Lecture 4

CVEN3002- Hydraulics and

Hydrology

Open Channel Flow

Faisal Anwar

1
4. UNIFORM FLOW
In uniform flow,
1 ( ) the discharge
(1) g (Q), the
Sf 2 velocity (U) and the depth
U12/2g
(h) remain constant along the
Sw
U1 U22/2g length of the channel, and
h1 U2 ( ) the energy
(2) gy line,, the water
h2 surface and the channel bottom
S0 are parallel, i.e. Sf = Sw = S0.

(3) Uniform flow is considered
to be steady
y only
y
2
 Steady, uniform flow in open channels

Sf
Sw

S0
Applying the Momentum equation in one-dimensional
steady flow:
Q 2U 2   1U 1   Fp1  Fp 2  W ssin   Ff
3
 Resistance in open channels
Q 2U 2   1U 1   Fp1  Fp 2  W sin   Ff

Sf For uniform flow,

Sw
U1 = U2, Fp1 = Fp2 and β1 = β2.
above equation reduces to
W sin   Ff
S0

 The active component of the gravity force causing the flow

is equal to the total force of friction or resistance.
resistance
4
Uniform flow
As,
W sin   Ff
Sf  Must have channel slope, i.e. ≠0
Sw
 Flow cannot be uniform in a
frictionless channel (Ff=0)
S0

5
 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
 Shear Stress and Friction Velocity
 When water flows in a channel,
channel the pull of water produces a force
that acts on the channel bed in the direction of flow. This force is
known as the shear or tractive or drag force and is equal to the
friction or resistance force Ff.
Ff   0 P L
Where, 0=shear stress at channel bottom
P = wetted
tt d perimeter
i t
L = length of the channel
6
 Shear Stress and Friction Velocity

W sin   F f  0 PL
 When
Wh bottom
b tt slope
l  is
i small, i   tan.
ll sin t  Also, t  = S0
Al tan
and S0 = Sf. (for uniform flow)

 Wsinθ = ALsinθ  ALtanθ = ALS0

h  is
where i the
th unitit weight
i ht off water,
t
A is the cross-sectional area and
S0 is
i the
th channel
h l bottom
b tt slope.
l
ALS 0   0 PL
7
 Shear Stress and Friction Velocity
A
 0   S 0  RS 0  gRS 0
P
For a wide channel, R  h  0  hS 0  ghS 0
The quantity  0 /  has the dimensions of velocity and the
shear stress τ0 is expressed as
 0  u * 2
u*   0 / 
where u* is known as the shear or friction or drag velocity.
It does not represent a velocity which is physically real.
But it is used as the velocity scale in the study of velocity
di ib i in
distribution i open channels.
h l
u*  gRS 0 For wide channel u *
 ghS 0
8
 Laminar or Viscous Sublayer
■ Even in a turbulent flow, there is a very thin layer
near the boundaryy in which the flow is laminar and is
known as the laminar or viscous sublayer. The thickness
of this layer
y is ggiven byy
11.6v
v 
u*

9
Smooth and Rough Boundaries
 The velocity distribution across a channel section is not
uniform owing to the presence of boundary (wall)
roughness.
h
 The effect of boundary roughness on the velocity
distribution in turbulent flow is considered as the equivalent
sand grain roughness (ks) which is the diameter of sand
grain of the same size of the boundary materials. u * k
s
5
1.Hydraulically smooth boundary if v
u * ks
2 Hydraulically rough boundary if
2.Hydraulically  70
v
u * ks
3. Transition boundary if 5  70
v
10
Velocity Distribution in Turbulent
Flow
 The velocity distribution along a vertical in a
wide
w de channel
c e in turbulent
u bu e flowow iss given
g ve by
uz 1 z
 ln
u *  z0
Where, uz is the velocity at a distance z from the channel
Where
bottom, ( = 0.4) is the von Karman constant and z0 is the
zero velocity level, i.e. u = 0 at z = z0.

11
 uz 1 z
 ln
u *  z0

The values of z0 for different boundaries are as follows:

v
z o  0.11 For Hydraulically smooth surface (u*ks/  5)
u*
z o  0.033k S For H
Hydraulically
dra licall ro
rough
gh ssurface ( *ks/  70)
rface (u*k

v
z 0  0.11  0.033k S For Transition regime (5 < u*ks/ < 70)
u*

12
 UNIFORM FLOW FORMULAS
 Chezy Formula
Mean velocity , U  C RS f
Chezy’ss C (m1/2/s)
C=Resistance factor known as Chezy
R=hydraulic radius (m)
Sf=Slope of TEL = S0=channel bottom slope

13
 D
Darcy-Weisbach
W i b h Formula
F l

The Darcy-Weisbach formula primarily developed for pipe

flow is given by L U2
hf  f
d0 2g
where hf = frictional loss,
loss f = friction factor,
factor L = length of pipe,
pipe
d0 = pipe diameter, U = mean velocity of flow and
g = acceleration due to gravity.
gravity
■ Since d0=4R for circular pipe and the energy
gradient Sf = hf/L,
/L the above formula may be written as
8g 1 2 1
U R Sf 2
Similar to Chezy’s formula where C  8 g
f f
14
 Manning Formula
For steady uniform flow in open channels
Mean velocity , 1 2 / 3 1/ 2
U  R Sf In SI units
n
1.49 2 / 3 1 / 2
U R Sf In FPS units
n
Where,, n is the Manning's
g roughness
g coefficient,,
specifically known as Manning's n.

15
Different Relationship (in SI unit)
1 16
 Chezy’s C and Manning’s n C R
n
C 8
 Chezy’s C and Friction factor f 
g f
1
f
 Manning
Manning’s
s n and Friction factor nR 6

8g
U C 8
 With S0=S
Sf  
u* g f
which indicates that C/g is dimensionless.
16
 Estimation of Chezy's C
White-Colebrook Formula
1 For hydraulically smooth flow (u*ks/  5)
1.
 3.64u * R   11.4 Re  Where,
C  18 log   18 log 
    C  Re=Reynolds number
2. For hydraulically rough flow (u*ks/  70)
 12.2 R 
C  18 log 
 ks 
3. For the transition boundary, U  C  5.75 log 12.2 R 
u* g  k  3.35 / u * 
 s 
Modified Moody diagram can also be used to find C for different
Channel Roughness.
17
 Relativve roughn
ness 4R/ks
18
 Estimation of Manning's n
 Strickler formula
1/ 6
d 50
n  0.047d 50
1/ 6

21.1
where d50 is the median diameter or the diameter of the bed material
in meters such that 50% of the material byy weight
g is smaller.

 Usually Manning
Manning’ss n is given in a Table for different material

19
20
Example 4.1
 An open channel lined with concrete (d50 = 1.5
mm)) iss laid
a d on
o a slope
s ope of
o 0.1%.
0. %. Thee channel
c a e iss
trapezoidal with b = 6 m and s = 2. Compute the
uniform flow dischargeg in the channel if the depth
p
of flow is 2 m. Also compute the numerical values
of Chezy's
y C and friction factor f.
(Ans. Q=48.29 m3/s; C=66.01 m1/2/s ; f=0.018)

21
Solution 4.1

Sf = S0 = 0.1%
0 1% = 00.1/100
1/100 = 0.001,
0 001

d50 = 1.5 mm = 1.5 /1000 m = 0.0015 m

n = 0.047d501/6 = 0.047  0.00151/6 = 0.016

A = (b + sh)h = (6+2  2)  2 = 20 m2

P  b  2 1  s 2 h  6  2 1  2 2  2  14.94 m

R = A/P = 11.34
34 m

(1/n)AR2/3S01/2= (1/0.016)  20  1.342/3  0.0011/2 = 48.29 m3/s

Q=(1/n)AR
Q

C = (1/n)R1/6 = (1/0.0159)  1.3381/6 = 66.01 m1/2/s

f = 8g/C2 = 8  9.81/66.012 = 0.018 22

 NORMAL DEPTH, SECTION FACTOR
AND CONVEYANCE
 Normal Depth
 Thee depth
dept of
o uniform
u o flowow iss known
ow as normal
o a depth
dept (h
( n).
 The discharge of uniform flow is known as the normal
discharge (Qn)
 The velocity of uniform flow is known as the normal
velocity
l it (Un) and d so on…

Qn  CAn Rn S n
1/ 2 1/ 2
 Chezy formula for discharge:
1
 Manning’s formula for discharge: Qn  An Rn S n
2/3 1/ 2

n
23
 Section Factor

 In Manning formula, section factor is AR2/3

Section
i factor
f for
f uniform
if flow
fl isi AnRn2/3 which
hi h can be
b
calculated by nQn
An Rn 
2/3

Sn
In
I Chezy
Ch fformula,
l section
ti factor
f t is i AR1/2
Section factor for uniform flow is AnRn1/2 which can be
calculated
l l t d by
b Qn
An Rn 
1/ 2

C Sn
24
Conveyance
1
 In Manning formula, Conveyance, K  AR 2 / 3
n
flow, Qn  K n S n
For Uniform flow
1
K
Where,, n  An
R 2/3
n
Conveyance for uniform flow
n
 In Chazy formula, Conveyance, K  CAR 1/ 2

For Uniform flow, Qn  K n S n

Where, n
K  CAn
R 1/ 2
n
Conveyance for uniform flow

25
 Computation of Normal Depth:

 Using Manning formula:

nQ
Q
An R 2/3
n 
So

A
Assume value
l ffor hn and
d give
i trial
t i l until
til LHS=RHS
LHS RHS

26
Example 4.2

 For a trapezoidal channel with b = 6 m

m, s =
2, n = 0.025 and S0 = 0.001, compute the
normall d
depth
th and l it if Q = 14 m3/s.
d velocity /
(Ans. 1.32m; 1.23m/s)

27
Solution 4.2:
nQ 0.025  14
An R2/3
n    11.068
So 0.001

h(m) A(m2) P(m) R(m) AR2/3

1.00 8.000 10.472 0.764 6.684
2.00 20.000 14.944 1.338 24.288
1.30 11.180 11.814 0.946 10.776
1.31 11.292 11.858 0.952 10.929
1 32
1.32 11 405
11.405 11 903
11.903 0 958
0.958 11 084
11.084

Hence, the
H h normall depth,
d h hn = 1.32
1 32 m andd the
h
normal velocity
Q 14
Un    1.23 m / s 28

A 11.405
Example 4.3
 A trapezoidal channel is to be designed to carry a
g of 100 m3/s at a normal depth
discharge p of 2 m.
Geotechnical considerations require that the
channel side slopes be no steeper than 2H:1V
and the channel must be laid on a slope of 0.001
m/m. The estimated roughness coefficient is
0 035 Wh
0.035. Whatt mustt b
be th
the b
bottom
tt width
idth off th
the
channel to accomplish this purpose?
(A
(Ans. 33.8
33 8 m))

29
Solution
S l ti 4.3:
4 3 hn=2m, Q 100 3/s,
2 Q=100m / s=2,
2 S0=0.001,
0 001
n=0.035, b=?

nQ
Q 0.035  100
An R 2/3
n    110.68
So 0.001
2
 bh  sh 2 
bh 
3
 shhn
2  n n   110.68
n
 b  2h 1  s 2 
 n 

By trial, bb=33.8m
33.8m
30