.
2 At the end ___________ the street turn right.
3 ___________ the traffic lights turn right again.
4 Go ___________ ahead until you come to a petrol station.
5 Turn left ___________ Acacia Avenue.
6 Next, take the third turning ___________ your right.
7 Go ___________ the newsagent's and carry on until you come to a bridge.
8 Go ___________ the bridge and on the other side you will see a park.
9 Go ________ the park until you come to Church St. on the other side, where you turn left.
10 Keep going. After about 300 metres, you go ___________ a railway bridge.
11 Keep going ___________ Church St. for another 100 metres.
12 A: You'll see the tourist information office ___________ front of you. You can't miss it.
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LECCIÓN 20 EL PRESENTE PERFECTO
El "present perfect" se forma con el auxiliar "to have" en presente del

indicativo (simple present), más el participio (past participle) del verbo principal:
I have listened to the news. Yo he escuchado las noticias

She has watched TV. Ella ha visto la tele
La forma negativa se forma con la partícula de negación "not" entre el

auxiliar y el verbo principal, y la forma interrogativa se construye con el auxiliar
al comienzo de la oración, seguido del sujeto y del verbo principal:
I have not done my Yo no he hecho mis deberes.

homework.
Have you been in Seville? ¿ Has estado en Sevilla
USO DEL PRESENTE PERFECTO

En inglés utilizamos el tiempo presente perfecto cuando existe una conexión o
relación entre el pasado y el presente. Tiene dos usos principales:
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a) Lo utilizamos cuando nos encontramos interesados en el resultado presente
de algo que ocurrió en un momento no definido del pasado:
- The secretary has decided to look for a new job.
La secretaria ha decidido buscar un nuevo trabajo.
- I'm afraid I have forgotten your name.
Me temo que he olvidado tu nombre.
b) Lo utilizamos para hablar acerca de una acción o situación que comenzó en

el pasado y aún continúa:
- How long have you worked here?
¿Cuánto tiempo has trabajado aquí?
- She has been away on business since last week.
Ella se ha ausentado por negocios desde la semana pasada.
- I haven't seen Sylvia for several years. No he visto a Silvia durante varios.
Con el presente perfecto utilizamos How long...? (¿Cuánto tiempo...?) en
preguntas relacionadas con la duración y for (durante) o since (desde) para las
respuestas.
- How long have you worked at OM Personal?
¿Cuánto tiempo has trabajado en OM Personal?
Observa que usamos for(durante) para expresar la duración de una acción, y

since(desde) para indicar cuándo comenzó la acción.
- I've worked here for twelve months (for twenty years, etc).
He trabajado aquí durante doce meses (durante veinte años, etc)
- I've worked here since January (since 1990, since Christmas, etc).
He trabajado aquí desde Enero (desde 1990, desde Navidad, etc)
A menudo el presente perfecto se utiliza con los adverbios just (justo), yet (aún),
still (todavía), already (ya), ever (alguna vez), never (nunca), recently
(recientemente), lately (últimamente), so far (hasta aquí), up to now (hasta
ahora). Observa algunos ejemplos:
- They 've just signed an important contract.
Ellos acaban de firmar un importante contrato.
(RECUERDA: Present Perfect + JUST >> Acabar de hacer algo)
- Sheila hasn't received an answer yet.(en negativa y al final de la frase)
Sheila no ha recibido respuesta aún.
- Have you ever used this type of machine?
¿Has utilizado alguna vez este tipo de máquina?
- We've had good results so far.
Hasta aquí hemos obtenido buenos resultados.
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The Present Perfect or The Past Simple Exercise
Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using the present perfect tenses.
1 A: I ________________ (to see, negative) Anna for a long time.
2 David lost his wallet yesterday but he ________________ (to find) it this
morning in his jacket pocket.
3 ________________ (to be / you) to Paris?
4 We ________________ (to live) in this house for five years .
5 He ________________ ( not to meet) Sally in the supermarket since last

week.
6 She feels great. She ________________ (to lose) three kilos since
Christmas.
7 It's cold in here because someone ________________ (to open) the

window.
8 ________________ (to feed / you) the cat yet?

_No ,I ________________________________(not to feed) it yet.
Fill the gaps with either for(durante) or since(desde).
1 I've lived in Spain ________ 11 years now.

2 I've worked at this English school ________ six years.
3 Carlos's had internet at home ________ August last year.
4 I haven't seen Maggie ________ the party.
5 We've been waiting for the bus ________ over half an hour now.
6 I've put on 4 kilos ________ Christmas.
7 That new clothes shop has been open ________ last Saturday.
8 Have you been married ________ a long time?
9 I've been surfing the net ________ half past seven this morning.
10 The police have been at the scene ________ 3 hours.
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LECCIÓN 21 EL INFINITIVO DE FINALIDAD
En inglés existen básicamente dos formas de expresar el propósito u objetivo de hacer

algo. Analicemos ambas formas y trata de recordar esta regla práctica:
1. Utilizamos el infinitivo de un verbo (to do) para hablar acerca del propósito u
objetivo de hacer algo (= why someone does something):
- I went out to mail a letter. (Salí para franquear una carta).
- She called me to invite me to a party. (Me llamó para invitarme a una fiesta)
También utilizamos el infinitivo de un verbo para expresar una justificación (= why
someone has, wants or needs something):
- They have bodyguards to protect them. (Tienen guardaespaldas para protegerlos)
- I need a can opener to open this. (Necesito un abrelatas para abrir esto)
Asimismo es posible utilizar in order to (para, a fin de que) como sinónimo:
- We shouted in order to get help. (Gritamos a fin de pedir ayuda)
No se debe utilizar FOR en ciertas oraciones (un error bastante frecuente entre los
hispanoparlantes):
- I'm going to Argentina to learn Spanish (not, I'm going to Argentina FOR TO
LEARN Spanish, or I'm going to Argentina FOR LEARNING Spanish).
2. A veces se usa SO THAT (no el to infinitivo) para hablar de objetivos:

a) Cuando el propósito es NEGATIVO:
- I hurried so that I wouldn't be late. (Me apuré para no llegar tarde).
b) Con los verbos CAN y COULD:
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- He's learning English at OM Personal so that he can work in the United States.
(Está aprendiendo inglés en OM Personal para poder trabajar en los Estados
Unidos)
c) Cuando una persona hace algo para que otra persona pueda hacer otra cosa:
- I gave him my address so that he can contact me. (Le di mi dirección para que
pueda ponerse en contacto conmigo)
"For and To" Preposition Exercise at Auto-English
Fill the gaps with either for or to.
1 Thank you ___________ helping me with my homework.
2 I need to go out ___________ buy some milk and sugar.
3 They went to London ___________ see the Crown jewels.
4 Here. This is ___________ you.
5 You'll need at least 12 Euros ___________ the train.
6 Don't forget to bring everything ___________ tomorrow.
7 Take a jacket just ___________ be sure you don't get cold.
8 ___________ the time being, everything's going well.
9 Sorry ___________ being late.
10 Simon's gone into town ___________ look ___________ a book.
11 I married him for better or ___________ worse.
12 ___________ be a success in life, you need dedication.
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LECCIÓN 22 EL FUTURO
A) FUTURO SIMPLE
subject + will + infinitive

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I will go I won't go Will I go ?
You will go You won't go Will you go ?
He will go He won't go Will he go ?
She will go She won't go Will she go ?
It will go It won't go Will it go ?
We will go We won't go Will we go ?
You will go You won't go Will you go ?
They will go They won't go Will they go ?
Affirmative
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I will go to New York - Iré a New York
He will go to New York - El irá a New York
Negative
I won't go to New York - No iré a New York
He won't go to New York - El no irá a New York
Interrogative
Will I go to New York ? - ¿Iré a New York ?
Will he go to New York ? - ¿Irá él a New York ?
usos del futuro simple

Acciones que se van a desarrollar con certeza en el futuro.
I will play tennis tomorrow. Jugaré tenis mañana.
OM Personal will be six in 2005. OM Personal cumplirá seis años en el 2005.
Predicción en el futuro.
It will snow tomorrow. Nevará mañana.
Promesas.
"Every Argentinian will have a job in this blessed country." (Carlos Menem)
"Todo Argentino tendrá un puesto de trabajo en este bendito país." (Carlos Menem)
Ofrecimientos.
I will stay with you all night if you really need it.
Me quedaré contigo toda la noche si realmente lo necesitas.
Suele utilizarse el auxiliar shall (o su contracción 'll) para el

futuro de la primera persona del singular y del plural.
We shall go to the movies = We will go to the movies
We'll go to the movies. Iremos al cine.
expresiones usuales del futuro simple
tomorrow - the day after tomorrow - in 2010

next Monday - next week - next month - next year
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B) TO BE +GOING TO FUTURO PLANEADO
La forma GOING TO seguida de infinitivo se utiliza:
1) Para expresar la intención de realizar en el futuro alguna acción

que ya está decidida.
What are you going to do at the weekend?
¿Qué harás durante el fin de semana?
I'm going to visit a friend near Bogota.
Visitaré (Tengo intenciones de visitar) a un amigo cerca de Bogotá.
2) Para predecir acontecimientos futuros basándose en una

evidencia presente. (Estos acontecimientos suelen estar situados en
un futuro próximo.)
Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.
Mira esas nubes. Lloverá. (Va a llover.)
FORMACION DE LA ESTRUCTURA "GOING TO + INFINITIVO".

Esta estructura se construye con las formas del tiempo Present
Continuous del verbo go (I'm going, She's going, etc.) más el
infinitivo del verbo principal precedido de la partícula to (to visit,
to answer, etc.).
Ejemplos:
I'm going to visit some friends this afternoon.
He's going to watch TV tomorrow.
She's going to leave in ten minutes.
We're going to play tennis at six o'clock.
You're to paint the kitchen on Friday.
They're going to go to the movies next week.
PRESTA MUCHA ATENCION AHORA !!

Cuando el verbo en infinitivo que sigue a la forma going to es el
mismo verbo go, la frase puede parecer un poco confusa a causa de
la repetición verbal. Este tipo de frases se suelen abreviar de la
siguiente manera:
En lugar de: We're going to go to the cinema on Friday.

Se omite to go y se dice: We're going to the cinema on Friday.
. Las formas negativas se construyen colocando la partícula not entre

el verbo auxiliar y la forma going to:
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I'm not going to play tennis tomorrow.
He's not / He isn't going to watch TV this evening.
Las formas interrogativas se construyen invirtiendo el orden del

sujeto y del verbo auxiliar:
Are you going to stay at home tonight?

Is it going to rain?
What is he going to do?
"GONNA": COLOQUIALMENTE HABLANDO.

En el habla coloquial la forma verbal going to a menudo se pronuncia /gona/ o
/gana/, lo que a veces se refleja en la forma escrita gonna. No obstante, esta
forma coloquial no debe utilizarse en el lenguaje escrito habitual, limitando su
uso al lenguaje informal, como el empleado en la transcripción de canciones .
Aquí tienes un mini-diálogo para que practiques cómo utilizan los

norteamericanos el famoso gonna:
A: What are you gonna do tonight?

B: I'm gonna stay home.
A: What are you gonna do for your birthday?
B: I'm gonna go out with some friends.
Going to or Will ? Exercise
Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using either the going to or will form of the future tense.
1 Sally: There's no milk left!
Betty: Oh. I _______________ some from the shop. (get)
2 The population of Valencia _______________ 2 million by the year 2010. (reach)
3 Mum: I told you to tidy up your room.
Son: Sorry, Mum, I forgot. I _______________ it after lunch.(do)
4 Sally: Why don't we meet for coffee on Friday morning?
Willy: Sorry. I can't. I _______________ the doctor then. (see)
5 "Tomorrow _______________ a bright and sunny day everywhere in Spain, except in La

Coruña," said the weatherwoman. (be)
6 Look at that big black cloud. I think it _______________ . (rain)
7 Sally: What are your plans for the week-end?
Betty: Brad Pitt phoned. We _______________ on a picnic. (go)
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8 Betty: Have you booked the flights yet?
Sally: Don't worry. It's all organized. I _______________ to the travel agent's tomorrow
morning. (go)
9 In the future people _______________ bigger heads. (have)
10 If we miss the bus, we _______________ a taxi. (take)
11 Next month I _______________ a DVD player. (buy)
12 When _______________ you _______________ another party? (have)
13 I've got to go to the dentist this morning. _______________ you _______________ with
me? (come)
14 Oh no! I think I _______________ . (sneeze)
15 Fanny: I can't open this jar.
LECCIÓN 23 SO Y SUCH
SO (tan, así, entonces) y SUCH (semejante, tal, tan, tanto), suelen confundir.
1. CON ADJETIVO SIN SUSTANTIVO SE USA "SO":

Ejemplos: so stupid (tan tonta).
2. CON ADJETIVO Y SUSTANTIVO SE USA "SUCH":

Ejemplos: such a stupid story (una historia tan tonta).
También puedes usar SO con un adverbio . Por ejemplo:
• Mirta's difficult to understand because she speaks so quickly.

(Es difícil entenderle a Mirta porque habla tan rápidamente)
• I didn't know Maria lived so far from the city.
I didn't know Maria lived such a long way from the city.
(No sabía que María vivía tan lejos de la ciudad)
So and Such Exercise
Fill the gaps with either so or such. She's so pretty
He's such a nice guy
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1 Charlie's ___________ a nice boy.
2 The sun was out and the birds were singing. It was ___________ a beautiful day in May.
3 The movie Shrek is ___________ good it's unbelievable.
4 It was ___________ a shame you couldn't come to Laura's party.
5 The ending of the film The Mission was ___________ sad I couldn't help crying.
6 Try the cake. It's ___________ delicious.
7 I really want you to meet Andy. He's ___________ a funny guy.
8 My internet connection is ___________ slow it's unbearable.
9 The La Latina part of Madrid is ___________ exciting. You have to go there.
10 Thailand is ___________ a beautiful country.
11 The Thais are so polite. It makes ___________ a change from rude Europeans.
12 The summer of 2003 in Spain was ___________ hot. I mean really terrible.
LECCIÓN 24 EL PASADO PERFECTO
subject + had + participio pasivo
I had gone to New York - Yo había ido a New York

He had gone to New York - El había a New York
I hadn't gone to New York - Yo no había ido a New York
Had he gone to New York? - ¿Había ido él a New York?
usos del pasado perfecto simple
Acción del pasado que tuvo lugar antes que otra.
Her plane had already left when Thelma arrived at the airport.
Su vuelo ya había partido cuando Thelma llegó al aeropuerto.
The Past Perfect or The Past Simple Exercises
Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using either the past perfect or the past simple tenses.
1 By the time we got to the cinema the film ______________ (to start), so we missed the
first five minutes.
2 When I rang the bell there was no answer. The neighbour told me that they
______________ (to go out) about half an hour ago.
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3 I saw Casablanca for the first time last night. I ______________ (to see NEGATIVE) it
before.
4 I feel fat. I ______________ (to have) a huge lunch.
5 I spent a week in Miami recently. I ______________ there before.
6 There was so much to see in Toledo. I wanted to see everything but I ______________
(to have NEGATIVE) enough time.
7 If I ______________ (to know) about the concert, I would have gone.
8 If you ______________ (to take) my advice, it wouldn't have happened.
9 We would have had an argument, if she ______________ (to mention) politics.
10 If you ______________ (to not park) there, you wouldn't have got a parking fine.
11 They found the body on a building site. It ______________ (to mutilate "in the passive!").
12 She told me she ______________ (to buy) a new car.
LECCIÓN 25 EXPRESAR OBLIGACIÓN
TYPE USE MODAL EXAMPLES

VERB+ NOTES
INFINITIVO
1 Obligation(externa) have to María has to go to Rome. Must expresses
more urgency than
Obligation(del must You must see a doctor.
have to.
hablante)
2 no obligation don't have to He doesn't have to go.
3 prohibition mustn't You mustn't insult people.
4 recommendation should You shouldn't eat so quickly.
ought to You ought to phone your Ought to is not
mother. used in the
negative.
Modal Verbs of Obligation Exercise
Decide which type of modal goes with each sentence
1 ____ If you want to lose weight, you _____________ eat pasta, potatoes, white
bread or white rice. NEGATIVE
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2 ____ It's alright. You _____________ come to Muriel's wedding if you don't want
to. NEGATIVE
3 ____ Stupid boy! You _____________ play with matches! NEGATIVE
4 ____ I haven't heard from Eleonora for ages. Maybe I _____________ give her a
ring.
5 ____ You _____________ remember your passport. Otherwise they won't let you
on the plane.
6 ____ The weather forecast says this weekend will be fine. We _____________ go
on a picnic.
7 ____ You _____________ go there on your own. It's extremely dangerous.

NEGATIVE
8 ____ You _____________ come if you don't feel like it. NEGATIVE
9 ____ You _____________ take life so seriously. Relax a bit. NEGATIVE
10 ____ Orange juice in cartons has no goodness in it at all. You _____________

make it yourself.
11 ____ You _____________ drink and drive. NEGATIVE
12 ____ These instructions are difficult to follow. They _____________ to explain

things better.
LECCIÓN 26 EXPRESAR HABILIDAD Y PERMISO
Modal Verbs of Ability and Permission Exercise
TYPE USE MODAL VERBS EXAMPLE
1 expressing ability CAN (poder/saber) María can drive.
2 Asking for permission MAY, CAN, COULD Could I borrow your pen?
3 giving permission MAY, CAN You can use my phone.
4 refusing permission, prohibition CAN'T, MAY NOT You may not talk in the exam
5 requests CAN, COULD Can you pass me the salt?
Modal Verbs of Ability and Permission Exercise
Look at the following phrases and write in which type you think it is. Then use one of the modal
verbs in brackets to fill the gaps.
TYPE
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1 _______ You (may/could)________________ leave now if you wish.
2 _______ (Could/May)________________ you open the window a bit, please?
3 _______ (May/Can)________________ you play the piano?
4 _______ Listen, please. You (may not/could not)________________ speak

during this exam.
5 _______ You (can't/might not)________________ smoke on the bus.
6 _______ (Can't/May)________________ I make a call on your mobile?
7 _______ Do you know if Mark (can/may)________________ sing?
8 _______ (Can't/May)________________ I sit here, please?
9 _______ Caroline, your friends (can/could)________________ stay the night if

they want to. They're perfectly welcome.
10 _______ I'm sorry but you (can't/may)________________ use the computer until
after I've finished.
11 _______ (May/Could)________________ you lend me 40 Euros til Monday?
12 _______ Listen, please. Students (may/could)________________ study in the

library from five to nine in the evening.
LECCIÓN 27 EXPRESAR CERTEZA Y POSIBILIDAD
Modal Verbs of Deduction Exercises
TYPE USE MODAL VERBS EXAMPLE
to express possibilities for the MAY(+), MIGHT(-),

1 It may rain tomorrow.
future COULD
CAN'T, COULDN'T,
2 to express certainty She can't be Irish.
MUST
She could be
3 for possible explanations MAY, MIGHT, COULD
Scottish.
Modal Verbs of Deduction and Posibility Exercises
Look at the following phrases and write in which type you think they are. Then use one of the
modal verbs in brackets to fill the gaps.
TYPE
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1 _______ They (may/must)________________ be away for the weekend but I'm not
sure.
2 _______ He (can/could)________________ be French, judging by his accent.
3 _______ They (can't/may)________________ still be out!
4 _______ With luck, tomorrow (can't/could)________________ be a sunny day.
5 _______ You (can/might)________________ be right but I'm going to check

anyway.
6 _______ The exam (can't/might)________________ be easy. You never know.
7 _______ It (may/can't)________________ be true about a sauropod dinosaur living

in Lake Telé in the Congo. It's impossible.
8 _______ Dave reckons she's from The States but I think she
(can't/might)________________ be from Scandinavia.
9 _______ I (can't/might)________________ go to the party but I'm not sure yet.
10 _______ This (must/could)________________ be the right answer but we'll have to

check with your teacher to make sure.
11 _______ She (can't/could)________________ steal things from shops. She's rich

and famous.
12 _______ I really think Real Madrid (can't/could)________________ lose the final of

the King's Cup.
LECCIÓN 28 LA PRIMERA CONDICIONAL (REAL)
Cuando deseas hablar acerca de una "posible" situación y sus resultados, debes
utilizar una oración condicional En este tipo de oraciones condicionales existe una
posibilidad real de que suceda lo que en ellas se expresa. Básicamente, existen DOS
tipos de estructuras
CLAUSULA CONDICIONAL CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL

IF +SUJETO + present simple SUJETO+present simple
ejemplos:
If you heat ice, it melts.
(Si calientas hielo, éste se derrite)
(= When you heat ice, it melts)
(Cuando calientas hielo, éste se derrite)
CLAUSULA CONDICIONAL CLAUSULA PRINCIPAL

IF +SUJETO+ prest simple SUJETO +WILL / 'LL / WON'T + infinitive
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If I wear the green jacket, it'll go with my new shoes.
(Si uso la chaqueta verde, ésta hará juego con mis zapatos nuevos)
If you don't study, you won't pass the FCE exam.

(Si no estudias, no aprobarás el examen de First Certificate
En estas oraciones condicionales generalmente podemos utilizar unless (a menos

que) en lugar de la estructura if... not (si... no). Observa:
Unless you study, you won't pass the exam.

(A menos que estudies, no aprobarás el examen de First Certificate)
(= If you don't study, you won't pass the exam)
(= Si no estudias, no aprobarás el examen)
Son posibles también otras combinaciones de formas verbales. Aquí tienes dos
ejemplos:
: If you have finished, you may go. >> MODAL VERB: may
(Si has terminado, puedes irte)
If you're feeling ill, you ought to see a doctor. >> MODAL VERB: ought to
(Si te estás sintiendo mal, deberías ver a un médico)
First Conditional Exercise
IF + PRESENT SIMPLE , WILL + INFINITIVE

WILL + INFINITIVE + IF + PRESENT SIMPLE
Fill the gap using the verb in brackets.Three gaps need a NEGATIVE verb and watch out for
the third person S!
1 If Clare ___________________ late again, the hockey trainer will be furious. (to arrive)
2 You'll be sorry if you ___________________ for your exams. (to revise)
3 We ___________________ if the weather's good. (to go)
4 They ___________________ you if you wear a wig and dark glasses. (to recognise)
5 If the bus ___________________ on time, I won't miss the football. (to be)
6 If you ___________________ your homework now, you'll be free all tomorrow. (to do)
7 We___________________ out if there's no food at home. (to eat)
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8 You'll find life much easier if you ___________________ more often. (to smile)
9 If it's hot, we___________________ for a swim. (to go)
10 You'll do it better if you ___________________ more time over it. (to take)
11 If she ___________________ practising, she'll get better. (to keep)
12 Mum will be very sad if Jim ___________________ Mother's Day again. (to forget)
13 I___________________ so happy if I pass the exam. (to be)
14 You'll be really tired tomorrow if you ___________________ to bed soon. (to go)
15 The government ___________________ the next election if they continue to ignore public
opinion. (to lose)
16 If Valencia FC win the Spanish football league, I___________________ my hair blue. (to
dye)
17 If someone ___________________ you a bike, you can come with us. (to lend)
LECCIÓN 29 LA SEGUNDA CONDICIONAL (IRREAL)
La segunda condicional se forma co el verbo de la oración donde está if en pasado

simple y la oración principal con el modal would + un infinitivo.
'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + pasado simple condctional
If it rained( si lloviera , te mojarias) you would get we
If you went to bed earlier (si te fueras you wouldn't be so tired.
mas pronto a la cama, no estarias tan
cansado)
Se usa :
1. Para hablar de una situación que no es real en el

presente pero si posible:
I would visit her if I had time. (la visitaría si tuviera

tiempo= I haven't got time but I might have some time)
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2. Para una situación que no es real en el presente y que
no lo será nunca:
If I were you, I'd give up smoking (= si yo fuera

tu,dejaría de fumar /but I could never be you)
Examples:
a. If I were a plant, I would love the rain.

b. If you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond
ring.
c. If I knew where she lived, I would go and see her.
d. You wouldn't need to read this if you understood
English grammar.
e. Would he go to the concert if I gave him a ticket?
Second Conditional Exercise
IF + PAST SIMPLE , WOULD + INFINITIVE

WOULD+ INFINITIVE + IF + PAST SIMPLE
Fill the gap using the verb in brackets. 5 gaps need a NEGATIVE verb!
1 I ___________________ that if I were you. It's bad luck. (to do)
2 They'd be a better team if they ___________________ fitter. (to be)
3 If I had some spare money, I ___________________ a DVD player. (to buy)
4 Those children ___________________ so horrible if their parents were stricter. (to

be)
5 I wouldn't go out with him even if you ___________________ me. (to pay)
6 If we ___________________ so hard, we wouldn't be so tired all the time. (to

work)
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7 If she didn't take so long in the shower, she ___________________ more time for
breakfast. (to have)
8 If you ___________________ so much beer, you wouldn't be so fat. (to drink)
9 The world ___________________ a better place if politicians were less vain. (to
be)
10 I ___________________ to visit Thailand if I had the chance. (to love)
11 If I had more free time, I ___________________ a play. (to write)
12 If you ___________________ a digital camera, you could send photos by email.

(to have)
13 He would definitely lose weight if he ___________________ eating carbohydrates

and sugar. (to stop)
14 We could go travelling across France if we ___________________ a tent. (to buy)
15 Valencia would have the perfect climate if it ___________________ so hot in July

and August
16 If I understood more about computers, I___________________ help you out. (to

be able to)
17 I wouldn't do that if I ___________________ you. (to be)
LECCIÓN 30 LA TERCERA CONDICIONAL (IMPOSIBLE)
La tercera condicional se forma con el verbo de la oración de IF en

pasado perfecto y la oración principal con WOULD HAVE + EL
PARTICIPIO PASIVO del verbo que conjuguemos.
'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

If + pasado perfecto conditional compuesto
If it had rained(si hubiese you would have got wet
llovido te habrías mojado)
If you had worked harder (si you would have passed the
hubieras trabajado exam.
mas,habrías aprobado)
Se usa para:
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l1. Para hablar de una situación que ya ha ocurrido y por
lo tanto la condición y el resultado que expresan son
imposibles. Estas oraciones se realizaron en el pasado
por lo tanto la situación que plantean es contraria a la
realidad,los hechos estan basados en lo opuesto a lo que
expresan:
Examples:
a. If I'd known you were in hospital, I would have

visited you.
b. I would have bought you a present if I'd known
it was your birthday.
c. If they'd had a better goalkeeper they wouldn't
have lost the game.
d. If you had told me you were on the Internet, I'd
have sent you an e-mail.
Conditional Exercise
IF + PAST PERFECT , WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE + IF + PAST PERFECT
Fill the gap using the verb in brackets. Think very carefully about the meaning of the phrase
before deciding whether to use a negative or positive verb form.
1 I wouldn't be angry if you _____________________ my chocolate mousse. (to eat)
2 If he had known you were in hospital, he _____________________ you. (to visit)
3 We wouldn't have come by taxi if we _____________________ the right bus. (to find)
4 We would have visited the Prado gallery if we _____________________ time. (to have)
5 If you hadn't been asking me questions all the time, I _____________________ the film.(to
enjoy)
6 If I _____________________ your number, I would have phoned.(to know)
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7 If just one person had remembered my birthday, I _____________________ sad. (to be)
8 I would have understood the film if it _____________________ in German. (to be*)
9 They _____________________ to see you if they hadn't been away. (to come)
10 If she _____________________ on a double yellow line, she wouldn't have got a fine. (to
park)
11 If I'd known you were coming, I _____________________ a cake. (to bake)
12 If she _____________________ the shed unlocked, they wouldn't have stolen her bike. (to
leave)
13 If you had told me about the concert, I _____________________. (to go)
14 The storm _____________________ a lot of damage if it had come this way. (to do)
15 The holidays would have been great if the weather _____________________ better. (to
be)
* If you are a German speaker, then the answer is different!
LECCIÓN 31 LOS FALSOS AMIGOS
¿QUÉ SON LOS "FALSOS AMIGOS"?

Los estudiantes hispano-parlantes suelen utilizar indebidamente ciertas palabras en
inglés que, en su idioma natal, se escriben o pronuncian de modo parecido.
EJEMPLO 1:
Para expresar: "Compré dos carpetas en la papelería", un hispano-parlante suele
decir: "I bought two CARPETS at the stationery's". "Carpet" en inglés significa
"alfombra", mientras que la "carpeta" del ejemplo se traduce como "FOLDER".
EJEMPLO 2:
Para decir: "Compré este libro en la librería", suele expresarlo como "I bought this
book at the LIBRARY". "Library" en inglés significa "biblioteca", mientras que la
"librería" del ejemplo debe traducirse como "BOOKSHOP" o "BOOKSTORE".
los FALSE FRIENDS más frecuentes :
85
"FALSE FRIEND"
PARA EXPRESAR DEBE UTILIZARSE
USUALMENTE UTILIZADO
agenda agenda personal DIARY
(orden del día)
ADVERTISEMENT
advice aviso (advertencia) (aviso de diario)
(consejo)
NOTICE (cartel)
cask casco (protector) HELMET (casco protector)
(barril) casco (de un barco) HULL (casco de un barco)
commodities comodidades,
FACILITIES
(productos internacionales) instalaciones
conductor conductor (chofer) DRIVER
(director de orquesta)
crime crimen (asesinato) MURDER
(delito, acto ilegal)
deception decepción DISAPPOINTMENT
(engaño)
defraud defraudar (desilusionar) DISAPPOINT
(cometer fraude)
effective efectivo (dinero en mano) CASH
(eficaz, eficiente)
embarrassed embarazada, preñada PREGNANT
(avergonzado, incómodo)
front frente (de la cara) FOREHEAD
(ubicado al frente)
large largo LONG
(grande)
porter portero (de edificio)
DOORMAN (UK)
(changador) JANITOR (US)
pretend pretender CLAIM
(simular, fingir)
rare raro STRANGE
(poco cocido)
regular regular (no muy bueno) POOR
(estándar, normal)
realize realizar MAKE
(darse cuenta)
rich rico (en sabor) DELICIOUS
(rico )
sensible sensible SENSITIVE
(sensato, prudente)
traducer traductor TRANSLATOR
(calumniador)
vase vaso GLASS
(florero)
vice vicios (fumar, lotería) BAD HABITS
(actividades inmorales)
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The False Friends Exercise
Fill the gaps by choosing the most appropiate answer in brackets.
1 Did you know that Chrissie got ________________ (embarrassed/pregnant) on holiday in

Ibiza?
2 The ________________ (signature/subject) I hate most is maths.
3 Begonia is a very ________________ (kind /sympathetic) person.
4 I couldn't agree more. That's a very ________________ (sensible/sensitive) idea.
5 The film The Quiet American was a box-office ________________ (exit/success).
6 How many ________________ (idioms/languages) can you speak?
7 ________________ (Actually/Nowadays) I'm living with my parents again.
8 I've got ________________ (a cold/constipation). Pass me a tissue, please.
9 I was only living with my parents ________________ (eventually/temporarily).
10 All my immediate family live in England but I have a lot of ________________

(parents/relatives) in Canada.
LECCIÓN 32 EL ESTILO INDIRECTO O REPORTED SPEECH
Puedes relatar o comentar lo que alguien dice en forma indirecta:
The inspector thought that the sex of the driver was irrelevant.
(El inspector piensa que el sexo del conductor no tenía importancia)
He believed that the load you carry in your car makes a difference.
(El cree que la carga que llevas en tu auto hace la diferencia)
Cabe destacar aquí que el pronombre relativo that a veces puede omitirse,
especialmente en lenguaje más informal. Como regla muy general, úsalo cuando
escribes y omítelo cuando hablas.
CAMBIOS EN LOS PRONOMBRES
87
El primer y segundo pronombre personal cambian a tercera persona:
DIRECT STATEMENT ► personal pronoun "I"

"I drive a van and women are terrible", said Ian Lewis.
("Conduzco una camioneta y las mujeres son terribles", dijo Ian Lewis)
REPORTED STATEMENT ► personal pronoun "he"

lan Lewis said that he drove a van and that women were terrible.
(Ian Lewis dijo que conducía una camioneta y que las mujeres eran terribles)
CAMBIOS EN LAS "PALABRAS PUNTERO"

"Palabras puntero" (pointer words, en inglés) son palabras que se refieren a
momentos y lugares específicos, por ejemplo, this (esto/a), now (ahora), here
(aquí), tomorrow (mañana), etc.
1) Si las palabras del orador son comentadas más o menos en el mismo momento y
lugar, y pueden interpretarse correctamente, entonces no necesitas cambiar las
palabras puntero. Pero, cuando el comentario se hace en otro momento y/o lugar
será necesario hacer algunos ajustes.
2) Las expresiones idiomáticas orales como Wow!, Never!, etc. deben ser
expresadas a través del verbo: He exclaimed (El exclamó), She denied (Ella
negó), etc.
3) Después del verbo tell (comentar, contar, relatar), debes indicar a quien se
comenta o relata. Por ejemplo:
Manuela told him she would be late.

(Manuela le dijo que llegaría tarde)
5) Después de los verbos explain (explicar), say (decir) y suggest (sugerir), no es

necesario mencionar a quien se está hablando, pero si deseas mencionarlo deberá
utilizar la preposición to (a) a continuación del verbo. Observa estos ejemplos:
The tour guide explained to the tourists that they needed a visa.
(El guía de turismo explicó a los turistas que ellos necesitaban una visa)
I said to my wife that I was surprised at the result.

(Le dije a mi esposa que yo estaba sorprendido por el resultado)
He suggested to Monica that the driver should be paid.

(El le sugirió a Mónica que había que pagar al conductor)
Observa ahora los cambios o ajustes que sufren las siguientes palabras puntero
cuando comentas (Voz Indirecta) lo que otra persona ha dicho (Voz Directa):
DIRECT STATEMENT REPORTED STATEMENT

now (ahora) ► at that time / then (en ese momento)
this morning (esta mañana) ► that morning (esa mañana)
today (hoy) ► that day (ese día)
yesterday (ayer) ► the day before (el día anterior)
88
tomorrow (mañana) ► the day after (el día siguiente)
next week (la semana próxima) ► the following week (la siguiente semana)
last year (el año pasado) ► the year before (el año anterior)
here (aquí) ► there (allí)
come (venir) ►
CAMBIOS EN LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES

Cuando el verbo comunicador (reporting verb, en inglés) se encuentra en pasado
(said [dijo], added [agregó], explained [explicó], etc), generalmente deben
ajustarse los verbos que contenga la cláusula relativa that (que):
Ian Lewis said that he drove a van and that women were terrible.
(Ian Lewis dijo que conducía una camioneta y que las mujeres eran terribles)
DIRECT STATEMENT REPORTED STATEMENT

am/is, are, have/has ► was, were, had
present simple ► past simple
present progressive present ► past progressive
perfect ► past perfect
past simple ► past perfect
past progressive ► past perfect progressive
can ► could
may ► might
must ► had to
will ► would
REPORTING VERBS (Verbos Comunicadores)

Estos son algunos de los verbos comunicadores o reporting verbs más utilizados
(seguidos por una cláusula relativa con that):
add complain feel repeat say tell

(agregar) (quejarse) (sentir) (repetir) (decir) (comentar)
agree deny inform reply show threaten

(acordar) (negar) (informar) (responder) (demostrar) (amenazar)
answer explain promise report suggest warn

(contestar) (explicar) (prometer) (comunicar) (sugerir) (advertir)
DOS ASPECTOS A TENER EN CUENTA

1) Los verbos que se encuentran en Pasado Perfecto en la voz directa no cambian
al cuando pasan a la voz indirecta.
"I had driven a van before this", said Ian Lewis.
("Yo había conducido una camioneta antes", dijo Ian Lewis)
89
Ian Lewis said that he had driven a van before that.
(Ian Lewis dijo que el había conducido una camioneta antes)
2) Otros verbos modales -could, might, ought to, should, would- normalmente
no cambian.
"I might drive a van if I wanted to do it", said Ian Lewis.
("Yo podría conducir una camioneta si quisiera hacerlo", dijo Ian Lewis)
Ian Lewis said that he might drive a van if he wanted to do it.

(Ian Lewis dijo que él podría conducir una camioneta si quisiera hacerlo)
"Young people ought to drive more carefully", said the policeman.
(Los jóvenes deberían conducir con más cuidado", dijo el agente de policía)
The policeman said that young people ought to drive more carefully.
(El agente de policía dijo que los jóvenes deberían conducir con más cuidado)
REPORTED SPEECH
1. STATEMENTS
Reporting verbs . Say, Tell, Answer, Explain, Reply,…..

Main changes:
When the reporting verb is in the past there are changes in the tense of the verbs and in
rhe time expressions.Verb tenses must be changed into their past equivalents that´s to
say they must go one step back into the past.
• EXAMPLES:
She said : “I am Spanish”--------------------------------------------- She said that she was
spanish.
He said : “It may rain” ---------------------------------------------- He said that It might
rain.
*He said (to me) that * He told me , her, him, our, you,them
He said that he was leaving He told me that he was leaving
2. QUESTIONS
Reporting verbs : Ask, ..
Main changes: Yes/No questions -------------------(s)he asked IF…………………..
Wh- questions --------------------(s)he asked Wh-…………………
You must remember that they are not questions (PONER PRIMERO EL SUJETO +
VERB) and follow the same changes as the statements for tenses and time expressions.
• EXAMPLES: Are you a student? He asked---------- He asked if I was a student
Where have you been lately? He asked----- he asked where I had been
lately
3. REQUEST
Reporting verbs : Ask, Tell,Order….
90
Main changes : A request always contains an imperative, this imperative changes to the
INFINITIVE.
Ask is used to report polite requests and tell is used for more authoritative request and
order for orders.
• EXAMPLES:
Would you mind helping me?
Could you please help me? ----------------- He asked me to help him REQUEST
I wonder if you could help me

Don´t smoke in here!-----------------------------He told me not to smoke
Put up your hands! ----------------------------- He told me to put up my hands ORDERS
Reported Speech Exercise
Convert the phrases below into reported speech.
"It's raining," she said.

1 ______________________________________________
He said to her, "I love you."

2 ______________________________________________
"I saw María in the supermarket yesterday," said Carlos.

3 ______________________________________________
"We've lived here for three years," he said.

4 ______________________________________________
"I'll bring a pasta salad," said Francesca.

5 ______________________________________________
"Mark's going to install solar panels," said Miranda.

6 ______________________________________________
"They found gold here," said the geology teacher.

7 ______________________________________________
"Jenny can't speak French," said Pierre.

8 ______________________________________________
"I first met my wife in Seville," he told us.

9 ______________________________________________
"I want your homework handed in by tomorrow," he said.

10 ______________________________________________
91
"My mother made these cakes," said Juan.
11 ______________________________________________
"I'm feeling tired now," said David.

12 ______________________________________________
Reported Speech for Questions
Convert the questions below into reported speech.
"Can they play the piano?" she asked.

1 _____________________________________________________
"Has Sarah ever been to Siena?" he asked.
2 _____________________________________________________
"Are they French or Canadian?," asked Charlie.
3 _____________________________________________________
"Where do bears live?" asked George.
4 _____________________________________________________
"Who wants some more yoghurt ice cream?" asked Mum.
5 _____________________________________________________
"Are we going out tonight?" asked Bob.
6 _____________________________________________________
"Can I use your mobile, John?" asked Sarah.
7 _____________________________________________________
"Have you ever been to Lisbon?" Luis asked Paul.
8 _____________________________________________________
"What has Daddy made for dinner?" asked Simon.
9 _____________________________________________________
"Is the Pope a Catholic," asked JK.
10 _____________________________________________________
"Who won the match?" asked Monica.
11 _____________________________________________________
"Have you fed the cat yet, Philip?" asked Letizia.
12 _____________________________________________________
"How much does it cost?" asked Carlos.
13 _____________________________________________________
"Do you like fried eggs?" Anne asked David.
92
14 _____________________________________________________
Reported Speech for Orders
"Don't turn on the light," she said to him.

She told him not to turn on the light.
Convert the orders below into reported speech.
"Shut up, everybody!" said the teacher.

1 _____________________________________________________
"Open the window, Robert," said Jane.
2 _____________________________________________________
"Phone your granny," she told him.
3 _____________________________________________________
"Don't be late," she warned him.
4 _____________________________________________________
"Don't talk to strangers, Michael," said his mother.
5 _____________________________________________________
"Don't listen to a word he says," she told me.
6 _____________________________________________________
"Clare, help me clean up the kitchen," said Tony.
_____________________________________________________
7
"Fiona, get out of my way," said Alastair.
8 _____________________________________________________
"Boys! Stay away from the dog when he's eating," said Dad.
9 _____________________________________________________
"Minnie, don't scratch the sofa," said Bob.
10 _____________________________________________________
"Carla, don't pick your nose in class," said the teacher.
11 _____________________________________________________
"Look after your sister," said my father.
12 _____________________________________________________
"Break a leg, Oliver," said the actor.
13 _____________________________________________________
"Lionel, eat your meat," said Elsa.
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14 _____________________________________________________
LECCIÓN 33 CARTA COMERCIAL
Formato de una carta comercial
This is the letterhead - the sender's company and address

(Esta es la cabecera de la carta - la empresa y dirección del remitente)
Date (fecha)
14th July 2001
Addresser's full name, title and address here. (nombre, cargo y dirección del
receptor de la carta)
MRS. A.J. Hill

Export manager
Siemens
14, Regent Street
1489 LONDON
94
caso A
Dear Sir / Madam (cuando nos dirigimos a una
persona)
Dear Sirs, (cuando nos dirigimos a una empresa en
general)
caso B
Dear Mr./ Mrs. Lopez,
Body of the letter (cuerpo de la carta)
This is to inform you that...

May I take this opportunity to enclose our latest list of prices...
En las cartas comerciales no usamos: formas cortas (I'm, you've,

She'd...), exclamaciones, question tags o palabras o expresiones que sean
informales.
Closing I
Ejemplo: I look forward to hearing from you soon,
Closing II
Yours faithfully, despedida para el caso A

Yours sincerely, despedida para el caso B
signature (firma)
Sender's name (nombre del remitente)

Sender's title (cargo del remitente)
Frases útiles para escribir cartas comerciales
Primer párrafo
We have seen your advertisement in... (Hemos leído su anuncio

en...)
Thank you for your inquiry about the... (Agradecemos su solicitud de
oferta sobre los...)
This is to inform you that... (La presente es para informarles que ...)
I am writing to you with regard to... (Les escribo en relación con...)
Thank you for your letter of 5th december... (Gracias por su carta
del 5 de diciembre...)
In reply to your letter of 4th july 2001 in which you enquire about...
(En respuesta a su carta del cuatro de julio en la que nos solicitan
información sobre...)
We are a wholease firm based in ... (Somos una empresa de venta al
mayor situada en ...)
95
Segundo párrafo
Details of the new prices are enclosed... (Adjunto la lista de los

nuevos precios...)
May I take this opportunity to enclose our latest list of prizes... (Me
permito aprovechar la oportunidad para incluir nuestra última lista de
precios...)
Could you please send us your current catalogue and price list for ...
( Podrían enviarnos su catálogo actualizado y su lista de precios ...)
We would be very happy to discuss different terms of payment with
you. (Tendríamos mucho gusto en hablar con usted sobre las
diferentes condiciones de pago.)
Tercer párrafo / Despedida
We look forward to receiving your order, (A la espera de recibir su

pedido en breve,)
We are at your disposal for any further information you may
require, (Estamos a su entera disposición para cualquier otra
información que pueda necesitar,)
We hope to hear from you shortly, (Esperamos tener noticias suyas
en breve,)
Thanking you in advance, (Agradeciéndoles por anticipado,)
Despedida / Firma
Yours sincerely, (Atentamente)

Your faithfully, (Les saluda atentamente)
<Best> Regards, (Saludos)
Ejemplo de una carta comercial
Disc Barcelo S.A.

Paris, 567
05862 Barcelona
Spain
18th April 2002
Sales Department
Limpoz Ltd.
9 Berstgood Street
London L923
Dear Sirs,
We are a large record store in the centre of Barcelona, and we would

like to know more about the tapes that you advertised in this month's
edition of "Hi Fi" magazine.
96
Could you send us some information about your products? We would
like to know if the tapes are a leading brand name or they are made
by small independent companies, and if they would be suitable for
recording classical music or only for dictations of messages.
In addition, we would be grateful if you could send us some samples.

If they have the quality we require, we will place a substancial order.
Also, we would like to know if you offer any kind of trade discount.
Thank you in advance

Yours faithfully,
Sing
XXXXXX
Oscar Guzman
Head of Purchasing
LECCIÓN 34 LLAMADAS TELEFONICAS
Llamadas telefónicas: Cuando nosotros llamamos
Nos identificamos...
My name is ______.
This is _______ (here).
Si preguntamos por alguien...
Could I speak to _____, please?

Could you put me through to _______, please?
Could I have extension 123, please?
I'd like to speak to ________ , please.
Explicamos el motivo de la llamada...
I'm calling to ask about...

I'm phoning to tell you about...
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Si queremos dejar un mensaje...
Could you give ____ a message?

Could you ask ___ to call me when he gets back?
Agradecemos la atención...
Thanks you very much for your help.

Thanks for the information.
Cierre de la llamada...
Good bye.
Bye.
Llamadas telefónicas: cuando nosotros contestamos
Contestamos al teléfono.
Good morning.
Good afternoon.
Good evening.
Paul Smith speaking.
Who's calling, please?
Nos presentamos.
This is Paul Smith speaking.

Hello, this is Paul Smith from Microsoft.
Preguntamos por alguien.
Could I speak to Mr Roger, please?

I'd like to speak to Mr Roger, please.
Could you put me through to Mr Roger, please?
Nos disculpamos por no poder comunicarle con la persona que pide.
I'm afraid Mr Roger isn't in at the moment.

I'm sorry, he's in a meeting at the moment.
I'm afraid he's on another line at the moment.
Ponemos a alguien en espera.
Just a moment, please.

Could you hold the line, please?
Hold the line, please.
No entendemos o no escuchamos bien al interlocutor.
98
I'm sorry, I don't understand. Could you repeat that, please?
I'm sorry, I can't hear you very well. Could you speak up a little, please?
Could you spell that, please?
Pasamos la llamada a otra persona.
One moment, please. I'll see if Mr Roger is available.

I'll put you through.
I'll connect you.
I'm connecting you now.
La persona está comunicando
I've tried to get through several times but it's always engaged.
Tomamos nota de un mensaje.
Can I take a message?

Would you like to leave a message?
Can I give him a message?
I'll tell Mr Roger that you called
I'll ask him to call you as soon as possible.
Vocabulario telefónico
hang up: colgar dialing: sonido telefónico

bad line: mala señal directory enquirie: información telefónica
cut off: cortar put trough: pasar la llamada
call/ring back: volver a llamar
hold on: esperar
pick up: descolgar
directory: guía telefónica
collect call: cobro revertido
switchboard operator: telefonista
Vocabulario: La empresa
inglés español
brand name marca

business negocios
company empresa, compañía
employee empleado
factory fábrica
headquarters oficinas centrales
industry industria
leading delantera
multinational multinacional
office oficina
retail venta al por menor
99
salary salario
schedule horario, programa
staff plantilla
tax impuesto
warranty garantía
wholesale venta al por mayor
workplace lugar de trabajo
LECCIÓN 35 REDACCION DE E-MAILS
Example 1: Formal
Hello,
I read on your web site that you offer Music CD copying for large quantities of CDs. I'd like to inquire about
the procedures involved in these services. Are the files transferred online, or are the titles sent by CD to
you by standard mail? How long does it usually take to produce approximately 500 copies? Are there any
discounts on such a large quantity?
Thank you for taking the time to answer my questions. I look forward to your response.
Jack Finley
Sales Manager, Young Talent Inc.
Business Email Basics
(709) 567 - 3498
Example 2: Informal
At 16.22 01/07/2002 +0000, you wrote:
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> I hear you're working on the Smith account. If you need any information don't hesitate to get in > contact
with me.
Hi Tom,
Listen, we've been working on the Smith account and I was wondering if you could give me a hand? I need
some inside information on recent developments over there.
Do you think you could pass on any information you might have?
Thanks
Peter
Peter Thompsen
Account Manager, Tri-State Accounting
(698) 345 - 7843
Important Points to Remember
• Email is much less formal than a written letter. Emails are usually short and concise.
• If you are writing to someone you don't know, a simple "Hello" is adequate. Using a salutation
such as "Dear Mr Smith," is too formal.
• When writing to someone you know well, feel free to write as if you are speaking to the person.
• Use abbreviated verb forms (He's, We're, He'd, etc.)
• Include a telephone number to the signature of the email. This will give the recipient the chance
to telephone if necessary.
• It is not necessary to include your email address as the recipient can just reply to the email.
• When replying eliminate all the information that is not necessary. Only leave the sections of text
that are related to your reply. This will save your reader time when reading your email.
LECCIÓN 36 MAKE O DO ¿CÚAL DEBO USAR?
1. Usamos DO cuando hablamos de una actividad sin mencionar

exactamente cuál es:
- What's Marta doing?

¿Qué está haciendo Marta?
- Are you doing anything special tonight?
¿Van a hacer algo en especial está noche?
2. DO se usa a menudo cuando hablamos de un trabajo o una tarea

específica. También se utiliza con la estructura DO + ING (ando, endo):
- It was a pleasure doing business with you.

Fue un placer hacer negocios contigo.
- Could you do some photocopying for me, please?
¿Podrias hacerme unas fotocopias, por favor?
3. Por lo general, MAKE tiene el significado de crear, fabricar o construir.
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- We made a new design for the product based on suggestions.
Hicimos (Creamos) un nuevo diseño del producto basado en sugerencias.
- The company makes photographic equipment.
La empresa hace (fabrica) equipamiento fotográfico.
4. A menudo MAKE se usa con sustantivos relacionados con la conversación,

los sonidos y los viajes:
CONVERSACION Y SONIDOS
make a complaint, make an enquiry, make a noise, make a remark
presentar un reclamo, hacer una consulta, hacer ruido, hacer un comentario
VIAJES
make a journey, make a trip, make a visit
hacer un traslado, hacer un viaje, hacer una visita
[JOURNEY: sólo desplazamiento de un lugar a otro; TRIP: incluye la estancia]
MAKE...
an appointment, an arrangement, an attempt, a choice,
fijar una cita, establecer un acuerdo, hacer un intento, optar,
a living, sense, certain, redundant, money, progress,

ganarse la vida, tener sentido, asegurarse, despedir, hacer dinero, progresar,
a start, a suggestion, a decision, an investigation,

iniciarse, ofrecer una sugerencia, tomar una decisión, realizar una investigación,
a speech,a mistake, a sound, a loss

dar un discurso, cometer un error, producir un sonido, generar una pérdida
DO...
business, nothing, an exam, research,
hacer negocios, nacer nada, rendir un examen, investigar,
damage, harm, a job,

causar daño (material), causar daño (moral), realizar un trabajo,
a favour, the typing, your best, well/bad

hacer un favor, tipear, hacer lo mejor posible, hacer bien/mal
Do or Make Exercise
Fill the gaps with either do or make in the correct form.
1 The house was a disaster. They ________________ a terrible mess.
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2 Have you ________________ all the arrangements yet?
3 Vincent: English football fans came to Valencia last weekend.
Maria: Did they ________________ any damage?
4 Listen. I made lunch so you can ________________ the washing up. It's only fair.
5 What he did was terrible. He didn't even ________________ an apology.
6 They're ________________ plans for their wedding.
7 Bob: Richie and I have had a fight.
Julio: Not again! You should ________________ amends once and for all.
8 Who's going to ________________ dinner? You or me?
9 Be careful that you ________________ the right decision.
10 He's ________________ an appointment to see the dentist on Thursday.
11 Would you ________________ me a favour and feed the cat while I'm away.
12 We normally ________________ the shopping on Saturday mornings.
13 Before you go out, you have to ________________ your homework, OK?
14 This cake is delicious. Did you really ________________ it?
15 I always ________________ my bed before breakfast.
LECCIÓN 37 LA VOZ PASIVA
VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA: REGLAS PRACTICAS EN 4 PASOS.
1. La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be conjugado más el participio del

verbo principal. En inglés es mucho más frecuente que en español y, normalmente,
aparece cuando no es importante quien realiza una acción sino el hecho en sí. Por
eso, no siempre que veamos una pasiva, tenemos que traducirlo literalmente, puesto
que en español suena más forzado. Sólo es posible el uso de la voz pasiva con
verbos transitivos (verbos que llevan complemento directo).
VOZ ACTIVA VOZ PASIVA
Tom writes a letter A letter is written by Tom
Tom is writing a letter A letter is being written by Tom
Tom was writing a letter A letter was being written by Tom
Tom wrote a letter A letter was written by Tom
Tom has written a letter A letter has been written by Tom
Tom had written a letter A letter had been written by Tom
Tom will write a letter A letter will be written by Tom
Tom is going to write a letter A letter is going to be written by Tom
Tom can write a letter A letter can be written by Tom
Tom could write a letter A letter could be written by Tom
Tom must write a letter A letter must be written by Tom
103
Tom may write a letter A letter may be written...
Tom might write a letter A letter might be written...
2. El sujeto agente se expresa con by. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de las ocasiones
se prescinde del sujeto ya que no sabemos o no nos interesa saber lo. Si una oración
activa tiene complemento directo e indirecto, cualquiera de los dos complementos
puede ser sujeto paciente de la pasiva:
ACTIVE: Someone gives me a dog
PASSIVE 1: A dog is given to me
PASSIVE 2: I am given a dog (forma pasiva idiomática)
La forma pasiva de doing, seeing, etc es being done, being seen, etc.
ACTIVE: I don't like people telling me what to do
PASSIVE: I don't like being told what to do
En ocasiones en las que ocurre algo a veces imprevisto, no planeado o fortuito para la
formación de la voz pasiva se prefiere usar get y no be:
get hurt, get annoyed, get divorced, get married, get invited, get bored, get lost
3. Las construcciones impersonales (se dice, se comenta, etc.) son muy típicas de la
pasiva y difíciles de traducir para los españoles. Este tipo de construcción pasiva -
utilizada cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los medios- se forma con la estructura
sujeto + to be + participle: It is reported (Se informa); It is said (Se dice); It is
known (Se sabe); It is supposed (Se supone); It is considered (Se considera); It is
expected (Se espera). Veamos algunos ejemplos:
ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard.

PASSIVE 1: Cathy is thought to work very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...)
PASSIVE 2: It is thought that Cathy works very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...)
ACTIVE: They believe Tom is wearing a white pullover.
PASSIVE 1: Tom is believed to be wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)
PASSIVE 2: It is believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)
4. USOS ADICIONALES DE SUPPOSE

a) Se usa en afirmativo para acciones que estaban planeadas, que se supone que van
a realizar, u obligaciones que uno debería cumplir.
You were supposed to be here at 9:00 am!!
b) Otras veces, el uso de supposed indica que estos planes o obligaciones finalmente
no se cumplieron:
The train was supposed to arrive at 5 o'clock. (but it arrived at 8 o'clock)
c) Por el contrario, en negativo, supposed significa la no conveniencia o prohibición de

hacer algo:
You are not supposed to smoke here. (you are not allowed to smoke here)
The Passive Voice Exercise
A shark has eaten the Prime Minister

The Prime Minister has been eaten by a shark
104
Change the sentences from the active to the passive.
They grow coffee in Kenya.
1 ______________________________________________________ .
They publish The Times newspaper in London.
2 ______________________________________________________ .
They make shoes in Calatayud.
3 ______________________________________________________ .
They transport oranges from Valencia to Germany in special crates.
4 ______________________________________________________ .
They are sending the parcel by sea.
5 ______________________________________________________ .
They are destroying the forests in Indonesia.
6 ______________________________________________________ .
The shark ate the man.
7 ______________________________________________________ .
The arsonist started the fire.
8 ______________________________________________________ .
The police took him away.
9 ______________________________________________________ .
They've treated him very well.
10 ______________________________________________________ .
They haven't cleaned the kitchen yet.
11 ______________________________________________________ .
They didn't punish him for what he did.
The Passive Voice in Questions
1 Did they catch the thief?
______________________________________________________
2 Will The King inaugurate the new bridge?
______________________________________________________
105
3 Do they make cars in Korea?
______________________________________________________
4 Do the hounds kill the fox?
______________________________________________________
5 Did the bull kill the matador?
______________________________________________________
6 Have the police found the body?
______________________________________________________
7 Why has the government banned the film?
______________________________________________________
8 When did they hijack the plane?
LECCIÓN 38 LOS CUANTIFICADORES
LOS CUANTIFICADORES (Quantifiers)

1. BOTH / ALL.
Mientras que both hace referencia a dos cosas, dos personas, etc., all hace
referencia a tres o más elementos. Observa:
There were trees on both sides of the road.

(Había árboles a ambos lados de la carretera).
There were trees on all sides of the road.
(Había árboles por todas partes en la carretera).
2. ALL / EVERY
All se puede utilizar delante de un sustantivo en plural, every sólo puede
106
utilizarse delante de un sustantivo en singular, ejemplo:
All roads lead to Rome.

(Todos los caminos conducen a Roma).
Every man has his price.
(Todo hombre tiene su precio).
3. EVERY / EACH
Each puede utilizarse para referirse a dos o más personas, cosas, etc., every
sólo puede utilizarse para hacer referencia a más de un elemento. Observa:
Helen was carrying two cases, one in each hand.

(Elena estaba llevando dos maletas, una en cada mano).
Each / Every star in the sky has a name.
(Cada/Toda estrella del firmamento tiene su nombre).
LECCIÓN 39 ERRORES COMUNES
107
Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos de errores típicos de los hispanoparlantes corregidos
WRONG RIGHT
I have 32 years I am 32 / I am 32 years old
I am manager at YPF I am a manager at YPF
I like ski I like skiing
I born in BA I was born in BA
I am living 20 minutes from downtown I live 20 minutes from downtown
He have to write a report He has to write a report
What must you to do? What do you have to do?
I must to learn English I must learn English
Does he travels a lot? Does he travel a lot?
Yes, I like very much Yes, I like it very much
I don't mind to work long hours I don't mind working long hours
Can you to give me some information? Can you give me some information?
Can you borrow me your car? Can you lend me your car?
I like a ticket to New York I would like a ticket to New York
He wanted two thousands He wanted two thousand
They stole eighteen millions They stole eighteen million
He did not arrived yesterday He did not arrive yesterday
Did you wanted to do it? Did you want to do it?
I don't have so much money I don't have enough money
It's too much expensive It's too expensive
IBM is producing computers IBM produces computers
Istambul is more cheaper than Paris Istambul is cheaper than Paris
Our company charges less that others Our company charges less than others
More persons are buying our products More people are buying our products
I want that he call me I want him to call me
Could you say to him to call me? Could you tell him to call me?
I get her/him/it for you I'll get her/him/it for you
Hello. Here is Peter Simpson Hello. Peter Simpson speaking
108
Production of cars fell down in 1990 Production of cars fell in 1990
On January 1990... In January 1990...
Why unemployment rose? Why did unemployment rise?
They are made from Bader Co. in They are made by Bader Co. in Germany
Germany
After key in your personal code After that key in your personal code
I will buy a new car next year I'm going to buy a new car next year
It's depend on you It depends on you
If I would have more time, I would If I had more time, I would travel
travel
What will you do in my position? What would you do in my position?
A three-years contract
Correct these mistakes.
1. The Park House is the more expensive than the Rose Cottage.
________________________________________________ .
2. How old does it have? ___________________ ?
3. Do you got a DVD player? _____________________ ?
4. How many TVs have you have? _________________________ ?
5. Have she got a cat? __________________ ?
6 . Do he have a dog? ________________ ?
7. The film was very well. ___________________ .
8. It's the more pretty place in England. _____________________________ .
LECCIÓN 40 EXPRESAR SUGERENCIAS, DESEOS ,PERMISO.....
109
1. PERMISO
CAN I HAVE A COFFEE ,PLEASE?----¿Puedo tomar un café por favor?
MAY I HAVE A DRINK PLEASE?---Muy formal ¿Puedo tomar algo de beber?
YES ,YOU CAN / YES OF COURSE
NO, YOU CAN´T / NO, OF COURSE NOT
2. SUGERENCIAS
WHY DON´T we speak english? ¿Por qué no hablamos en Inglés?
LET´S GO to the cinema/ speak english(vamos al cine/ hablemos en Inglés)
3. EXPRESAR DESEOS
I WOULD LIKE some more ice-cream.-----me gustaría un poco mas de de helado
I WOULD LIKE TO play tennis with you----- me gustaría jugar al tenis contigo
4. INVITACIONES
WOULD YOU LIKE A CUP OF TEA? ¿Te apetece/ gustaría una taza de té?
WOULD YOU LIKE TO go for a walk?---¿ Te apetece/ gustaría dar un paseo?
Yes ,I would / Yes , please No,Thank you
110
5. HABILIDAD
CAN YOU swim/ drive/ speak French…?------¿Sabes nadar/conducir/hablar

Frances?
YES I/ CAN----------Si sé No,I Can´t-------- no no sé
Can he /she /you/ we/they speak Italian? Yes,He,she,we,you,they can
TRADUCE:
¿Puedo ir al baño, por favor? Si puedes.(go to the toilet)
¿Vamos al cine el viernes por la tarde? Vale (go to the cinema)
Me gustaría tomar un helado de fresa y un vaso de agua.(ice-cream)
No sé nadar. ¿Sabes tu nadar?(swim)
¿Sabes hablar Inglés? Si sé.
¿Te gustaría venir a la fiesta de Paulina esta noche?(come to )
¿Podría salir un poco antes ,Señor Smith? Si, puedes.(go out)
Que os parece si tomamos una pizza para cenar.
¿Sabe cantar Álvaro? No, no sabe.(sing)
¿Te apetecería una cerveza fría?( cold )
Perdone¿ me puede decir el camino a (the way to the) la estación de trenes por favor?
Perdone,¿dónde(where) puedo comprar(buy) un sello(stamp),por favor?
111
Listening 1 present simple listen to the sentences and
choose the correct answer
1. Sam___________video games.
A. ? plays
B. ? says
C. ? stays
2. Becky plays_____________
A. ? the piano
B. ? the guitar
C. ? the organ
3. Sam_____________scarves
A. ? stairs
B. ? fears
C. ? wears
4. What____________Becky wear ?
A. ? does
B. ? is
C. ? are
5. Does Becky like sweets ?
A. ? No, she doesn't

B. ? Yes, she does
C. ? Yes, he are.
6. Who likes chocolate ?
A. ? Sam are
B. ? Sam likes
112
C. ? Sam does
7. ____________does Sam read ? Sports magazines.
A. ? What
B. ? Why
C. ? How
8. Does Becky read Sports magazines ?
A. ? No, she isn't

B. ? Yes, she are
C. ? No, she doesn't
9. Sam _____________cycling.
A. ? gos
B. ? goes
C. ? goies
10. What does Becky____________?
A. ? does
B. ? do
C. ? are
Listening2
listen and complete To School in Tokyo

I live nea r 1. Kalengy ………….. and I get to school 2. by …………... It takes
3. ( ……………. minutes) to get to school 4. …………….. I have to change
trains twice. There's always 5. a lot of …………………. around my school, but
113
I'm6. hardly ever …………. for school because the trains are always on
7.……………. in Tokyo.
Listening 3
1. Sam and Becky____________their grandparents last weekend
A wanted
B visited
C went to see
2. They_____________their cousins.
A found
B caught
C saw
3. They____________a really great time.
A had
B are
4. They______________shopping.
A came
B stayed
C went
C parked
114
5. They _____________some clothes
A thought
B brought
C bought
6. They___________old family videos
A watched
B won
C washed
7. They ______________their homework for school on Monday.
A fit
B did
C felt
Listening 4
1. Sam___________video games.
A. ? plays
B. ? says
C. ? stays
2. Becky plays_____________
A. ? the piano
B. ? the guitar
115
C. ? the organ
3. Sam_____________scarves
A. ? stairs
B. ? fears
C. ? wears
4. What____________Becky wear ?
A. ? does
B. ? is
C. ? are
5. Does Becky like sweets ?
A. ? No, she doesn't

B. ? Yes, she does
C. ? Yes, he are.
6. Who likes chocolate ?
A. ? Sam are
B. ? Sam likes
C. ? Sam does
7. ____________does Sam read ? Sports magazines.
A. ? What
B. ? Why
C. ? How
8. Does Becky read Sports magazines ?
A. ? No, she isn't

B. ? Yes, she are
C. ? No, she doesn't
116
9. Sam _____________cycling.
A. ? gos
B. ? goes
C. ? goies
10. What does Becky____________?
A. ? does
B. ? do
C. ? ar
Listening 5 Lucky Britney Spears
This is a 1…………. about a girl named Lucky...

Early morning, she 2………. up
Knock, knock, knock on the door
It's 3……….. for makeup, perfect smile
It's you they're all waiting for
They go...
"Isn't she lovely, 4………….Hollywood girl?"
And they say...
She's so lucky, she's a star
But she cry, cry, 5………. in her lonely heart, thinking
If there's 6………. missing in my life
Then why do these tears come at 7………….
Lost in an image, in a dream
But there's no one there to wake 8……… up
And the world is spinning, and she keeps on winning
But 9……… me what happens 10……….. it stops?
They go...
"Isn't she lovely, this Hollywood girl?"
And they say...
But she cry, cry, cries in her lonely heart, thinking
If there's nothing missing in my life
Then why do these tears come at night
"11………actress, and the winner is...Lucky!"
"I'm Roger Johnson! for Pop News standing outside the arena waiting for Lucky"
"Oh my god...here she comes!"
Isn't she lucky, this Hollywood girl?
She is so lucky, but why does she cry?
If there's nothing missing in her life
Why 11……. tears come at night?
But she cry, cry, cries in 12…….. lonely heart, thinking
If there's nothing missing in my life
Then why do these tears come at night
117
Listening 6
Tears in Heaven Eric Clapton & Will Jennings
1…………you know my name

If I 2………. you in heaven
Would it be the same
If I saw you in heaven
I 3…….. be strong
And carry on
'Cause I know I 4…….. belong
Here in heaven
Would you hold my5……..
Would you help 6……… stand
I'll find my 7…………
Through 8……and 9……..
'Cause I know I just 10……… stay
Here in heaven
Time can bring you 11………..
Time can bend your knee
Time can break your 12……….
13……….. you beggin' please
Beggin' please
Beyond the door
There's peace 14…………sure
And I know there'll be no more
Tears in heaven
Would you know my name
Would it 15…….the same
I must be strong
118
And carry on
'Cause I know I don't belong
Here in heaven
119

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ÍNDICE

Lección 1 Artículo determinado e indeterminado pag 3 a 7

Lección 2 Los pronombres sujeto y objeto pag 8 a 9

Lección 3 El verbo to be y have got pag 10 a 11

Lección 4 Estructura de la oracion pag 12 a 13

Lección 5 Adjetivos y pronombres posesivos pag 14 a 16

Lección 6 Numerales: cardinales y ordinales pag 17 a 18

Leccion 7 Los demostrativos pag 19

Lección 8 Los sustantivos y la formación del plural pag 20 a 22

Lección 9 Los adjetivos pag 23 a 32

Lección 10 El presente simple pag 33 a 36

Lección 11 El presente continuo pag 37 a 39

Lección 12 Los Adverbios pag 40 a 49

Lección 13 El pasado simple pag 43 a 49

Lección 14 El pasado continuo pag 50 a 51

Lección 15 Pronombres interrogativos pag 52 a 53

Lección 16 Los pronombres relativos pag 54 a 56

Lección 17 Los indefinidos pag 57 a 60

Lección 18 Las preposiciones de tiempo pag 61 a 62

Lección 19 Las preposiciones de lugar pag 63 a 65

Lección 20 El presente perfecto pag 66 a 68

Lección21 El infinitivo de finalidad pag 69 a 70

Lección 22 El futuro pag 71 a 74

Lección 23 So y Such pag 75

Lección 24 El pasado perfecto pag 76

Leccion 25 Expresar obligación pag 77

Lección 26 Expresar habilidad y permiso pag 78

Lección 28 La primera condicional pag 80 a 81

Lección 29 La segunda condicional pag 82 a 83

Lección 30 La tercera condicional pag 84 a 85

Lección 31 Los falsos amigos pag 86 a 87

Lección 32 El estilo indirecto o reported speech pag 88 a 94

Lección 33 Carta comercial pag 95 a 97

Lección 34 Llamadas telefonicas pag 98 a 100

Lección 35 Redaccion de e-mails pag 101

Lección 36 Make o do ¿cúal debo usar? pag 102 a 103

Lección 37 La voz pasiva pag 104 a 106

Lección 38 Los cuantificadores pag 107

Leccion 39 Errores comunes Pag 108 a 109

Leccion 40 Expresar sugerencias, permiso licencia Pag 110 a 119

(de, dí) the el, la, los, las

2. Su pronunciación presenta diferencias:

a) Antes de consonante se pronuncia de: the lamp, la lámpara (de lámp)

a) Con sustantivos contables en plural cuando se habla en sentido general: I love

b) Con sustantivos incontables cuando se refieren a una sustancia o a una idea en

e) Delante de nombres de materia: Glass is transparent, el cristal es transparente.

f) Delante de nombres de juegos y comidas: Soccer is very popular, el fútbol es muy

h) Delante de nombres abstractos: Life is beautiful, la vida es hermosa (pero, en

(e, en) a - an uno, una

1. Adopta la forma an delante de palabras que empiezan con sonido vocálico: an

5. En general, se corresponde el uso del artículo indeterminado en inglés y en

LOS ARTÍCULOS: 7 PUNTOS PARA RECORDAR

the Amazon, the Parana, the Panama Canal, the Atlantic,

the advice (el consejo) no es correcto

the advice of a counsellor

En los ejemplos anteriores estamos pensando en la función de la institución. Pero

Susan's in the hospital round the corner.

Jane Fonda, Dr Valladares, Pope Paul.

You mean the Jane Fonda?

Asimismo utilizamos el artículo 'THE' con títulos de persona:

the Pope, the doctor, the Emperor of Japan.

Sandra is a doctor, Mike is an engineer.

at night, at sunset, before sunrise, after sunrise.